Dissertações em Geofísica (Mestrado) - CPGF/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/4993

O Mestrado Acadêmico pertente a o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica (CPGF) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Agora exibindo 1 - 13 de 13

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise do efeito da discretização do modelo de velocidades nas migrações Kirchhoff e Kirchhoff-Gaussian- Beam 2D pré-empilhamento em profundidade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-28) PAIXÃO, Marcelo Tavares; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The Gaussian Beam (GB) is an asymptotic solution of the elastodynamic equation in the paraxial vicinity of a central ray, which approaches better the wave field than the standard zero-order ray theory. The GB regularity in the description of the wave field, as well as its high accuracy in some singular regions of the propagation medium, provide a strong alternative to solve seismic modeling and imaging problems. In this dissertation , I present a new procedure for pre-stack depth migration with true-amplitude, combining the flexibility and robustness of Kirchhoff migration type using superposition of Gaussian beams to represent the wave field. The proposed migration algorithm comprises in two stacking process: the first is the beam stack applied to subsets of seismic data multiplied by a weight function defined such that stack operator has the same formulation of the integral of the Gaussian beams superposition; the second is a weighted diffraction stack by means of the Kirchhoff type integral having as input the stacked data. For these reasons it is called Kirchhoff-Gaussian-Beam (KGB) migration. In order to compare the Kirchhoff and KGB methods with respect to the sensibility on relation to the discretization length, we apply them to the well-know 2D Marmousi dataset using four velocity grids, i.e. 60 m, 80 m, 100 m e 150 m. As result we have that both methods present a much better image for smaller discretization interval of the velocity grid. The amplitude spectrum of the migrated sections provide us with the spatial frequency contents of the obtained image sections.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aproximações não-hiperbólicas do tempo de trânsito utilizando aproximantes de Padé
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-03) NEVES, Rodolfo André Cardoso; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
Traveltime approximation is a fundamental tool of the stack and migration steps in seismic data processing. To increase the accuracy of these approximations, we propose new traveltime approximations based on Padé approximants, to CMP and CRS gathers. Hyperbolic approximations such as normal moveout (NMO) and comom reflection surface (CRS) are taylor series approximations of second order of the reflection traveltime. Padé approximants appear as an alternative to Taylor series, because they converge quickly to the desired function, and they have a major radius of convergence improving approximations acuracy. They can be obtained through the proper Taylor serie of the approximated function. This new approximation is obtained from the [2/2] Padé approximation of the generalized moveout equation; and from [2/2] Padé approximation of the Taylor series expansions of fourth order of the CRS surface. The acuracy of Padé approximation is superior when compared with other convencional approximations: normal moveout, shifted hyperbola and Transversal isotropic medium with vertical symetry axis (VTI). CMP gather Padé approximations depend just only one more parameter than normal moveout approximation and they keep the acuracy for long offsets. CRS gather non hyperbolic approximations, non hyperbolic CRS, fourth order CRS and Padé CRS, have major acuracy than hyperbolic CRS, increasing the convergence of the approximation for offset and CMP domain. The quadratic approximation of fourth order CRS is superior than non hyperbolic CRS approximation, producing less error in least square CRS parameter inversion.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conversão tempo-profundidade de seções sísmicas empilhadas por raio imagem e raio normal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06-24) REZENDE, Diogo Pena; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In general, the oil industry makes the time-to-depth conversion of seismic data by the image ray tracing method. This method takes time into the depth, point to point, the amplitudes of the time migrated seismic section. For each point of the migrated time section, it is necessary to trace a ray perpendicular to the surface. After this, the amplitude of the migrated point of the section takes place in depth. The seismic migration method pre- or post-stack consists of placing seismic events in the correct positions in time or depth sections. Seismic depth sections provide an image near of the subsurface, in order to facilitate the identification of possible oil accumulating geological structures. The conversion of sections from the time to the depth domain is an intermediate step in the construction of seismic images in depth. This work developed and tested a method of converting time to depth the zero-offset seismic sections. In this case, the construction of sections in depth uses normal ray tracing method. The proposed method makes use of the (slowness versus time of intersection) transformation on the zero-offset section. Each point in the domain provides initial conditions for the normal ray tracing: a start position of the initial rays and initial angles formed with the normal to the surface, i.e., the slowness initial parameter. Unlike ray image method, several rays use the same travel time and the same initial position, defining an isochronous curve. The amplitude of each point in the zero-offset section takes place to depth from the distribution of values along each isochronous curve in depth. The image ray based time-to-depth conversion has good recovery of the depths of reflectors as well as low computational cost, since it is necessary only one ray to convert each point of the section in time. However, the reflector continuity may be damaged in case of sharpened curvature. In turn, by normal ray the time-to-depth conversion correctly approximate the depth of the reflectors, since the same point in time assigns several times in depth. However, it has a higher computational cost, because it is necessary many rays to convert one point in time.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Identificação automática das primeiras quebras em traços sísmicos por meio de uma rede neural direta
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000) MIRANDA, Anna Ilcéa Fischetti; ANDRADE, André José Neves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8388930487104926; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In spite of the technologic development happened at seismic prospection, and the significative amount of data with seismic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) surveys, some process in the seismic interpretation task like the first break picking, remains in a manual version, that still needs an intuitive human intervention. This dissertation purpose, fill in the seismic processing with the intention to look for an efficient method to enable the computational simulation of the human visual system behavior, through decision process automation involved in first break picking in a seismic trace; looking at to preserv the interpreter intuitive knowledgement to more complex tasks, where your knowledgement will be better profitable. Neural networks, the most important implementation of neurocomputing systems, were initially developed by neurobiologists as computer models of the neural system in the brain. They differ from conventional computation techniques in their ability to adaptively discriminate or learn through repeated exposure to examples, their tolerance to data component failure and their robustness in the presence of high noise levels. This computing technology provide some techniques that can reduce the labor intensive aspects of the first break picking, maintaining the quality and reliability of the results. The method here presented is an application of an artificial neural network computational process, known as feedforward multilayer perceptron trained with the error back-propagation algorithm; from the establishment of a convenient neural network architecture and learning set that make possible its application over seismic data. This method is a computational simulation of seismic interpreter decision intuitive process for first break picking in seismic traces. The applicability, efficiency and limitations of this approach will be appraised in synthetic data obtained starting out the ray theoretical method.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Identificação de reflexões múltiplas, utilizando os parâmetros das frentes de onda PIN e normal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-06-21) SOUZA, Francisco José Mota de; OLIVA, Pedro Andrés Chira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0224399927142671; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The multiple reflections present in seismograms hide important information of reflectors in subsurface,sometimes turning primary reflections invisible. This is the case of marine seismograms, in which sometimes they present a ring-like appearance, with strong superposition of multiple reflections, together with primary reflections. This problem has been the subject of important researches, whose principal objective is the identification, attenuation and elimination of multiples, using in this respect some widespread methods. The objective of this work is the identification of multiple reflections. With this purpose, we have forward modeled zero-offset (ZO) seismic sections containing primary reflections, together with first-order multiple reflections. Later on,we have performed a kinematic Kirchhoff depth migration in order to obtain a simulated geological model in depth, with true and fictitious reflectors at the same time. From this depth migrated section, we have modeled a ZO section, in which the fictitious reflector is not recorded, due to the impedance contrast in the second and third layers of the model. This is the first clue that the referred fictitious reflector is, in fact, the result of imaging a multiple reflection. Another clue for this assertion is the semblance of the curvatures of the first and third reflectors. Finally, the wavefront parameters of two hypothetical waves Normal Incidence Point (NIP) and Normal (N) were computed, as well as the NMO velocity for the primary and multiple events, in the forward and migrated models. We have finally compared these parameters in order to verify the later clues with respect to the identification of multiple reflections.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Interpolação de eventos de reflexão em traços sísmicos de dados pré-empilhamento usando aproximação de tempo de trânsito SRC-AF
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06-24) FERNANDES, Alexandre Sodré; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The seismic method is a well known technique for revealing details of the geological subsurface structures because the seismic data are processed and produce seismic sections, which are images of subsurface structures. The quality of the recorded seismic data depends on factors such as the complexity of the subsurface, level of noise, surface topography of acquisition, heterogeneities in the mantle of weathering, among others. Irregular acquisition, short offsets, low coverage in common points in depth lead to a low quality imaging in subsurface and low resolution in seismic sections. In common reflection surface imaging, the hyperbolic approximation of traveltimes for paraxial rays in the vicinity of a central ray reflected with finite source-receiver offset, function of five kinematic attributes of the wave field, represent better the time field reflection compared to conventional methods. The Common Reflection Surface for Common Offset (CRS-CO) approaches reflection events within the vicinity of the trace with a fixed offset that we want to interpolate, adding correlated events, where the output is defined as the weighted average of the amplitudes along the traveltime approximation SRC-AF, assigning the result to its trace to all points of an common offset section. The specific objective of this work is to model the regularization of temporal sections filling areas lacking seismic data, increasing the signal to noise ratio by interpolation of reflection events in seismic traces based on the approximation of traveltime for Common Reflection Surface for Common Offset (CRS-CO). The algorithm was applied to the seismic acquisition settings Common Source, Common Offset and Common Mid Point for a set of 2D synthetic data, modeled by ray tracing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração com amplitude verdadeira em meios bidimensionais (2-D) e introdução ao caso 2,5-D
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999) URBAN, Jaime Antonio; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In the recent past years we have seen through various published papers an increasing interest in true amplitude migration methods, in order to obtain more informations about the reflectivity properties of the earth subsurface. The most part of these works has treated of this thema either based on Born approximation as given by Beistein (1987) and Bleistein et al. (1987), or on ray theoretical wavefield approximation as given by Hubral et al. (1991), Schleicher et al. (1993) and Martins et al. (1997). By considering arbitrary source-receiver configurations the compressional primary reflections can be imaged into time or depth-migrated reflections so that the migrated wavefield amplitudes are a measure of angle-dependent reflection coeffients. In order to do this various migration algorithms were proposed in the recent past years based on Born or Kirchhoff approach. Both of them treats of a weighted diffraction stack integral operator that is applied to the input seismic data. As result we have a migrated seismic section where at each reflector point there is the source wavelet with the amplitude proportinal to the reflection coefficient at that point. Based on Kirchhoff approach, in this thesis we derive the weight function and the diffraction stack integral operator for the two dimensional (2-D) and for the two and one half (2.5-D) seismic model and apply it to a set of synthetic seismic data in noise environment. The result shows the accuracy and stability of the 2-D and 2.5-D migration methods as a tool for obtaining important information about the reflectivity properties of the earth subsurface, which is of great interest for the amplitude versus offset (angle) analysis. In summary, we present an expressions for the 2-D and 2.5-D weights as a function of parameters along each ray branch of the in-plane trajectory. Moreover, we show examples of application of the true-amplitude depth migration algorithm to synthetic seismic data obtained by ray theory seismic modeling using the Seis88 package (Cervený e Psencík, 1988), in order to make a numerical analysis and to verify the stability and accuracy of the algorithm. The results confirmed the removal of the geometrical spreading from migrated data, even in presence of noise. Additional tests were performed for pulse distortion analysis in depth rnigrated sections (Tygel et al., 1994) and to obtain reflection points attributes by multiple diffraction stack (Tygel et al., 1993).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração com amplitude verdadeira em meios com gradiente constante de velocidade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-05-16) CASTILLO LOPEZ, Luis Antonio; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
One of the most important steps in seismic processing data concerns to migration the seismic reflector. In the last years, we have seen several approaches used to build the migrated section and, simultaneously, to recover reflection coefficient values corrected for geometrical spreading loss, the so-called amplitude preserve migration or true-amplitude migration methods. This work aims at applying a true-amplitude depth migration algorithm in acoustic inhomogeneous media, with a constant gradient velocity function and considering a 2.5-D situation. The 2.5-D migration process is based on the Kirchhoff integral operator and the ray theory. It is performed essencially by a weighted diffraction stacking, with the diffraction traveltime curve given by the ray tracing equations tailored to constant gradient velocity. By choosing appropriate weight function used to stack the data, the result of the migration process is a measure of the reflection coefficient at the searched-for reflection point, that is function of the incidence angle. This is very usefull in other important process as amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) and amplitude-versus-angle (AVA) analysis. As any other depth migration process, it is necessary an accurated macro-velocity model, what means to know the velocity gradient. The algorithm was applied to synthetic seismic data generated by the ray software SEIS88 for two kinds of geophysical models. The results pointed out the precision and stability of the presented 2.5-D migration algorithm. It is available for recovering reflection coefficient measures and gives informations about lithological properties of the seismic reflectors. It is also important to note that this algorithm is not able to migrate in singular ray situations, as for example caustics or diffraction zones.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração em profundidade usando a solução numérica da equação da eiconal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-06-12) LUZ, Samuel Levi Freitas da; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In the last years we have seen an increasing interest in seismic imaging algorithms in order to obtain better informations about the earth interior. The Kirchhoff migration method is very useful for determining the position of seismic reflectors, if is known the seismic wave velocity model and the traveltimes are well determined through the earth model. The traveltime calculation is a necessary step for stacking the seismic data by means of the Kirchhoff migration operator. In this work the traveltimes are obtained by solving the eiconal equation of the ray theory. At first, the theory of Kirchhoff migration is reviewed, by considering depth migration in heterogeneous media with arbitrary curved reflectors. Secondly, the numerical solution of the eiconal equation is presented for transmited, diffracted and head waves. There offer, the depth migration algorithm is presented, must makes use of traveltimes obtained by the eiconal equation. Finally, the developed migration algorithm is applied to synthetic models, providing a very good image resolution in comparison with the conventional ray tracing migration methods, even in the presence of random or coherent (multiple reflections) noise.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração Kirchhoff paraxial pré-empilhamento em profundidade com amplitudes verdadeiras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-31) MOREIRA, Marcio Fernando de Andrade; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The seismic depth migration is one of the most important steps in the exploration of geologically complex process areas of the oil industry interest. To obtain a more realistic image of the structure, it needs is a great settings recovery process of the reflectors in the subsurface and efficient determination of reflection coefficients to characterize the oil and gas reservoirs. One of the techniques used to obtain the seismic image is the Kirchhoff migration method which can be greatly enhanced by appropriate weights, which when applied to amplitudes during the stacking diffraction provides an estimate of the reflection coefficients. In this work, we used the 2-D paraxial ray prestack Kirchhoff depth migration method. In the calculation step traveltimes makes use of second-order paraxial approximation, by which one can get a good approximation of the traveltimes in the mesh migration. The weights used during migration were calculated using the equations of dynamic radius and the extrapolation to the points of the mesh migration. Compared with the conventional Kirchhoff method, the results were quite satisfactory as regards the increase in image resolution of the reflectors as well as in obtaining the reflection coefficients. The efficiency of the proposed technique was tested on synthetic data type anticlinal geological structure and seismic data Marmousi.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração Kirchhoff pré-empilhamento em profundidade usando aproximação paraxial do tempo de trânsito
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-08-28) CUNHA, Antonio Rizimar de Andrade; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In order to get an accurate image of the subsurface we need efficient techniques for evaluating the wave field. In literature we find several geophysical methods based on the numerical solution of the seismic wave equation. Among the various techniques of seismic imaging, Kirchhoff prestack depth migration remains widely used because of its flexibility in processing data through several geometries of acquisition, and its practicality in solving problems related to imaging. Assuming this view, we seek to create more efficient alternatives for the accurate calculation of the parameters involved in migration processes. We consider the efficient calculation of the traveltimes as a critical factor, focusing on the fundamental amplitude in their respective points in depth using the Paraxial Ray Theory through the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. The paraxial extrapolation of the traveltimes belongs to the class of dynamic ray tracing, where it is possible to determine information in complex geological environment on regions influenced by shadow zones. The application of this technical demands amounts previously arranged in a central reference beam that is obtained from the kinematic ray tracing, furthermore a macro velocity model of the medium is necessary for the traveltimes calculation. For comparison, we consider two different ways to calculate the traveltimes tables: The first was performed by routine RAYT2D from SEISMIC UNIX (SU) package, which is considered a robust method of evaluation; the second is based on Paraxial05 method. The depth migration required the seismic data input and the traveltimes. The images were obtained from an algorithm written in SHELL and a third image is obtained through the difference between the two initial results.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem sísmica acústica e elástica por diferenças finitas e imageamento do depósito de minério de ferro N4WS no estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-03) HOLANDA, Rafael Mansano; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The finite difference method consists in the numerical resolution of differential equations and one of its applications is a solution of the wave equations or elastodynamics, by replacing the partial derivatives in space and time by their approximations of finite differences. The present work consisted in the accomplishment of the seismic modeling using the method of the finite differences, to acoustic and elastic case. Then, we performed the seismic imaging, to acoustic case, in a model that simulates an iron ore deposit area of N4WS, located in the mineral province of Carajás, in the state of Pará. We found a heterogeneous, isotropic and bidimensional velocity model to acoustic and elastic cases. In order to generate the synthetic seismogram, we executed the program FDSKALAR, to acoustic case, and SOFI2D, to elastic case, using fourth-order approximation of the equation of acoustic and elastic wave in space and time. For a validation of the programs of finite differences and aid in the interpretation of the events, we compared the results with the travel times obtained by the ray theory. After the seismic modeling, we accomplished the processing of the data generate, using the open-source software package Seismic Unix, to obtain an image of the reflector contained in the mineral model. In this way, we searched a better understanding and control on the problems of seismic modeling and imaging, contributing to an interpretation of seismic data and understanding about a seismic wave propagation in environments where there are significant heterogeneities. In addition, we sought to demonstrate the application of seismic methods in the study and delimitation of mineral bodies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem sísmica por diferenças finitas em meios bidimensionais com difratores
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-09-14) FERNANDES, Lindemberg Lima; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The subject of this work is the seismic modeling in medium with strong discontinuities in physical properties with enphasis in diffractions events. This research intend to contribute for a better comprehension and control of seismic modeling in complex medium. According to various authors, the Amazon Basin is formed by sedimentary rocks deposited since the Ordovician to the present, reaching depth up to 5 Km. The bodies of basalt between the paleozoic sediments are arranged as basaltic layers reaching thickness of hundred meters, which add to 90,000 km3. The ocurrence of these structures is responsible for the existence of multiple reflections during the propagation of the seismic waves, which makes impossible a better imaging of horizons located bellow the basaltic layers An accoustic velocity model was used to demonstrate this geological situation. The seismograms were calculated with a program of finite-difference with a fourth order aproximation of the acoustic wave equation in space and time. The aplication of the finite-difference method for modeling the propagation of the seismic waves has improved the understanding of the wave propagation in significant heterogeneous medium and achieves a good resolution in the interpretation of seismic reflection events in areas of interest As a result of numerical experiments accomplished in a complex geological medium a significant influence due to multiple reflection observed in a high velocity layer causing an increase in a loss of energy that made the data more dificult to analise. Because of this problem I advise the integration of the data from both surface and wells, to achieve a better imaging below the basaltic layer.

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Navegando Dissertações em Geofísica (Mestrado) - CPGF/IG por Orientadores "CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro"