Teses em Engenharia Elétrica (Doutorado) - PPGEE/ITEC

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2317

O Doutorado Acadêmico inicio-se em 1998 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica (PPGEE) do Instituto de Tecnologia (ITEC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Agora exibindo 1 - 17 de 17

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aprovisionamento dinâmico de recursos em redes ópticas elásticas multiplexadas por divisão de espaço considerando limitações de camada física
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-06-07) LOBATO, Fabricio Rossy de Lima; CARTAXO, Adolfo da Visitação Tregeira; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
In elastic optical networks (EONs) employing weakly-coupled single-mode multi-core fibers (MCF), inter-core crosstalk (XT) can affect significantly the network performance, particularly when the number of cores and the path length increase. Hence, from the network perspective, the impairment-aware (IA) routing, spectrum and core assignment (RSCA) problem is an important research challenge of MCF-EONs. In this thesis, we propose a dynamic provisioning methodology that solves independently the IA-RSCA problem taking impairments physical layer into account. To achieve the XT impact minimization, we decompose the IA-RSCA problem into two subproblems: the IA routing sub-problem and the IA spectrum and core assignment (IA-SCA) sub-problem. For the routing solution, a precomputation method based on the k-shortest path is used, and a physical layer impairment verification phase is performed taking the required optical signal to noise ratio into account. For the IA-SCA sub-problem, the novel XT-aware greedy algorithm is proposed to minimize the XT impact on the MCF-EONs performance as follows: for each new connection, the level of detected XT power of the new connection and interfering connections relative to the XT power threshold of each connection is minimized on the average over all those connections. This minimization is achieved by choosing the core and frequency slot of the new connection. In order to take the spectral overlapping extension of the new and interfering connections into account in the detected XT power, a novel frequency slot overlapping index is introduced. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through computer simulations. The results show that the total blocking probability and network average utilization achieved by the proposed algorithm are better than the ones obtained by core prioritization, random and first-fit strategies, for different scenarios of XT level and spectrum fragmentation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos de avaliação de desempenho em redes ponto a ponto e ponto multiponto baseados em modelagem Markoviana e medições
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-02) SOUZA, Lamartine Vilar de; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
This thesis presents a methodology for performance evaluation of broadband access networks. The performance evaluation of networks is a way to identify and analyze how certain features, such as different traffic types or forms of use, can influence the behavior of the network in focus. This way, we can predict how the network will behave in future situations. The methodology is composed of two approaches: an approach based on measurements and the other based on modeling using Markov processes. The networks analyzed cover the two basic types of access architecture: ADSL2+ (asymmetric digital subscriber line 2+) networks, which are wired networks that use twisted pair cables; FBWN (fixed broadband wireless network) networks, which are wireless networks based on IEEE 802.16 standard. The measurement approach is focused on network behaves against three situations: transmission of a generic traffic, impact of non-stationary noise in the system, and using network for the transmission of real-time multimedia traffic. The modeling approach, in its turn, is based on predicting the behavior of the network using mathematical models based on Markov processes. The results presented indicate the feasibility of applying this methodology as form of performance evaluation. The results also make possible the extension of this methodology to other types of broadband access networks such as fiber optic networks, microwave links, and VDSL/VDSL2 (Very-high-data-rate DSL) networks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização e desenvolvimento de sensores ópticos de corrente elétrica para aplicações em linhas de alta tensão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-04-03) SANTA BRÍGIDA, Angela Costa; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
This thesis, titled "Characterization and development of electric sensors for electrical applications in high voltage lines" was developed in a PhD program in Electrical Engineering. Fix the devices and characterized the magneto-optical current sensors for measurement applications and protection in high power systems, namely, prism sensor and photonic glass fiber (PCF) sensor. Both are based on the Faraday effect, using a double quadrature polarimetric configuration. This work was then divided in two moments. In the first, a prism sensor, consisting of a portable sensor head for anchoring in the transmission line was developed, in Portugal, for an industrial application. In this case, no prism sensor prototype was used in a Schott SF57 glass prism 8cm in length with high Verdet constant and low birefringence. It has been incorporated into a Nylon casing suitable for fastening applications in the power line. The operation of the sensor is characterized and compared using Super Luminescent Diodes (SLD) as a source of 650, 830 and 1550 nm. Class 1 precision sensor for nominal currents of 900 ARMS or higher and classes 0,1 and 0,2 for nominal currents of 1,2 kARMS and 0,3 kARMS, respectively, and the possibility of detecting impulses in the network of 10 Μs. Second, another type of wrapping, the use of optical fibers as a transition element, using highly rotated fibers at 4, 6, 9, and 11 revolutions per second, developed by the group of the Laboratory of Special Fibers and Photonic Materials - LaFE, from the Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin of UNICAMP, Brazil. In particular, these lines were tested as a whole on an electric conductor using three winding sizes of 6, 12 and 18 cm in diameters with different turns, with currents of up to 800 ARMS using an SLD source at 650 nm. Parameters, such as sensitivity and linearity of the sensor, were investigated. A symbolic analysis was also performed to quantitatively analyze the fiber sensitivity value with respect to the number of turns and with respect to the diameter of the support, there is no conclusion that there is a compromise between these two parameters in order to obtain a better response in the signal of sensor output.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Carimbó: canal de retorno com interatividade condicionada por mecanismo de sinalização contínua e provisionamento de banda orientado QoS
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-12-15) COUTINHO, Mauro Margalho; FRANCÊS, Carlos Renato Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7458287841862567; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
This doctoral thesis proposes a framework has controling and management the return network in Digital Television from four components: Digital Television Provider, Interactivity Terminal, Return Channel Provider, and Content Provider. Together, they interact based on a signaling mechanism that propagates QoS restrictions associated to the current interactive programming through the data carrousel system. The set of them also provide an admission control that investigates, periodically, the return channel status allowing or restricting the access according to the necessities of the interactive applications. Moreover, the system is so flexible that admit applications as in large scale as in small scale (local), thanks to the mobility of the service provider. An e-gov/e-health application was development in Xlet Java to evaluate the performance of the system. The performance analysis was proceeded using measurement and modeling techniques according to the system scale. In the last mille, some technologies of low cost and without periodically billing were tested such as wireless local area network. In large scale, the system was evaluated in different scenarios by means of simulation using the Network Simulator.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cenário de redes de acesso para integração de redes ópticas e sem fio baseadas em sistemas de rádio sobre fibra
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-15) OLIVEIRA, Rosinei de Sousa; TEIXEIRA, Antônio Luis Jesus; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The constant increasing demand for higher bandwidth services from subscribers has led to the integration of optical network infrastructure and wireless broadband access. Combining the capacity of optical fiber with the flexibility and mobility of wireless networks, a powerful system can be created to support data traffic volumes on demand. The radio over fiber system is the most used solution to integrate radio and fiber technologies. However, the analog links decrease linearly with the increasing length due to distortions from optical link. On the other hand, digitized radio transmission minimizes the physical impairments and can maintain its dynamic range independent from the fiber’s transmission length. Nevertheless, the optical link requires a high bandwidth due to the digitalization process, which from the implementation point of view represents one of the major challenges. This new context will change the network infrastructure and has forced operators to embrace solutions to improve the capacity of the system, mainly in radio access network (RAN). A new concept of RAN, called Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) is gaining great interest because this architecture improves the fixed/mobile convergence. In comparison with a classic architecture, this comes out with an innovative architecture where all complex functionalities are executed in the central office (CO), while the base station (BS) is responsible for executing less complex functions which bring reduced costs, improved performance and fixed/mobile convergence. Based on this information, this thesis proposal aims to investigate the radio over fiber scenarios as a solution to provide real access networks. In order to meet this goal, first we intending to investigate architectures by simulations, after we want replay the proposed followed by experimental demos in more realistic scenarios.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Compressão de sinais em sistemas de rádio sobre fibra digital para redes fronthaul
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-07-23) MATE, Dércio Manuel; TEIXEIRA, António Luis de Jesus; OLIVEIRA, Rosinei de Sousa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3853897074036715; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The introduction of technologies such as Carrier Aggregation (CA), Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), aiming to improve the performance of LTE and LTE-A systems, increases the challenge for deploying Mobile Fronthaul due to the network capacity limitation to support higher transmission rates. An approach to deal with Frontahul’s capacity limitation is data compression. Several techniques have been developed for signal compression in fronthaul, and most of these techniques compress the signal transmitted in baseband. In this work, a compression technique is developed for specific scenarios of Digital Radio-over-Fiber systems, transmitting the signal in intermediate frequency (IF). This technique uses the radio channel state information (CSI) to control signal compression in the fronthaul. The simulation results with the developed technique demonstrate its ability to reduce the data transmitted onthe network by 45.05%. In addition, this technique allows the transmission of 64 QAM modulated signals using a lower quantizer resolution, e.g., 4 bits per sample, maintaining the EVM below 3GPP recommended threshold (8%). Finally, the performance of the fronthaul network is evaluated experimentally in an optical link of 20-km, considering scenarios with and without signal compression.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de sensores baseados em fibra óptica afunilada para monitoramento ambiental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-02-06) SILVEIRA, Clenilson Rodrigues da; GIRALDI, Maria Thereza Miranda Rocco; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0270661833822671; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The monitoring of environmental parameters is important in preserving the environment. The development of technologically advanced systems for measuring physical parameters allows the early detection of harmful environmental factors. For example, refractive index and temperature measurement systems can detect thermal and chemical pollution in rivers water. Curvature or tilt measurement is important in predicting natural phenomena that may cause damage to human beings, such as landslides and earthquakes. This thesis investigates sensors based on tapered optical fiber for monitoring environmental parameters. The investigated technology is based on standard single-mode optical fiber with tapered section that makes use of the evanescent field to detect changes in the external environment, such as refractive index, temperature and curvature. This type of device is analyzed through numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The numerical modeling is performed using finite difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM). It is numerically and experimentally demonstrated that once tapered optical fiber Michelson interferometer is subjected to bending the sensitivity to refractive index change is enhanced in comparison with the not bent device. Experimental measurements indicate that this type of device has great potential as a temperature sensor. Numerical results, based on FD-BPM, indicate that it is possible to optimize the taper parameters in optical fiber to improve its sensitivity to bending in terms of transmitted power.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de sensores baseados em fibra óptica para monitoramento estrutural
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-04-01) FERNANDES, Cindy Stella; GIRALDI, Maria Thereza Miranda Rocco; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0270661833822671; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The research and development of systems for measuring physical and mechanical parameters of structural health, allows the early detection of collapses, deterioration process and other natural and / or caused by man factors. In this case, real-time measurements of these parameters are crucial for identification, localization and quantification of damages, and also improve the maintenance and safety of such structures. Curvature and vibration measurements are important to structural monitoring due to their relationship with the dynamic responses of engineering structures. In this thesis, core diameter mismatch structures are proposed and experimentally investigated for curvature and vibration sensing. Among the analyzes, two settings exhibited improved performance, one approach uses a structure formed by splicing an uncoated short section of multimode fiber between two standard single mode fibers (SMS), combined to an optical fiber mirror at its end, and the other approach is made by the sandwich of one single mode fiber section between two short multimode fiber sections, spliced between two standard single mode fibers (SMSMS). The SMS device is analyzed through experimental measurements and numerical simulations. In the curvature analysis, the proposed SMS sensor generates destructive interference patterns whether it is bent, varying only the attenuation of the optical signal without wavelength shifts. Numerical modeling is performed using the finite difference beam propagation method by means of the BeamProp 9.0 software of Rsoft™ company. In the experimental vibration analysis, the SMSMS sensor is formed by two MMF sections that act as coupler and re-coupler of core-cladding modes, and the SMF section in the middle acts as the "arm" of interference. So the cladding modes that propagate in the SMF middle section become sensitive to the applied frequencies. The SMSMS vibration sensor proved to be suitable to monitor very low frequencies such as 0.1 Hz. The proposed sensors configurations present several interesting features, such as easy fabrication, low-cost, high-efficiency, and high sensitivity. Although the manufacturing process of the structures is not very precise, which affects its reproducibility, such sensors very useful in a wide range of applications, such as structural health monitoring.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Designing cost-efficient transport solutions for fixed and mobile broadband access network
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-03-03) FARIAS, Fabrício de Souza; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
This thesis undertakes a techno-economic evaluation of transport solutions for fixed and mobile broadband access. In the case of future mobile access networks, it is proposed to make use of backhaul architectures using fiber and microwave applied to Greenfield deployments and a copper-legacy backhaul infrastructure based on Brownfield migration, i.e. finding a way of using a legacy infrastructure to its full capacity. At the same time, protection deployments based on fiber-wireless schemes are recommended for future fixed broadband. The main contribution made by this thesis is to carry out a research investigation into the total investment cost of the broadband transport infrastructure. This will be determined by employing two sets of models to assess the capital and operational expenditures, (CAPEX and OPEX respectively), of mobile and fixed broadband access network operators. First, this involves a set of models for mobile broadband that are summarized in a general methodology that aims at providing: traffic forecasting, wireless deployment, mobile backhaul deployment and total cost assessment. It was found that, fiber-based backhaul through a Greenfield deployment is the most energy-efficient option. Furthermore, Brownfield reveals that copper-based backhaul can still play a key role if used up to its full capacity and sharply reduces the investment costs in infrastructure. Additionally, there is an examination of the main differences in cost and energy values between Greenfield and Brownfield. Finally, a methodology is employed for fixed broadband based on network dimensioning, failure costs and an assessment of the total cost of ownership. The models are used to assess five architectures that represent different protection schemes for fixed broadband. This research shows the economic benefits of using a hybrid protection scheme based on fiber-wireless architecture rather than fiber-based protection options and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to show that the extra CAPEX invested to protect the infrastructure might be recovered through the OPEX after a number of years. The results obtained in the thesis should be useful for network operators to plan both their fixed and mobile broadband access network infrastructure in the future.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Designing feasible deployment strategies for cell-free massive MIMO networks : assessing cost-effectiveness and reliability
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-06-14) FERNANDES, André Lucas Pinho; MONTI, Paolo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4220330196422554; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
Cell-free Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) networks are a promising solution for the Sixth Generation of mobile systems (6G) and beyond. These networks utilize multiple distributed antennas to transmit and receive signals coherently, under an apparently non-cellular communication paradigm that eliminates the traditional concept of cells in mobile networks. This shift poses significant deployment challenges, as conventional tools designed for cellular systems are inadequate for planning and evaluating cell-free mMIMO architectures. In this sense, the literature has been developing models specific to cell-free mMIMO that deal with system coordination, fronthaul signaling, required computational complexities of processing procedures, segmented fronthaul, transitioning from cellular network deployments, and integration to Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) technologies. These advancements are instrumental in transforming cell-free mMIMO from a theoretical system to a practical application. Despite this, further study is needed to integrate existing models and develop practical evaluation tools to assess the feasibility of cell-free mMIMO and its enablers. This thesis addresses these gaps by proposing new tools to evaluate the feasibility of cell-free mMIMO networks regarding reliability and costs. The first tool focuses on evaluating the reliability of cell-free mMIMO. It is used to improve the understanding of possible failure impacts and to develop effective protection schemes for the fronthaul network of cell-free mMIMO networks. Results for an indoor office implementation with an area of 100 m2 and a Transmission-Reception Point (TRP) spacing of 20 m, demonstrate that cell-free systems with segmented fronthaul, i.e., with serial fronthaul connections between TRPs, require protection strategies. It is shown that interconnecting serial chains and partially duplicating serial chains (40% redundancy) are effective protection schemes. Finally, in the considered indoor scenarios, interconnection appears to be the most feasible alternative when the number of serial chains is higher than three. The second tool assesses the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of cell-free mMIMO and its enablers, considering essential aspects, like user demands, fronthaul bandwidth limitations, and hardware processing capacities. The tool is used to evaluate the costs of two functional splits from the literature that are equivalent to distributed and centralized processing architectures for cell-free mMIMO networks. Results for an ultra-dense urban scenario covering an area of 0.25 km2 with up to 800 TRPs, reveal that centralized processing is more feasible for most user demands, hardware configurations of TRP, and cost considerations. Despite this, distributed processing may be more feasible in limited cases of low demand (up to 50 Mbps per user) and under massive cost reductions for expenses related to TRPs deployment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Determinação da função de transferência de enlaces metálicos a partir de medições de impedância de entrada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-02) RODRIGUES, Roberto Menezes; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The digital subscriber line (DSL) technology aims at exploiting the full potential of the telephone metallic lines on providing broadband access. On the other hand, the telephone lines may have distinct transmission capacities due to differences on their topologies. Therefore, it is important to measure the actual transmission capacity of each line before the DSL service deployment. This process is called line qualification. The determination of the transmission capacity of metallic lines requires previous determination of their transfer function. The existent qualification techniques determine the transfer function from the communication between equipments at the central office and the customer’s premises or indirectly, from knowledge about the topology of the line under test. Both processes are not in line with a pre-deployment scenario since they imply additional costs with the dispatching of technicians to the subscriber’s site, dependency of updated records about the telephone network (rarely available) or use of sophisticated line topology techniques. Therefore, the goal of this work is to propose a method for determining the transfer function of metallic lines with the following features: it does not need previous knowledge about the line topology, it uses information collected just at the central office (CO) and it does not require any human intervention at the subscriber’s site. Essentially, the general form of the proposed method analytically describes the transfer function of the line under test in function of its short and open-circuited input impedances, taken from the CO, and its asymmetry. Additionally, an algorithm that derives the short-circuited input impedance from the envelopes of the open-circuited one was developed. By applying this algorithm together with the general form of the proposed method, it is possible to determine the transfer function from just an open-circuited input impedance measurement and without any human intervention at the subscriber’s site. The proposed method was evaluated in two steps. The first step concerns the evaluation of the general form of the method. Specifically, the tests involve baseline comparison using simulated data for threeline topologies, application of the method to a bunch of simulated data generated from an arbitrary lines generator, and evaluation using measurements performed in laboratory for eight real test lines. The second step concerns the joint application of the general form of the method and the algorithm that estimates the short-circuited input impedance to measured data for two of the test lines reproduced in laboratory. The results for simulated data indicate that the general form of the proposed method is efficient, providing estimates well below the defined threshold (< 3 dB per DSL tone). For measurements, the general form of the method has estimated the transfer function of seven from the test lines with deviation per tone below 1.5 dB, but it failed for the line with two bridged-taps, being one very close to the subscriber’s site. Concerning the joint application of the general form of the proposed method and the algorithm that estimates the short-circuited input impedance, the transfer function estimations have been equivalent to those provided by the general form of the method, but with significant deviations in the beginning and in the end of the frequency band. These significant deviations are due to the current version of the envelope detector block of the algorithm that has limited performance, especially for lines with more than two serial sections.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estratégia de projeto de atribuição de comprimento de onda com restrição de camada física em redes WDM
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-28) MIRANDA, André Moacir Lage; SEGATTO, Marcelo Eduardo Vieira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379169013108798; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The system based on Wavelength Division Multiplex (WDM) has been considered as a mature technology to be used in the backbone of optical networks. However, finding an optical solution for Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) algorithm in the design and operation of the networks remains an open issue. The research conducted in this thesis, addresses the main issues regarding the process of Wavelength Assignment (RWA) in WDM systems, and as result a methodology that minimizes the degradation of the optical signal generated by Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM), has been proposed. This proposal consists of a hybrid methodology based on Graph-Coloring and Genetic Algorithm (GA), where the first has the function of reducing the number of necessary wavelengths to meet the traffic matrix (known a priori), and the latter will find the cannels activation order on the wavelengths grid with the aim of reducing the XPM effect. This proposal was compared with the First-Fit algorithm in different scenarios and network topologies, and has shown a significant reduction in blocking probability.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem de efeitos plasmônicos em um metamaterial nanoestruturado para aplicação em sensoriamento óptico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-08-22) SILVA, Anderson Oliveira; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
Metamateriais are artificial media structured to obtain physical properties not readily found in nature. In general, these media are arranged periodically with a unit cell whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation. This characteristic allows dealing with such materiais as homogenized media, which means describing them by effective constitutive parameters. This work performs the analytical and numerical model of a metamaterial structured with metallic inclusions. It is implemented a formalism based on the Maxwell-Garnett approach in order to describe the effective refraction index of the metamaterial accounting for the geometry of the nanoparticles and the nature of excited local field modes. It is shown that these modes correspond to surface plasmon excitations. From the characterization of the metamaterial at the optical domain, it is investigated the potential of such medium to the construction of more compact refraction index sensors, with sensitivity values higher than the ones typically found in systems based exclusively on optical fibers.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem de par-trançado para comunicações em banda larga
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-03-07) BORGES, Gilvan Soares; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
Ultimately, the purpose of a model for transmission lines is to describe how the transmission properties of a line are frequency dependent. The sources of such dependency can be grouped in two areas: that one related to longitudinal changes on the line geometry and constituting materials (non-uniformities), and that related to electromagnetic phenomena such as the skin effect and the dielectric dispersion (present even when the line is uniform). The contribution of this thesis is related to the above mentioned areas, focused on a specific type of transmission line, the twisted-pair. The models for twisted pairs found in literature assume simplistic considerations which are not always realistic, e.g., they ignore that the dielectric medium is heterogeneous and with losses, ignore the effect of the non-uniformities that are inevitable to all transmission lines, etc. These and other issues are taken into account during the development of a new twisted-pair model. This model is composed for two components, a deterministic one which is a function of the constructive characteristics of the twisted-pair, and a stochastic one which is a function of the inherent defects in twisted-pair cables. Regarding the deterministic component, it employs a realistic and straightforward approach to describe: the proximity effect of the conductors, the presence of conductors’ insulation, the dielectric losses and pair twisting. As a result, the model is more accurate than the models from the literature. Regarding the stochastic component, it was not found in literature similar models for comparison. Nevertheless, it was shown that the proposed stochastic model has good agreement with experimental observation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Output-only methods for damage identification in structural health monitoring
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-04-27) SANTOS, Adam Dreyton Ferreira dos; FIGUEIREDO, Elói João Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2315380423001185; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
In the structural health monitoring (SHM) field, vibration-based damage identification has become a crucial research area due to its potential to be applied in real-world engineering structures. Assuming that the vibration signals can be measured by employing different types of monitoring systems, when one applies appropriate data treatment, damage-sensitive features can be extracted and used to assess early and progressive structural damage. However, real-world structures are subjected to regular changes in operational and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, traffic loading and so on) which impose difficulties to identify structural damage as these changes influence different features in a distinguish manner. In this thesis by papers, to overcome this drawback, novel output-only methods are proposed for detecting and quantifying damage on structures under unmeasured operational and environmental influences. The methods are based on the machine learning and artificial intelligence fields and can be classified as kernel- and cluster-based techniques. When the novel methods are compared to the state-of-the-art ones, the results demonstrated that the former ones have better damage detection performance in terms of false-positive (ranging between 3.65.4%) and false-negative (ranging between 0-2.6%) indications of damage, suggesting their applicability for real-world SHM solutions. If the proposed methods are compared to each other, the cluster-based ones, namely the global expectation-maximization approaches based on memetic algorithms, proved to be the best techniques to learn the normal structural condition, without loss of information or sensitivity to the initial parameters, and to detect damage (total errors equal to 4.4%).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Scalable AP selection strategies for user-centric cell-free massive MIMO networks
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-06-06) FREITAS, Marx Miguel Miranda de; COSTA, Daniel Benevides da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0644241968356756; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-7475; VALCARENGHI, Luca; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
User-centric (UC) cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are promising technologies for beyond 5G (B5G) networks. In these systems, the user equipment (UE) is associated with a subset of access points (APs) distributed into the coverage area, leading to improvements in macro-diversity and spectral efficiency (SE) compared to conventional cell-based systems. Despite the benefits, challenges such as scalable AP selection strategies, computational complexity (CC), and inter-central processing unit (CPU) coordination may still exist in these systems. In this regard, this thesis proposes a novel and general AP selection framework that affords scalability for UC systems, enabling more efficient use of the network resources, such as transmission power and reduced processing demands. The solution is based on a matched-decision among the most suitable connections for APs and UEs. Moreover, three strategies to fine-tune the AP clusters of UEs are proposed, aiming to reduce the number of APs connected to each UE without compromising the SE. Simulation results reveal that the matched-decision framework improves up to 163% the SE of the 95% likely UEs compared with baseline schemes. A heuristic approach that reduces the effects of inter-CPU coordination is also proposed. It decreases the number of inter-coordinated UEs (i.e., UEs connected to multiple CPUs) on each CPU to reduce signaling demands on backhaul links. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method mitigates inter-CPU coordination while yielding slight degradation in SE and improving energy efficiency (EE). Finally, this thesis investigates the performance of UC systems with limited processing capacity. Specifically, it is assumed that the CC of performing channel estimation and precoding signals does not increase with the number of APs. Thus, the UE can only be associated with a finite number of APs. Furthermore, a method is proposed for adjusting the AP clusters according to the network implementation, i.e., centralized or distributed. The results show that UC systems can keep the SE under minor degradation even if the CC up to 96%. Besides, the proposed method for adjusting the AP cluster leads to further reductions in CC.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Statistical analysis and markov modeling of dynamic resource provisioning in elastic optical networks
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-26) ROSA, Adriana de Nazaré Farias da; CARVALHO, Solon Venâncio de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3368137994024629; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
The current trends in optical fiber communications are rapidly approaching the physical capacity limit of standard optical fiber. It is becoming increasingly important to efficiently utilize spectral resources wisely to accommodate the ever-increasing Internet traffic demand. However, the rigid and coarse ITU-T grid specifications regarding the spectrum usage restrict the granularity of bandwidth segmentation and allocation, which frequently causes a mismatch between the allocated and the actual requested link bandwidth. This often leads to over provisioning, where usually more resources are provided than necessary. Recently, the concept of elastic optical networks (EONs) has been proposed in order to reduce the waste of spectra resources. In networks with such feature enabled, modulation parameters and central frequencies are not fixed as in the traditional WDM networks: the resources can be allocated with fine granularity, which can adapt to the granularity of the requested bandwidth without over provisioning. This results in more efficient usage of spectral resources. However, elastic optical networks must satisfy dynamic connection add and drop over spectral resources that inevitable results in fragmentation of the spectrum. In EONs, spectrum fragmentation is an important and inevitable problem, because it reduces the spectral efficiency. As consequence, the blocking probability (BP) is increased due to scattered gaps in the optical grid. Currently, several metrics have been proposed in order to quantify a level of spectrum fragmentation. Approximation methods might be used for estimating average blocking probability and some fragmentation measures, but are so far unable to accurately evaluate the influence of different requested connection bandwidths and do not allow in-depth investigation of blocking events and their relation to fragmentation. This thesis presents the analytical study of the effect of fragmentation on requests’ blocking probability.In this study, new definitions for blocking that differentiate between the reasons for the blocking events were introduced. An analytical framework based on Markov modeling was proposed in order to calculate steady-state probabilities for the different blocking events and to analyze fragmentation related problems in elastic optical links under dynamic traffic conditions. Statistical investigations were derived in order to investigate how different allocation request sizes contribute to fragmentation and blocking probability. This work is complemented with the introduction of a new accommodated fragmentation metric that allows better differentiating between very small variations of spectrum occupancy. Moreover, we show to which extend blocking events, due to insufficient amount of available resources, become inevitable and, comparing to the amount of blocking events due to fragmented spectrum, we draw conclusions on the possible gains one can achieve by system defragmentation. We also show how efficient spectrum allocation policies really are in reducing the part of fragmentation that in particular leads to actual blocking events. Simulation experiments are carried out showing good match with our analytical results for blocking probability in a small scale scenario. Simulated blocking probabilities for the different blocking events are provided for a larger scale node- and network-wise operation scenario in elastic optical networks.

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