Navegando por Orientadores "CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de"

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Análise da investigação dos determinantes do comportamento homossexual humano
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-07-21) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The behavior determination debate lasts since Antiquity, usually based in dichotomic arguments. Actual tendency of behavior determination comprehension points out to an interacionist perspective, analyzing genetic, biological and environmental influences combined over behavior. Many empirical researches have been developed to identify which factors are responsible for a specific behavior. Considering impossible to make a complete study of human behavior determinants, it was chosen to focus into a specific padron the homosexual behavior. Since Antiquity until nowadays, homosexual behavior determinants have been debated. Besides, this subject concerns to a large amount of people and reflects in important social issues. The present study had the purpose of analyzing which are the empiric evidences about homosexual behavior determination, through three stages: (1) historic evolution of the behavior determination, with emphasis on the methodologies applied; (2) presentation and discussion of the main research strategies about homosexual behavior determination, with emphasis on the critical analysis of data; (3) discussion of research implications and possible empirical follow-up. A bibliographic search was conducted, identifying six main research strings: hormonal measures, hormonal effects, genetic, cerebral functioning, animal models and environmental effects. Each research methodology and results were critically analyzed. Then, politics influence over research and the ethical consequences of data release were discussed; as existing data were organized into a proposal to understand the phenomena. It is expected to have contributed to a general description of the actual stage of homosexual behavior determinants as to a critical perspective over methodologies applied.
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B. F. Skinner e o uso do controle aversivo: um estudo histórico-conceitual
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-12) MARTINS, Tatiana Evandro Monteiro; MAYER, Paulo César Morales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5360949596306254; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) is frequently cited as having a contrary position on the use of aversive control. However, in certain passages Skinner presents a more flexible opinion about the use of this type of behavioral control. The purpose of the present study was identifying and analyzing the passages where Skinner prescribes or warns about such use. A historical-conceptual study was conducted involving eight Skinner works (Skinner 1938/1991, 1948/1975, 1953/1989, 1968/1972, 1969/1980, 1971, 1974/2006, 1989), analyzed according to the following categories: 1) the definition of aversive control and concepts involved; 2) the positive aspects of aversive control and prescribing; and 3) the negative aspects of aversive control and prohibitions. It wasn’t possible to find a specific definition of aversive control and it was observed that at certain moments Skinner justifies the use of aversive control, but does not prescribe it in general.
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O conceito de punição na obra de B. F. Skinner: uma análise Histórico-conceitual (1930-1990)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-06) SANTOS, Buna Colombo dos; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Two definitions of punishment are more often referred to by behavioral analysts: Skinner's definition and Azrin and Holz’s definition. These definitions represent two theories of punishment (asymmetrical and symmetrical theory). Although the symmetrical position is the most cited, this does not appear to have caused the cessation of the asymmetrical position. Thus, both theories coexist and are debated within Behavior Analysis. In this sense, some studies have examined these positions and, in relation to the asymmetrical positioning, analyze more specifically the position assumed by Skinner. These studies contributed to the understanding of Skinner's position on punishment, but left some gaps to fill: (1) They did not include documents from the entire Skinner's publication period, focusing mostly in 1953; and (2) they did not analyze the concept of punishment in relation to other key concepts and their modifications within Skinner's theory. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematically characterize the concept of punishment in B.F. Skinner's work between 1930 and 1990, emphasizing: (a) the definitions presented by the author throughout his work; and (b) the explanatory mechanisms used by Skinner to deal with punishment. Published and unpublished documents of Skinner between 1930 and 1990 were analyzed. The results, presented in three chapters, showed that there were changes in the terminology, definition and explanation of punishment in the 1930’s and that these changes were due, among other factors, to the development of the concept of reflex reserve. This concept was questioned in the early 1940’s and completely abandoned in the 1950’s. It was argued that the concept was the key to Skinner's formulation of punishment as asymmetrical to reinforcement, and although it was abandoned in the 1950’s, some of its key features survived. It was also observed that, from the 1960’s, there were no major changes in the concept of punishment. These results address the main objectives of this work.
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Discriminação com três tipos de contingências supressivas: extinção, punição e extinção + punição
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) FARIAS, Danielle Chaves de; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
In studies on stimulus control is predominantly used reinforcement in SD and Extinction in SΔ to establish a simple discrimination. Few studies used Punishment in SΔ to establish such a differential responding, however, most of those produced faster learning than traditionally achieved with extinction only. When this type of procedure was used, in general, the electric shock was used as punishment. Carvalho Neto and Cols. have experimented a hot air blast (HAB) as an aversive alternative stimulus and so far successed in suppressive contexts (contingent and non contingent presentation) and negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance). Carvalho Neto and Farias (2006) and Carvalho Neto and Costa (2008) tested the HAB as suppressor in SΔ seeking to produce a light/dark discrimination and punitive contingencies in these studies were more effective than the traditional. However, some methodological problems were identified in these studies that limited their conclusions. This study sought to control some of these variables, in particular, the passage of fixed time and type of scheme in place. Six male rats were divided into three conditions: Extinction, Punishment and Extinction+Punishment. An operant conditioning box adapted to HAB was used. The procedure for the three conditions was the same, except for the sessions of Discrimination Training (reinforcement in SD for all conditions and during SΔ: Extinction for the extinction condition, Punishment for the Punishment condition and Punishment+Extinction for Punishment+Extinction condition). The subjects of the conditionsin wich the punishment was used showed a discriminated responding while the subjects assigned to Extinction condition failed to produce this responding pointing that the use of aversive control was more efficient that the traditional procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
É possível gerar “insight” através do ensino dos pré-requisitos por contingências de reforçamento positivo em Rattus norvegicus?
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) TOBIAS, Gracy Kelly da Silva; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The discussions about creativity indicate difficulties in the definition of what would be an "original" or "creative" pattern and in identifying what variables would control it. Among the interpretations of this phenomenon there is one which is called spontaneous "interconnection of repertoires", when two or more different repertoires, learned in separate, join in new situations producing original sequences of behavior. The problem solving in a sudden way through this interconnection was called "Insight". One process participating in that interconnection would be "Functional Generalization". The present study replicated with some changes, using three rats (Rattus norvegicus) as subjects (S1, S2 and S3), the original work of Epstein (1985b) and investigated the role of "Functional Generalization" in the interconnection of repertoires. The subjects S1 and S2 were taught three different repertoires separately. The S1 learned (1) to push a cube toward a goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and (3) to pull a string. The S2 learned (1) to push the cube with no goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and the (3) to pull a string. The S3 just learned (1) to climb and to rise on cube and (2) to pull a current. After the training they were put into a problem-situation-problem that would demand the interconnection of the learned abilities to arrive to the final step which was to pull a string. The S1 and S2 solved the problem in different ways: one solved in a random way and the other solved after additional training to climb and to pull a string which established important links for the resolution. The S3 didn't solve the problem. The data indicated that functional generalization could be explained as simple generalization and that this would not be a fundamental requirement for the sudden resolution of the problem.
Desconhecido
Efeito da punição com timeout de uma resposta alternativa na ressurgência de um comportamento previamente extinto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-09) VANDERLEY-CARDOSO, Ana Paula; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463; SOARES FILHO, Paulo Sérgio Dillon; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647259688931170
Resurgence is the behavioral phenomenon of reappearance of a target response, previously extinguished, after devaluation of an alternative. Traditionally, the alternative response has its maintenance conditions changed by extinction procedures, however, little is known about the effects of using other devaluation procedures such as timeout, a form of negative punishment used in applied situations. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of punishing the alternative response with timeout on the resurgence of the behavior. Two four-phase experiments were performed. Experiment 1: In Phase 1, a target response was reinforced in a 10 s VI. In Phase 2, the target response was extinguished while an alternative response began to produce reinforcers in a VI 10 s. In Phase 3, a timeout contingency (50 s) was superimposed on the reinforcement contingency in force. In Phase 4, both responses were extinguished. Experiment 2: phases 1, 2 and 4 were similar to those of Experiment 1, with the only difference being that the sessions started with a blackout period and had a reduced timein time from the end of phase 2. In phase 3, a timeout contingency (30 s) was superimposed on the alternative reinforcement. The results indicated that the timeout devalued the alternative option in both experiments and induced resurgence for all (Experiment 1) and the majority (Experiment 2) of the subjects. Possible variables that may have led to these results are discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de diferentes histórias de treino sobre a ocorrência de "insight" em macacos-prego (Cebus spp.)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-03-17) NEVES FILHO, Hernando Borges; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The origin of novel behavior is a multilayered phenomenon that comprehends several distinct processes. One of these processes is known as insightful problem solving. The "insight" could be explained as a result of a spontaneous interconnection of multiple previously learned behavioral repertoires. The objective of this study was to investigate if different performances of insightful problem solving could be produced by different training histories of behavioral prerequisites in Cebus spp. Six subjects were divided in two groups of three subjects each. The prerequisite repertoires taught were: 1) to join two different objects (joining), and; 2) to rake a box with food inside using a tool (raking). The subjects of the first group had an asymmetric training of the two prerequisite repertoires. In this group the joining ability had a short training with a low learning criterion, and an extensive training of the raking ability, with a high learning criterion. The subjects of this group had to obtain more than the double of the number of training sessions for raking, in comparison with the joining repertoire. The other group passed by a symmetric training of the two repertoires, with high learning criterions for both. The subjects of this group passed by the same number of training sessions of joining and raking. In the test situation, a two joinable pieces tool never before handled by the subjects were presented, with a box with food out of range that could only be reached with the joined tool. Most of the subjects successfully solved the final task, with consistent results depending on the type of training. Only one subject of the asymmetric group didn’t solve the task. The topographies of solving were highly dependable on the quantity of training of one repertoire in comparison to another.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de um grupo terapêutico sobre estresse, sobrecarga e habilidades sociais de cuidadores primários de crianças autistas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-10) SOUSA, Ana Paula Martins; MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8107199720875369; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The process for diagnosis and treatment of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) usually demands changes in routine of their families and/or caregivers, especially by the parents of those children. Many of those parents have high levels of caregiver burden and stress and social isolation, possibly due to the accumulation of activities related both to caring for their children with ASD, to relationships with their partners, to caring for other children, to domestic and professional activities, for example. Based on that, this study has as it’s main objective to analyze and compare the effect of two therapeutic group of analytical-behavioral approach on the levels of caregiver burden and stress and social skills of primary caregivers of children with ASD. Eight primary caregivers of children with ASD participated in the study, four of whom participated in the Group 1 and four in the Group 2. The procedure was divided in three stages: 1) Pre-test, with application of psychological instruments and a sociodemographic form; 2) Group 1, composed of 18 sessions of approximately two hours per week, being initially in space of reception and listening, in order to create an environment and a routine similar to the group 2, inserting the intervention from the 12th session, and Group 2, consisting of eight sessions of approximately two hours per week, being the therapeutic intervention from the first session, working with the variables to be analyzed; 3) Post-test, with reapplication of the instruments used in the pre-test. In the results, a possible influence of intervention on stress levels was observed, with decrease of levels and symptoms, however, in relation to the general results of caregiver burden and social skills, there was a permanence or little change in the levels in the three applications done. In this way, we find necessary to increase the number of meetings and influence of the adherence in the therapeutic process to obtain greater results in the variables caregiver burden and social skills.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da punição sobre respostas mantidas em diferentes sistemas econômicos (aberto e fechado) em Rattus norvegicus
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-08) RODRIGUES, Bernardo Dutra; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The behaviors economics systems are defined as different relationships between consumption and the way the organism gets. There are typically two types of economic systems: a closed economy, where the subject’s daily food ration only could be acquired in the experimental session, and the open economy in which, the subject receive a complementary food after the session. This study aimed to investigate the effects of punishment on positive responses under different economic systems. Were performed two experiments. In Experiment 1 two Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, males, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided between the two economies: A1 (open) and F1 (closed). The aversive stimulus was a Hot air blast (HAB) for 5 seconds and contingent for each pressure response to the bar (RPB). Each subject went through the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in CRF, Punishment and Reconditioning. In Experiment 2 were used four Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, male, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided into two pairs: FAF (Closed / Open / Closed) and AFA (Open / Closed / Open). The aversive stimulus was a shock of 1.3mA for five seconds and contingent for each RPB. During the experiment, both passed by the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in FR10, Punishment (in one economy), Reconditioning, Punishment (in an economy different from above), another Reconditioning, finally, a session Punishment the initial economy. Data from two experiments showed an average suppression in responding during the phases of punishment compared to the stages of Conditioning/Reconditioning, in both economies and in all subjects: 48.7% (F1), 96.6% (A1 ), 99.9%, 99.9% and 89.8% (FAF1), 93.2%, 99.4% and 84.8% (FAF2), 99.8%, 83.6% and 95% (AFA1), 92.3%, 90.9% and 91.6% (AFA2). These results demonstrate that both the shock and the JAQ functioned as aversive stimuli, but the difference between the two economies was higher in subjects who had answered punished with the JAQ.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da topografia da resposta sobre a resolução de problemas do tipo Insight em ratos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-05-30) SANTOS, Dayanna Gomes; BORGES, Rubilene Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4853454834690548; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior investigates parametric variables of the behavioral history of an organism that could explain the occurrence of creative behavior (Insight), i.e. a novel sudden behavior as a result from the combination of previous abilities from the organism's repertoire. This study investigated the task of pushing a cube, climbing onto the cube and pulling a chain (on this sequence) on Rattus norvegicus and tested the effects of two different topographies of the response of pushing a cube (pushing the cube with paws and pushing the cube with the head) and the transfer of stimulus control function in training situation (spot) on the response of pushing the cube to the test situation (chain). Six rats were randomly distributed under the following experimental conditions: push the cube with the paws / pull the spot; push the cube with the paws/ sniff the spot; push the cube with the paws / no contact with the spot and push the cube with the head / pull the spot. The test consisted of driving a cube down a chain, climbing the cube and pulling the chain. Data indicated that both topographies of the pushing response enabled the resolution of the problem. However, it was observed that pushing the cube with the paws allowed a greater number of Insight responses and closer responses that lead to the problem resolution because this topography allowed the subject to look at the chain while pushing the cube, obtaining greater precision in the positioning of the cube under the chain. Spot training has shown that more effective than teaching the animal to push at a specific stimulus would be to encourage the animal to explore more of the environment to find the most relevant stimulus.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de choques incontroláveis sobre comportamento agressivo do peixe de briga do Sião (Betta splendens)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-10-29) CARVALHO, Paula Danielle Palheta; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The previous exposure to uncontrollable aversive events may produce not only difficulty in learning new responses, widely reported in studies of learned helplessness, but may also affect unlearned behavior such as aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of uncontrollable shocks on the aggressive behavior of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). It was utilized 18 domesticated Betta splendens divided into three groups with 6 animals each, a group that did not receive shocks (Control – CTRL), one that received Controllable Shocks (CHC group) and one that received uncontrollable shocks (CHI group). The apparatus used were an aquarium proper to the observation of aggressive behavior and a shuttlebox for the shock treatment. The procedure was performed in three phases: in the first phase, the aggressive behavior of the animal was registered (baseline) for 5 minutes after 10 minutes of habituation. In the second phase, the animals of the CHC group received 3 controllable shocks of approximately 0.6V with maximum duration of 30s each if the animal did not issue an escape response that consisted in crossing to the opposite side of apparatus, which ceased the shocks; all the animals escaped in three attempts. The animals of the CHI group, in the second phase, received the same amount and duration of shocks that received its equivalent in the CHC group. In the third phase, the test was carried out and the aggressive behavior was registered again, similarly to the baseline. The interval between phases was of 24h approximately. The components of aggressive behavior registered were: display; attack; emerging; resting. These behaviors were measured regarding the latency of the first response, response frequency and duration. Statistical analysis were performed between groups and intragroup; the analysis between groups did not show statistically significant differences, and the intragroup analysis showed significant difference only regarding the latency of the first display response in the test [H(1) = 4.078, p = 0.041] in the CHI group, thought this response decreased in all group. Therefore, this reduction cannot be attributable to the treatment with uncontrollable shocks. Thus, since there were no statistically significant differences between groups nor intragroup for the responses measured, neither before nor after the exposure to uncontrollable shocks, it can be said that, taking into account the experimental conditions of this study, the uncontrollable shocks do not attenuate the aggressive behavior of Betta splendens similarly to what happens with rats and mice when they are exposed to situation of uncontrollability with electric shocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do reforçamento negativo sobre a recorrência de culturantes em microculturas de laboratório
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-02-21) ALVES, Luiz Felipe Costa; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Behavior Analysis has advanced in the study of metacontingency relations to explain cultural phenomena. Despite the frequent use of aversive control in everyday cultural practices, data from the few analytic-behavioral studies that address the cultural phenomena in the laboratory and their relationship to aversive stimulation are still preliminary and inconsistent. Studies that seek to verify relations between cultural phenomena and aversive control, using experimental metacontingency analogues, can be valuable for the consolidation of this field of research and for the understanding of important portions of real social relations. In this sense, the present study had as objective to verify the effects of the application of negative reinforcement on the recurrence of culturantes in microcultures of laboratory. Two laboratory microcultures of 3 participants were exposed to an ABAB and BABA design, respectively. The task consisted of line choices in a 10x10 matrix, with colored lines numbered from 1 to 10. The choice of odd rows throughout the procedure produced an individual token (individual consequence) exchangeable for money, and the target culturant was the choice of different colored lines, which avoided the loss of tokens equivalent to school items to be donated to a public school (cultural consequence). The data suggest the selection of a culturante as a result of a negative reinforcement procedure. In addition, the two microcultures were affected in different ways by contacting the metacontingency. One had the production of individual consequences reduced after contacting the metacontingency, and the other maintained the production of individual consequences throughout the experimental session. This variation may indicate the possibility of elaborating a procedure in which to measure independent individual responses in a study of cultural phenomena becomes unnecessary. Although the literature points to a possible difference in the effect of positive and negative reinforcement on culturist selection, no evidence was found in the present study. However, since the present study dealt only with culturant selection, it is suggested to use the current procedure as the initial stage of studies that seek to explore culturant transmission using a cultural negative reinforcement analogue.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos supressivos da apresentação contingente e não contingente do jato de ar quente em Rattus norvegicus
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-01-05) GASPAR, Christian Diego de França; MAYER, Paulo César Morales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5360949596306254; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the suppressive effects of the contingent and noncontingent presentation of hot air blast (HAB), if tested in situations like those required to produce this effect with electric shock. After the pressure training the bar phase and the identification of the baseline, six rats were divided into two groups with three animals each. The groups were exposed to twenty sessions in each phase (baseline, test phase and reconditioning), but for the Punishment Group (PUN) the HAB was administered in a contingent manner by pressing the bar in a joint scheme of VI 30s punishment + VI 30s reinforcement, while for the Yoked Group (ACO) the HAB occurred in a non-contingent manner, due to the occurrence in the Punishment Group, superimposed on a reinforcement scheme (VI 30s). In the end of the experiment, the percentage suppression index was 73% for PUN group and 49% for ACO group. The identified differential suppression was the missing element to legitimize HAB as a punitive stimulus capable of suppressing previously established responses and of testing the generality of aversive events with electric shock in basic experimental procedures.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O impacto da obra de j. B. Watson na psicologia norte americana (1903-1923): citações a outros autores como parâmetros quantitativos de comparação
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-13) SARAIVA, Fernando Tavares; ARAÚJO, Saulo de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3032433208056386; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
In the historiography of psychology, the impact of J. B. Watson's work is a topic that has generated discussion and research, some of which use bibliometric analysis as method. These studies, however, do not adopt comparative parameters that may indicate more precisely the impact degree of the author's work. This research seeks to fill this gap through two comparative bibliometric studies between citations to Watson's work and citations to other relevant psychologists from the early twentieth century: Edward B. Titchener, Edward Thorndike, William James, James R. Angell, Harvey A. Carr and John Dewey. The first study is a comparative bibliometric analysis between citations to Watson, Titchener, Thorndike and James in five important American journals, from 1903 to 1923 - a decade before and a decade after the publication of Behaviorist Manifesto (1913). The second study is an extension of the first, adding three authors to its search scope - Angell, Carr and Dewey - and three other relevant periodics from that period. The research's results indicate that, although it can not properly be taken as a revolutionary landmark, Watson’s work had, in the first decade after the publication of the Behaviorist Manifesto, an impact similar to Dewey's, Titchener's structuralism and Thornsdike's associationism, greater than Angell's and Carr's functionalism, although still distant from James’s influence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O impacto do manifesto behaviorista de Watson na psicologia estadunidense: uma análise bibliométrica (1903-1923)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-16) SILVA, Eliza Galo; ARAUJO, Saulo de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3032433208056386; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
In the history of psychology, it is generally accepted that behaviorism as an approach to psychology began with the 1913 publication of John B. Watson’s article “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” in Psychological Review. 2013 marked the 100-year anniversary of its publication. The article, sometimes referred to as “The Behaviorist Manifesto”, is often acknowledged in history and introductory textbooks to psychology as an important vehicle for ideas that would quickly and substantially change the academic landscape of psychology, especially in the United States. However, Watson´s original work and its respective impact have not yet been investigated extensively and systematically. The literature indicates that Watson’s proposal to dispense with introspective methods and the study of consciousness was not accepted broadly and immediately, instead encountering criticism and opposition from others in the field. In addition, the originality of his proposal was questioned, suggesting that those ideas were already present in scientific debate at the time but were not widespread. This article intends to analyze the impact of Watson’s 1913 article in two major journals of the era, Psychological Review and Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods between 1903 and 1923. Keywords related to Behaviorism and Structuralism were recorded, as well as quotes attributable to Watson and his work. Data were analyzed considering the period before and after the Manifesto´s publication. The frequency of the term ‘behavior’ increased by 50% after 1913, ‘consciousness’ decreased 23%. Other terms were also cited more frequently after 1913 such as ‘introspect’ (10%), ‘mind’ (4%), ‘control’ (20%), ‘habit’ (17%), ‘instinct’ (6%) and ‘prediction’ (5%). These data shows that the term ‘behavior’ and others related with objective psychology appeared more frequently after the Manifesto´s publication and terms related to Structuralism also remained frequent. Additional data suggest that other works by Watson, specifically his books published in 1914 (Behavior: An introduction) and 1919 (Standpoint), were cited more frequently than the Manifesto, suggesting that these works were also important disseminators of Watson´s Behaviorism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
“Insight” em macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) através do treino das habilidades pré-requisito em diferentes contextos de treino
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-28) COSTA, Juliane Rufino da; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Insight is the sudden and spontaneous problem solving. Research on the Insight phenomenon has characterized its occurrence as spontaneous interconnection of repertoires that were previously learned. Recently, studies have demonstrated that monkeys (Sapajus spp.) are able to solve a problem by interconnecting two tasks: (1) assembling two parts of a tool and (2) attaining ("fishing") a box containing food. However, those resolutions did not occur so suddenly, but with pauses between the responses. The objective of the present research is to continue the study on problem solving with monkeys, by testing the hypotheses that modifying the locations in which training and testing are given, the location could become a discriminative stimulus for the response of “fishing”, and the resolution happen without pauses. With one subject (Louis) the abilities (1) and (2) were trained in different locations. The Insight test was given in the same place as the training to attain a box. Louis solved the problem by interconnecting the two tasks, but still with pauses between the responses. One variable that may have interfered with Louis’ response was the fact that the two parts of the testing tool were delivered at the same time. With another subject (Gonzaga) all the training occurred in the same location. The insight test was given in another location. The two parts of the testing tool were delivered separately. The “fishing” part was delivered first, then, after two minutes, the two of them was delivered together. The results showed the same pattern of resolution described previously. The two variables tested: variation of the training and testing locations and the way the tools were delivered did not seem to affect the resolutions. However, it is discussed the need of the suddenness on the problem resolution, since it does not always occur. It is suggested a review on the term Insight, and more researches to expand the knowledge on the subject.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Investigações sobre o papel da generalização funcional em uma situação de resolução súbita de problemas (insight) em Rattus norvegicus
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06-29) DELAGE, Paulo Elias Gotardelo Audebert; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Learning psychology was characterized by the debate of if learning is a gradual or a sudden process. While associassionists defended the first proposal, gestaltist stated the existence of abrupt learning situations. Among the main authors to defend this possibility was Wolfgang Köhler. This author work has been pointed out as evidence of learning as a sudden process. Although these works are relevant for showing the existence of situations when sudden learning occurs, it has been questioned frequently about his conclusions about why this kind of behavior phenomena occurs. Among many of the criticism made, the most debated one is the lack of history control of his experimental subjects, nevertheless the disregard of the role of that history over data obtained. Studies that investigated this role (Epstein et al., 1984 and Epstein & Medalie 1983, 1985) show that the typical insight response could be the result of previously learned repertoire combined. Epsteins works were important in showing that insight would be the combination of repertoires in appropriated situations through a process known as Functional Generalization. The present study aims to investigate if Functional Generalization is really responsible for repertoires interconexion that results into task resolution in a considered sudden way. To achieve that, Epsteins experiments were replicated, using rats as subjects. The results show that Functional Generalization seems to be a necessary requirement, but not enough to sudden problem resolution in a way considered as insight.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O jato de ar quente como estímulo aversivo: delineamento de sujeito único e sensibilização
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-11-10) PUREZA, Heloisa Quaresma; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Previous studies which tested the Hot Air Blast (HAB) as an alternative stimulus to electric shock only used between-groups designs although the single-subject designs also are appropriate to examine behavioral measures. One of this studies proposed that the presence of light during the experimental session would affect the aversive function of the HAB, making it more effective in suppressing operant bar-pressing response. The aim of this study was (a) evaluate the aversive function of JAQ on a single subject design and (b) to test the hypothesis about the increase of the suppressive function of HAB in the presence of light. To test this, 16 albino rats were divided into two groups and exposed to three experimental phases. In Pre-Punishment phase lasted a multiple schedule in which two components (light/dark) succeeded randomly every two minutes, both on a VI 30sec contingency. In Punishment phase, the same experimental conditions were maintained, but the aversive contingency (in FR1) was superimposed on the VI 30sec. during the light component, for group Punishment light (PL), and the dark component, for group Punishment Dark (PD). In the Post-Punishment phase, aversive contingency was suspended for both groups. The results showed that subjects emitted high rates of bar-pressure responses during the Pre-Punishment and Post-Punishment, but this behavior was suppressed during the punishment components in Punishment phase. The results also showed no differences in the suppression of operant bar-pressing response when the HAB was presented in the presence or absence of light (Punishment phase). Therefore, once again the HAB was effective as a punisher stimulus for operant responses and the presence or absence of light, under the manipulated conditions, did not change the aversive function of the HAB.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Jato de ar quente como estímulo aversivo: uma investigação sobre as respostas eliciadas e induzidas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-08-19) SILVA, Gisele Fernandez da; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The Hot Air Blast (HAB) is an aversive stimulus that has been used as an alternative stimulus for the electric shock. However, little is known about the responses elicited and/or induced by it. The aim of the present study was to identify the possible responses elicited and/or induced by the HAB in two different experiments. In Experiment 1 the HAB was presented in a non-contingently schedule (VT3min, in a single 40min session). In Experiment 2 the HAB was presented in a contingent schedule, punishing the bar press response (FR1 + VI60s reinforcement for approximately 18 sessions). Five rats were used for each experiment and an adapted operant conditioning chamber. The main induced responses observed in Experiment. 1 were crouching: flat-back, walking, sniffing and visual scan. In Experiment. 2 the observed responses were: placing itself on the bar, sniffing the ceiling, contact with the body, rising, and visual scan. It was also observed a decrease of the response of inserting the head into the feeder. The results of both experiments point to some specific responses of staying away from the feeder and bar region and may be considered concurrent of the bar press operant response. The observed response suppression with the use of the HAB may be, therefore, explained through Skinner's asymmetric proposition for the punishment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Punição: uma replicação sistemática de skinner (1938)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-06) FIGUEIRA, Renata Almeida; MAYER, Paulo César Morales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5360949596306254; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
Skinner (1938) produced a set of data that led him to conclude the effects of punishment on the response probability would be only indirect. In the main experiment conducted at the time, the initial suppressive effects of punishment (“bar slap”) disappeared after the second session of extinction. This data is still used as a proof in favor of asymmetric interpretations of punishment. The present study is a systematic replication of Skinner (1938) with four manipulations: (a) use of electric shock as aversive stimulus; (b) adoption of 10 sessions in the baseline; (c) the adoption of five extinction sessions; (d) introduction of a yoked group with non-contingent shock. Two experiments were conducted, A and B. In Experiment A, 20 rats were divided into two groups, punished group (APUN) and control group (ACON). The rats were submitted to a training session to the feeder and to lever-press shaping session followed by three sessions of FI- 4min., all lasting 60 min. Later, two sessions of extinction of 120 minutes were carried out. To APUN, superimposed to extinction during the first 10 minutes of the first extinction session, each lever-press produced an electric shock. In Experiment B, 30 rats were divided also into three groups, punished (2PUN), control (2CON) and yoked group (2ACO). The experiment started with a magazine and lever-press training session, followed by ten sessions of FI-4min., all lasting 60 min. Later, the subjects were subject to five sessions of extinction (60 minutes each). To 2PUN, superimposed to extinction during the first 10 minutes of the first session of extinction, each leverpress produced an electric shock. For 2ACO shocks were delivered according to the moment the paired subject from the punished group received it. During each session it was recorded the number of lever pressing per minute contrasting the analysis of Skinner (1938) with Boe and Church (1967) intergroup and intragroup. The results showed that, for all the manipulations performed, there was no response recovery after punishment was discontinued. This suggests it is possible to produce lasting punishment effects provided that certain methodological steps are adopted.