Navegando por Orientadores "TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Adesão ao tratamento por pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 1 e tipo 2: efeitos do treino de discriminação de dicas internas e externas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-03-01) BRANDÃO, Washington Luiz de Oliveira; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The present study aims to compare the results of discriminatioll training of symptoms and actions related to the treatment of Type I and Type 2 diabetes, evaluating the effectíveness of these trainings for the estimation of glicemic levels and adherence to the treatment. A countless number of surveys carried on in the Health psychology field has the goal of improving the treatment to diabetic patients. Part of these surveys use a procedure caUed general blood glucose selfmonitoring which is based on skills such as observation, checking and registering the relevant aspects in the treatment of diabetes such as: (a) glícemic leveI (GL); (b) symptoms (internal cues - 1C); and (c) actions related to the treatment such as medication, nourishment and physical activity (external cues - EC). The studieshave shownthat general blood glucose.self-monitoring helps the patients to improve the levei of discrimination ofthe glicemic a1terations. This 1iterature is not clear about defining which is the best cue to the used to improve the discrimination of the glicemic levels and states that the development of this skill does not enhance the adherence to the treatment. This study was made of three distinct phases: (a) Baseline and introdutory interview; (b) Trainings interviews; (c) Devolutive final interview. The training phase is divided ln two parts - Internal Cues (IC) and External Cues (EC). During the training phases the participants estimated and assigned a cause to the glicemic leveI on their blood stream measured by a memory-containing reflectometer in the interviews. During in the EC, the participantes also received a feedback from the researcher about the report of the directions followed, based on the directions given by medical advice and compiled from medical registers ofthe patients. 1ts rate of adherence (RA) was measured in the two first phases. The training interviews were conducted at 'the participant's home, in the intervals of 3 days, during which the participants registered the events which took place during corresponding phase. The results showed that independently of the type of training which was accomplished, the participants estimated their glicemic levels based on external cues. The symptoms related to 1Cphase were not always associated to glicemic leveI measured. The participants with diabetes Type 1 reached a higher degree of precision on their estimations during the EC training. The majority of participants had higher degree of the adherence to the treatment when they stared by the EC training. The results suggest that: (a) the reports of the symptoms are not the best indication to evaluate glicemic leveI and adherence of treatment; (b) the best type of training to enhance the adherence to the treatment is the one which involves external cues
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise das funções de verbalizações de terapeuta e cliente sobre sentimentos, emoções e estados motivacionais na terapia analítico-comportamental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-10-13) BARBOSA, João Ilo Coelho; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Recent studies done by behavior analysts have aimed at gaining more knowledge about the function which self-descriptive accounts of feelings, emotions and motivational states (SEM) can have on the therapeutic process. This would allow for the development of a model of behavior-analytic intervention in light of such report. This study investigated the possible relationship between the clients verbalizations which were made concerning SEM, the interventions of the therapist in light of these comments and the evolution of the problems or complaints of the client in the development of a clinical case. The participants in the study were an experienced behavior-analytic therapist and a married adult client, who had no record of psychiatric problems. Thirty-six sessions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed over a period of one year. The analysis of the verbalizations which occurred in the sessions was done on the basis of four categories, two referring to the therapist: categories related to the basic functions of the therapists verbalization (FBVT) and categories of analysis. The other two categories referred to the client: categories of analysis and indicators of complaint or change. These categories were also compared regarding their occurrence within and outside of emotional episodes (EE), defined as sequences of dialogues between therapist and client, in which there was at least one mention of the clients SEM. The analysis of the results showed that the main complaints of the client were related to her husband, body events, mood, parents or relatives, work colleagues and the lack of assertiveness. The SEM which were referred to most in the report of the client and the therapist were those related to motivational states, sadness and fear. It was verified that the therapists interventions, in light of the accounts with reference to SEM took place mainly in the form of investigation and confrontation. Only a small portion of these interventions suggested any relationship between a response of the client and environmental contingencies, predominately the antecedent-response type. The client made more relationships between environmental events and her responses than the therapist did, which were also of the antecedent-response type. Regarding the evolution of complaints made, one can affirm that there was no evidence of the occurrence of consistent changes in the clients repertoire, nor in the way she referred to her problems. Comparing the categories which were studied within and outside of the EE, a major change was found in the FBVT, in the categories of analysis of the therapist and the client. There was also a larger number of and variation of the occurrences of indicators of complaint or change within such episodes. Such results confirmed that feelings, emotions and motivational states are targets of investigation and intervention of the analytic-behavioral therapist, which are consistent with existing literature. The clients and therapists mention of SEM or of related events strengthen the idea that these can be dealt with, some times as hidden responses, some times as private stimulus and quite frequently as the relationship between those who are involved in the events, as well as groups of interrelated links. Not being occasionally able to observe terms of behavioral relationships which define SEM did not lead to a different type of approach on the part of the therapist. On the contrary, the mention of SEM by the therapist and client seemed to favor the occurrence of verbalization which established connections between the clients behavior and environmental events.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Um análogo experimental de uma prática cultural: efeitos de um produto agregado contingente, mas não contíguo, sobre uma contigência de reforçamento entrelaçada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-04) LOPES, Eduardo Barbosa; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
According to Skinner’s causal model of selection by consequences, human behavior is a product of three levels of selection: phylogeny, ontogeny and culture. Empiric investigations of the third level just recently begun in behavior analysis. In the theoretic field, Glenn introduced the concept of Metacontingency to describe functional relations between interlocked reinforcement contingencies and an aggregated outcome responsible for the selection of the interlock. In laboratory, a pioneer work by Vichi, reproduced a metacontingency using a procedure adapted from experimental studies in sociology. Vichi suggests that the interlocking behaviors of a small group of people could be modified by the aggregated outcome produced by the interlock, in this way, characterizing a metacontingency. The present work is a replication of Vichi’s study, with the objective to verify if interlocked behavioral contingencies can in fact be selected by an aggregated outcome contingent to the behaviors of people of a small group microculture. The participants were eight undergraduate students, divided into two groups of four, who accomplished a group task. The task consisted in a problem to solve by choosing a cell in a matrix composed of 8 columns and 8 rows, containing positive and negative signs. On each trial, the participants chose one row and the experimenter chose one column. A positive sign in the intersection of the chosen row and column resulted in gains for the group; a negative sign resulted in losses. The column chosen by the experimenter was contingent to the way in which the gains were distributed by the group (equally or unequally) in the immediately anterior trial. In experimental condition A, the positive sign was contingent to an equal distribution of gains, and in the experimental condition B, the positive sign was contingent to an unequal distribution of gains. Group 1 presented 43% of correct choices (the participants distributed the gains accordingly to the experimental condition imposed), and the group 2 made 19% correct choices. These results showed that procedures which use contingent consequences (win or lose in a trial) without contiguity with the interlock, make it difficult to select such interlock. However, interlocked contingencies of reinforcement were selected by its aggregated outcome under variables not controlled in the experiment. This phenomenon can be characterized as an experimental analogous of a metacontingency. The procedure, possible improvements of the procedure and the complexity of the experimental task are discussed. Emergent superstitious rule patterns of behavior are also discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de um procedimento de aproximação sucessiva sobre a seleção de uma prática cultural complexa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-23) PAVANELLI, Sergio; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The investigation of cultural selection has become more consistent theoretically and empirically in the Behavior Analysis especially after Sigrid S. Glenn proposed and developes the concept of metacontingencies. At the level reached by empirical investigations, a challenging issue relates to the complexity that cultural phenomena usually present. Cavalcanti (2012) evaluated the possibility of increasing the probability of complex interlocked behavioral contingencies (IBCs) by means of a successive approximation procedure (analogous to modeling operant response) involving a task of choosing rows of a matrix by group members. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Social Behavior and Cultural Selection of this University (LACS / UFPA) and consisted of a replication with two microcultures, of Cavalcanti's first experiment with addition of the following changes in the procedure: a) introduction of generational change, b) steady order of choice by members of the lineages in the microculture and c) The use of two sets of criteria for the production of cultural consequence (one with each microculture). Study participants were undergraduate students from various courses, excluding psychology, distributed in two microcultures (A and B) consisting of 4 participants positioned in 4 different lines (L1, L2, L3 and L4). In each microculture 4 participants worked simultaneously sending individual responses (choice of lines in a 10x10 matrix) which produced individual consequences (exchangeable chips for money) every time the operant contingencies in place (choice of odd lines) were met. Regardless of operant contingencies was also the release of reinforcing cultural consequence in the form of figures stamped on a card which were exchanged for school items to make up a kit at the end of the experiment. The experimental session consisted of cycles of attempts (moves made by the microcultures) and generations of participants. Each generation corresponded equivalent to 20 cycles of trying. In each generation a new participant was inserted to replace the one with more time in the study. Substitutions made occurred within each specific strain. The general objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the gradual increase in environmental complexity procedure (criteria required for the production of cultural consequences) on the "modeling" of cultural practices in the context of sucessive generations. For the two microcultures data suggest the efficacy of the procedure of gradual increase in environmental complexity in the production of complex IBCs and provide greater generality to the results found by Cavalcanti. However, the study provided no comparison of microcultures exposed of gradually increasing complexity with continued exposure of a microculture to the more complex environment. For this reason, it is clear that the procedure analogous to modeling was effective in producing complex IBCs, but not that it was more effective than the continuous exposure of a microculture, for the same number of cycles, to the more complex environment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O conceito de incontrolabilidade na pesquisa experimental e na terapia comportamental da depressão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) FERREIRA, Darlene Cardoso; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Behavior Analysis offers many explanations for the phenomenon called depression, one of which refers to the model of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is defined as a learning disability which results from exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimuli. As one of the products of this exposure, there would be the acquisition of behavioral patterns common to those observed in depressed individuals, like inactivity. Because of the parallel among the effects of the experience of uncontrollability on the behavioral repertoire in humans and nonhumans, learned helplessness has been suggested as an animal model of depression. In the literature references to the uncontrollability experience are often found in association with learned helplessness, whose occurrence is strictly linked to that condition. Uncontrollability also seems relevant to the installation of responses identified with depression. In this paper, the definitions of uncontrollability reported by publications in the field of clinical and experimental behavior psychology were described discussing the relevance of this concept in functional explanations of depression in Behavior Analysis and its possible contribution to a model of clinical depression in the light of this approach. The relationship between uncontrollability and depression is treated from five analysis categories: 1) Variability of investigated phenomena, results and definitions offered; 2) Differential effects of uncontrollability in the face of aversive and appetitive stimuli; 3) Cross-sectional approaches of the relevant variables: installers x maintainers, historical x current, exclusive x superimposed on other phenomena; 4) Uncontrollability in humans: numerous assumptions, scarce empirical evidence and verbal contingencies; 5) Treatment of depression: points of contact and distance in face of empirical investigation. The different uses of the concept of uncontrollability are distinguished, indicating how the same verbal topography issued by various authors is controlled by different events. Relevant variables to the generality of learned helplessness as the experimental model and animal equivalent of depression are discussed, justifying the need for more research into aspects such as the correspondence between the concept of uncontrollability and the experimentally established condition in the laboratory, the effects of different types of uncontrollable stimulation, the production of learned helplessness in humans and involvement of verbal processes and the different effects of pre-aversive signaling of uncontrollable stimuli. It is noted that, in general, the behavioranalytic treatment of depression consists of procedures which focus on teaching that responding controls the environment and can provide reinforcements. Also, the role of uncontrollability in the installation of depression is analyzed, concluding, ultimately, that it is a sufficient, yet not necessary condition for the occurrence and/or maintenance of the phenomenon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de consequências culturais de naturezas diferentes sobre um culturante
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-01-05) PAIXÃO JUNIOR, Francisco Denilson; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The concept of metacontingency describes functional relations between interlocking contingencies (with their aggregate products) and cultural contingencies. We call culturant the recurrent unit of interlocking behavioral contingencies and their aggregate products. For more than a decade ago, behavior analysts have been dedicated to make the experimental evaluation of metacontingency’s relations. Current studies verified that verbal cultural consequences correlated with non-verbal cultural consequences produce more rate of recurrence of culturants than just cultural consequences of one nature only. However, the differential effects of cultural consequences dependent of the changes in experimental condiction on a culturant are unknown. This study evaluated the differential effect of cultural consequences of different natures (correlated or not) on a target culturant from an experimental preparation that applied an analogous ABAB single-subject design in a task of choosing color lines in a matrix. The dates suggests that there are more favorable conditions for the selection and maintenance of culturants than others and that stereotyped patterns of choices emerge under conditions of high stability of culturant recurrence. This study also has light on possibilities of studies related to uncontrollable aversive conditions and their effects on culturante.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da apresentação intermitente de consequências culturais sobre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e seus produtos agregados
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-05-28) VICHI, Christian; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The social behavior of an individual can be interlocked with the others and give rise to interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), whose coordination can generate aggregate products (APs) with the function of cultural consequences (CCs). Such elements may take part in a metacontingency, thus configuring the selection process at the cultural level. In complex cultural practices, a receiving system (RS) can perform the function of releasing CCs. Experiments have shown that CCs can select and keep the IBCs and their APs. Other studies have suggested the possibility of maintain and even install the IBCs and their APs through intermittent CCs on VR2, and extinguish them. The present study investigated the possibility of maintain the IBCs and their APs by applying intermittent CCs on a CRF, FR2, VR3, FR3 and VR3 schedule and the effect of the subsequent suspension of CCs. The study included 93 participants from higher education, appointed to one of five experiments. Each group had one to three participants at the same moment, and each participant chose a line in a 10x10 matrix with numbered rows of five different colors and alphabetically named columns. After each participant chooses a row, the experimenter chose a column whose intersection cell could contain a black circle that gives a token worth 10 cents for the participant. The same procedure was then applied to the other participants. In some phases, when the color of the line chosen by each participant differed from the others it was applied a CC on the group, in the form of stickers exchangeable for donation school supplies. The groups that composed the experiment were exposed to different metacontingencies: CRF, FR2, VR2, VR3 and FR3, and all were exposed to a final extinction. All groups began with one participant on the selection phase and gradually the complexity was increased adding participants and changing metacontingencies. At the end of the study, participants answered a brief questionnaire. The results corroborated the data found in literature, suggesting the selection of IBCs and their PAs and their maintenance through the application of intermittent CCs in schedules of FR2, VR2, VR3 and FR3. The study was unable to determine whether there were differences in resistance to extinction of IBCs comparing the various tested schedules, because this was not clearly obtained. However, an analysis of cultural variability suggests the beginning of an extinction process due to increased variability of the IBCs along extinction. It also suggests IBCs should conform to analogous principles to those observed in operant variability. The verbal descriptions of the contingencies of reinforcement were very common among participants, but the descriptions of metacontingencies occurred with lower frequency, especially those exposed to Extinction and VR3.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da exposição a macrocontingências e metacontingências na produção e manutenção de respostas de autocontrole ético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-01-24) VASCONCELOS NETO, Aécio de Borba; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
A particular case of self-control happens when the conflict between immediate and delayed consequences are associated with consequences more favorable to the individual, or more favorable to the group. In such cases, responding under control of delayed consequences more favorable to the group can be called Ethical Self-Control. Literature on Behavior Analysis points out that the selection of self-control and ethical self-control depends on contingencies delivered by members of the group, which permits us to say that these phenomena are cultural products. This work investigated the selection, maintenance, and transmission of ethical self-control in two settings analogous to cultural contingencies: macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Six microcultures, two in each of the three studies, were exposed to a task in wich each participant had to choose a line in a colored 10x10 matrix. There were individual consequences according to which choices of odd lines produced three tokens that could be exchanged for money, and choices of even lines produced only one token. Cultural contingencies allowed the production of school items that would be donated to public schools. The production of such items depended up on the existence of macrocontingencies or metacontingencies. The first study evaluated the effect of the cumulative product of independent operant responses functionally over the behavior of participants in a laboratory microculture, when individual consequences that produce higher magnitude reinforcers are concurrent with the production of consequences more favorable to the culture, with individual consequences and cultural consequences different in nature. In this study, choices of even lines produced lower magnitude reinforcers and one school item. The results showed the effectiveness of the cumulative product in the installation and maintenance of self-control responses, but only after a long exposure to the macrocontingency. The changing in generations might have contributed as well to the necessity of a long exposure. The second analyzed if Interlocked Behavioral Contingencies (IBCs) and their associated Aggregate Products (AP) can be selected by cultural consequences different in nature from the individual consequences, in situations where the production of the cultural consequence is concurrent with the higher magnitude individual consequences. In this study, the production of school items was contingent to the occurrence of IBCs+APs that involved choices in three even lines with different colors. Results suggest that the cultural consequence was effective in the selection and maintenance of ethical selfcontrol responses. The data also suggests that the IBC’s+APs keep recurring for a large number of cycles even after suspending the metacontingency. Finally, the third study investigated the effect of cultural consequences and cumulative product on ethical self-control responses, in situations in wich the production of the cultural consequences and the cumulative product are concurrent with responses that produced a higher magnitude reinforcer, in alternate conditions of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. In this study, two microcultures were exposed to alternate conditions of macrocontingencies (as in Study 1) and metacontingencies (as in Study 2). Results suggest that both the cultural consequence and the cumulative product were effective in the selection of ethical self-control. When exposed in alternating conditions, though, it was not possible to replicate the same frequency of selfcontrol responses as in the conditions of Study 2 where there was no exposure to macrocontingencies. The data also suggest that macrocontingencies were not effective in the selections of IBCs+APs, but were effective in the maintenance after they were selected in metacontingency conditions. In macrocontingency conditions a larger number of school items were produced, but the probability of producing items in metacontingency conditions were lower than in macrocontingencies conditions, suggesting that the former was more effective in the production of cultural consequences.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da Magnitude de Consequências Individuais e Culturais sobre a Seleção de Culturantes de Autocontrole Ético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-17) SILVA, Bruno Rodrigues da; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Metacontingencies relate to the contingent relationship between culturants (which includes interlocking behavioral contingencies and their aggregate products) and cultural consequences. Among the studies that have recently given empirical support to the concept of metacontingencies, are those that investigate the concurrence between individual and cultural contingencies under the notion of ethical self-control. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of increasing the magnitude of cultural consequence or individual consequence separately on cultural selection in concurrence contexts. However, no study has manipulated the magnitude of individual and cultural consequences together. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous manipulation of the magnitude of the individual and cultural consequences on the selection of culturants and individual responses of the participants in two microcultures. For this, a task involving a colored matrix of 10 rows (numbered from 1 to 10) and 10 columns (tagged with letters from "A" to "J") was used. The data collection was carried out with 2 groups (microcultures) of 3 college students. During the data collection with each microculture, each participant at a time selected a row from the matrix and received feedback from the experimenter about his or her choice. Choices on odd (impulsive) rows produced greater consequences for the individual while choices on even (self-controlled) rows produced lesser individual consequences, which, however, were correlated with the possibility of producing cultural consequences, when all 3 participants chose different color rows. During the experiment, the consequences varied so that as the magnitude of the individual impulsive consequence increased, the magnitude of the cultural consequence diminished and vice versa. The results indicated little influence of the variation of the magnitude of the consequences programmed in the experiment on the acquisition and maintenance of the culturantes and on the alteration of the pattern of the participants' choices in favor of the cultural or operant selection. New studies, with changes in the procedure, could better assess the influence of magnitude of consequences on the behavior of individuals in a group.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de antecedentes sociais sobre a seleção de práticas culturais de complexidade progressiva
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014) LEITE, Felipe Lustosa; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Metacontingencies describe functional relations between (a) interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), (b) its aggregate product (AP) and (c) an environmental event contingent to the relation between IBC and AP – cultural consequence (CC). Seeking to analyze the inclusion of antecedent elements in metacontingencies, the present study had the objective to assess the effects of concurrence between cultural systems on the evolution of more complex IBCs. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of a concurrence context on the evolution of more complex interlocks. The results indicated that the concurrence context influenced the selection of more complex IBCs, with and emphasis highlighted on the role of vocal verbal interactions among members of different cultural systems. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of the verbal interactions among members of different cultural systems on the evolution of more complex interlocks. Experiment 3 investigated the effects of cultural consequences of varied magnitudes, proportional to the degree of complexity of the interlock on the evolution of more complex IBCs. The results indicate the procedure was effective in selecting interlocks that are more complex. The data of these studies suggest that cultural antecedents of social nature influence the evolution of cultural practices and need further experimental investigations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de atividades distrativas associadas à progressão do atraso sobre o responder autocontrolado de crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) BATISTA, Jussara Rocha; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Studies about self-control have reported two procedures as efficient to increase emission of the self-controlled responses: the progression of reinforcement delay and distractive activities during the delay. This study evaluated the effect of the two kinds of distractive activities (ludic and intelectual) associated with progression of reinforcement delay on self-controlled responses of children and the possible maintenance of the self-control responses reached in training sessions in later sessions, with delay to exchange up to 3 days. Nine participants between 5 and 7 years old were exposed to a choice situation between two stimuli presented on a computer screen, in order to obtain tokens exchangeable for items. Impulsive choices produced 1 token (smaller magnitude) and self-controled choices produced 3 tokens (larger magnitude). There were 6 experimental conditions: (a) Base Line Magnitude: larger magnitude/0 s and smaller magnitude/0s; (b) Base Line Delay: smaller magnitude/0s and smaller magnitude/60 s; (c) Progressive Delay: smaller magnitude was presented combined with smaller delay and larger magnitude was presented combined with larger delay, that increased 10 seconds in each of seven phases (0 s to 60 s) – Grupo A; (d) Progressive Delay Combined with Ludic Activity: the same fases as in previous condition, but it was possible to do a coloring activity during the delay – Group B; (e) Progressive Delay Combined with Intelectual Activity: the same phases as in previous condition, but it was possible to solve mathematical problems during the delay – Group C; and (f) Exchange- Delay: smaller and larger reinforcer magnitude (tokens) were delivered after the session, but the larger magnitude reinforcers were exchangeable for items after 1, 2 or 3 days. The data do not show consistent differences between the results of the traning (only delay progression, delay progression with ludic activity, and delay progression with intelectual activity). However, the data suggest that training using intelectual activity during the reinforcement delay can be less effective to maintain self-controlled responses in delays of three days to exchange tokens. Overall, the use of larger delays seems to have favored, more than smaller delays, the sensibility to external variables not controlled in the experiment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de atraso em consequências culturais de magnitudes diferentes sobre a seleção de culturantes autocontrolados
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-03) LIMA, Yan Valderlon dos Santos; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Metacontingencies describe relations between culturants (interlocked behavioral contingencies with their aggregate products) and the cultural consequences which select it. If a culturant is under control of greater magnitude and delayed cultural consequences, we say that this is a self-controlled culturant. This study's objective was to evaluate the effects of delay variation on cultural consequences of different magnitudes on the selection of impulsive and self-controlled culturants. Two laboratory microcultures, each with three participants, were exposed to an experimental ABCD...n...DCBA. There was no competition between the operant and cultural levels. Participants should choose lines with numbers and colors in an array. Scheduled individual consequences were 1 and 2 tokens for even and odd choices respectively. Scheduled cultural consequences were stamps with smiley faces representing, each one, school items that were donated to a public kindergarten. The scheduled cultural consequences varied in quantity of produced school items and the delay varied in days after which these items were delivered. There was a higher frequency of self-controlled culturants in both microcultures. This study showed to be possible to investigate cultural self-control in laboratory microcultures and paves the way for new research on the subject.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de Consequências Intermitentes (FR2 e FR3) Sobre a Seleção de Respostas de Autocontrole Ético em Arranjos de Macrocontingência
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-30) MOURA, Francisco Solano Maia; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Cultural environmental phenomena have been studied while considering at least two types of relations: metacontingency and macrocontigency relations. Macrocontingency describes the relation between a cultural practice and the cumulative product of macro behavior contingencies that constitute this practice. In macrocontigency, each individual behavior produces an operating consequence besides contributing for the cumulative product. The magnitude of this cumulative product varies with the number of individuals that share cultural practice. Recent studies about macrocontingencies addressed two variables considered relevant for cultural behavioral phenomena: the competition between behavioral and the cumulative effect (CE) of macrobehavior, on one hand, and cumulative effect intermittence on the other. Selection studies at cultural level have evaluated analogous process to operant process, also including intermittent schemes. In the proportion that macrocontingencies studies appear also to be important to the knowledge of relevant phenomena for culture, (even though they may be approached operant selection level, only) it appears to be relevant to add to this investigations the manipulation of the cumulative effect intermittency. Present study aimed to investigate the intermittent cumulative effect in FR 1, FR 2, E FR 3 schemes over macrobehavior, under conditions of competition between individual consequences of lesser magnitude associated to positive cumulative effect for culture, different in nature from individual consequences. Participants were 46 college students, that composed two groups and they made up three culturo-behavioral lineages, termed L1, L2 and L3. They were exposed to several generations, three participants being exposed simultaneously. The task required the participants, always individualizing, to chose one horizontal line in an 10X10 matrix. Each session includes one sequence of successive trials of lines choices by participants, and columns choices by computer, and consequences liberation by researcher. All through the experiment, older participants were replaced with new participants, compounding generations. The firs participant replaced was P1, after P2, and so on. Each one participant was replaced with 20 sessions. The experiment was composed by 7 conditions, in a ABACADA delineament. Each group was exposed to the same conditions sequence. Choices of odd rows produced individual consequences (points exchanged for money) of greater magnitudes not associated to CE production; choices of even produced individual consequences of smaller magnitudes and contributed to the production of the CE that consisted of school items for donation to a public school. The results showed the effectiveness of CE in the installation and maintenance of self-control responses, after a long exposition to the programmed macrocontigency. The intermittency of cultural consequence and change of generations may have contributed to the need of a longer exposition.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de consequências verbais culturais e de suporte sobre a seleção e manutenção de culturantes
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-14) BISPO, Gehazi Ramiris dos Santos; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Recent empirical evidence suggests a facilitating role of verbal variables on cultural selection. However, most of the data are still inconclusive or do not demonstrate the isolated effects of the direct manipulation of verbal variables, functioning as operant and cultural consequences, on the selection of culturants. In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the differential effects of cultural and operant verbal consequences on the selection and maintenance of culturants, in the presence and absence of nonverbal cultural consequences in two laboratory microcultures using an analog of single subject ABCBCA experimental design. The results showed that the verbal operant consequences are inefficient in cultural selection once compared to the cultural consequences. When cultural, the difference in effect between verbal and non-verbal consequences is low. When cultural verbal and non-verbal consequences are combined, cultural selection is more effective.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de contingências de suporte e de metacontingências sobre a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) TADAIESKY, Liany Tavares; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Metacontigencies are defined by functional relations between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs) and an aggregate product, which selects not the individual behavior, but the IBCs. IBCs can also be maintained by supporting contingencies, which, in this case, operate on individual contingencies that take part of the interlock and are disposed by another individual, group or a controlling agency. This is a theoretical proposition conveyed in a behavior-analytical literature, with no empirical evidence. The present study had the objective of evaluating the effects of supporting contingencies and metacontingencies on installing and maintaining IBCs. Twelve undergraduate students participated in the study, divided equally into four experimental groups. Groups 1 and 2 participated in Experiment 1, and groups 3 and 4 participated in Experiment 2. Each group was exposed to a gamble game with tokens worth R$ 0,10 each. Yellow, orange and brown tokens were used in Groups 1 and 2; yellow, orange, brown, purple and pink tokens were used in Groups 3 and 4. Each session had 30 rounds, each composed by one bet of each of the three participants, which alternated the initial bet of each round. Groups 1 and 2 were exposed to conditions A (supporting contingencies) and B (metacontingencies). The experimental design of Group 1 was B/A/A+B/B; Group 2 was exposed to a single phase on condition B. Both groups had the IBCs selected and no differences between the performances of the groups were identified. In the Experiment 2, the IBCs’s complexity was raised aiming to evaluate differences in the effects of supporting contingencies and metacontingencies on the selection of IBCs. Groups 3 and 4 were exposed to conditions A’ and B’, which were identical to conditions A and B, except for the colors of tokens used and for the complexity of the IBCs. Group 3 was exposed to two phases with the following conditions: B’/A’. Group 4 was exposed only to condition B’. In both groups the IBCs were not selected. The results indicate that no significant differences between the performances of groups exposed to metacontingencies and those exposed to supporting contingencies was observed. In Experiment 1, where the IBCs were selected, the performances of Groups 1 and 2 were similar. In Experiment 2, the complexity of IBCs was increased; however the results show that in both groups, IBCs were not selected. Future studies could replicate the presented experimental design, controlling the complexity of IBCs to an intermediate level, with the objective to evaluate if supporting contingencies and metacontingencies perform different roles on the selection of IBCs.
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Efeitos de instruções e história experimental sobre a trnsmissão de práticas de escolha em microculturas de laboratório
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-10) LEITE, Felipe Lustosa; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The selection of cultural practices has been a subject matter of increasing object of interest in Behavior Analysis, majorly after the formulation of the concept of metacontingency by S. S. Glenn. One of the themes approached has been the relation between rule-governed behavior and the transmission of cultural practices. The present study had the objective of evaluating the effects of verbal instructions on the transmission of a choice practice in small groups. Forty-three undergraduate students participated in the study, divided into four groups. The participants, in groups of three, had to collectively solve a problem in a condition which could lead to two possible gains: one more advantageous in the long term (choice of black lines) and another one less advantageous (choice of white lines). At each 12 minutes one participant would leave the group and a new one would be introduced in it, being the responsibility of the older participants to teach the new one on how to proceed in the task. In some groups, participants called confederates were instructed to teach the task wrongly, inducing the group to choose white lines, leading to less a advantageous result. The confederates instructed the participants with two categories of instructions: false descriptive and prescriptive. With the participant change cycle, the confederates gave place to naïve or experienced participants. The results indicate that when confederates took part in groups constituted by naïve participants, the choices less advantageous for the group were predominant, in which Group 2 maintained the choice pattern instructed by the confederates for one additional generation and Group 4 maintained it for two additional generations. When the confederates took part in groups with participants previously exposed to the task (Groups 1 and 3), both groups returned to choices according to the pattern established in a baseline session (approximately 80% of black choices for Group 1 and 60% for Group 3). As for the type of instruction employed by the confederates, when participants were instructed with false descriptive instructions the choice pattern instructed by the confederates was maintained for fewer generations than when they were instructed with prescriptive instructions. It is concluded that a previous experience to a task can enable the group to suffer less effects of verbal manipulation which lead to a less advantageous choice practice and that instructions which do not describe contingency relations between events are less effective to verbally control choice practices.
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Fenômenos emocionais no contexto explicativo do modo causal de seleção por conseqüências
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-08-23) DARWICH, Rosângela Araújo; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
B. F. Skinner gave rise to radical behaviorism, as the philosophy of a science of behavior, and produced experimental and theoretical arguments that grounded that science. The Skinnerian system distinguished itself from Psychology in the first half of the 20th century, by promoting the physical monism and recommending the approach of overt and covert responses in the context of individual-environment relations. The adherence to the causal mode of selection by consequences in the explanation of the behavior, however, can be viewed as controversial in the context of the analysis of emotional phenomena, for these include operant, but also respondent components. Such issue led to a revision of the theoretical foundations of behavior analysis, resulting in the proposal of an interpretative model of emotional phenomena by means of interrelations among respondent and operant processes. Considering that phylogenetical selection explains the establishment of unconditioned respondent relations, it is investigated if the selectionist model explains conditioned respondent relations in emotional phenomena. The approach of elaborations in behavior analysis resulted in the proposal of an interpretative model of emotional phenomena considering the occurrence of inter-relations among respondent and operant processes. The internal coherence of the Skinnerian interpretative system is preserved by means of the basic statement of that, along ontogenesis, historically established relations with the environment explain the occurrence of overt, covert, respondent and operant responses, as well as those with both components. Considering that conceptual clarity tends to be a prerequisite for intervention, this study contrasted the proposed interpretative model to the context of the accomplishment of functional analysis in the literature of behavior analysis. Preliminarily, the model demonstrated to be a useful interpretative tool, since it enables the understanding of different functions of variables, which take part in the behavioral relations of interest, at a contextualized and historical perspective.
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A noção de significado em B. F. Skinner e em M. Sidman
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001) NELSON, Tony; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Some aspects of the debate about the relationship between Skinner’s approach to verbal behavior and the research in the field of stimulus equivalence are adressed. A description of the conceptions of meaning presented by Skinner and Sidman, in their attempts to generate a behavior-analytic interpretation about language, is provided. Skinner’s and Sidman’s analyses of verbal behavior are examined in terms of their scope; the notions of meaning as controlling variables, and as stimuli equivalence relations are compared; and finally, the role of substitutability in language, its function and limits, is examined. Skinner’s analysis is broader than Sidman’s, in the sense that it tries to embody the totality of verbal behavior. Skinner is different from Sidman, in that the first tries to compare his proposal to the existing theories of language and the second, not. Skinner’s analyses point to meaning as the variables that explain behavior, while Sidman’s analyses, to the meaning as equivalent stimuli. The notion of meaning proposed by Sidman is based in stimuli relations (four-term contingencies, or more than four) and its substitutability (stimulus equivalence). In his conceptualization of verbal behavior, Skinner considers the distinction between functions of speakers and listeners as an important one, while this distinction doesn’t appear in Sidman’s work. Sidman’s analyses of meaning present some aspects that distinguish them from the traditional theories criticized by Skinner; however, the notion of meaning proposed by Sidman remains problematic. The substitutability, as a good basis to interpret meaning, is criticized. Equivalence can be a useful tool to understand language, specially with respect to the production of verbal behavior that is not directly trained, helping to improve verbal behavior analyses.
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O conceito de ansiedade na análise do comportamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-08) COÊLHO, Nilzabeth Leite; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Issues concerning to anxiety have been discussed in Psychology focusing several different aspects, but definitions of anxiety are far from consensual. The difficulty is due to several reasons, among which is the lack of a precise reference to behavioral relations. Divergence is also found in behavior-analytic literature. Some accounts stress the role of direct contingencies in controlling patterns of anxiety responses. Other definitions approach verbal aspects as possible sources of additional control. In the late accounts, the multiple functions of ones self-descriptive reports and also the semantic conditioning have been pointed out as possible explanations. In the present work, 47 papers were examined in the behavior-analytic literature in order to identify the types of behavioral relationships that are being suggested in the different uses of the concept of anxiety in the Behavior Analysis and the (in)compatibility of those approaches. The study took as reference categories of register that refer to what each author says in terms of respondent, not verbal operant, verbal operant components, and intervention perspectives. A more qualitative analysis was carried out with the use of analytical categories that refer to (1) the role performed by the physiologic alterations in the definition of anxiety; (2) the verbal and nonverbal operant relations involved in the phenomenon, and (3) the implications of each one of those analyses to a face-to-face verbal therapy. This exam made possible the identification of variations in the definitions concerning to (1) the type of behavioral relations involved; (2) the arrangement of contingencies that produce those relations; (3) the corporeal conditions produced concomitantly by the same contingencies; (4) to the functions of those corporeal conditions in the behavioral relations, and (5) the processes through which verbal stimuli participate in those relations. However, those variations in the definition can be understood as complementary analyses not incompatible with each other. The explanation of behavioral phenomenon based on a complexity continuum can be a model capable of joining those variations, making possible an understanding of (1) the relational network that can take place in an instance of anxiety, as well as (2) the function carried out by each one of the components in the anxiety.
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Uma discussão dos usos do termo eventos privados na análise do comportamento à luz de proposições do pragmatismo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-04-19) VASCONCELOS NETO, Aécio de Borba; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Behavior Analysis distinguishes itself from other kinds of behaviorism by its original treatment for subjectivity. The concept of private events has been used in behavior-analytic literature as a major topic in the theme, allowing the scientist and the professional to deal with events inaccessible to public observation because of an instrumental criterion of truth. This paper aims to discuss the concept of private events from the standpoint of Pragmatism, a philosophy with which Behavior Analysis has been associated. Considering James and Rortys publications, the relevant implications of using the term private events are examined and the validity of such a concept to approach problems related to subjectivity is discussed using three analytical categories: (1) Implications of a relational verbal approach to the analysis of the issues concerning privacy; 2) Absence of a consensual view on the coherence between the concept of private events and the behavioral-analytic system; and 3) Functions of the concept of private events. We point out how is elaborated the importance of language for the definition of private world in behavior-analytic and also we point out the influence of that for a relational approach of subjectivity. We argue that behavior analysts have been using the term private events under control of phenomena with different nature and complexity, resulting in an absence of consensus about the coherence of the term with Behavior Analysis. When there is some consensus on this, there is a lack of consensus about the instrumentality of the concept. Thus, the coherence and the instrumentality of the concept of private events is conditioned to (1) which events the scientist or the professional is referring to, (2) the level of analysis (molar or molecular), and (3) the method used in the research. We found that, when there is some agreement about the coherence and the instrumentality of the concept, it is restricted to the papers dealing mainly with the context of clinical application. We conclude by stressing that the idea that the concept of private events is useful for Behavior Analysis is not fully accepted in the area, showing that more discussion on the concept of private events and the conceptual treatment of subjectivity is still needed.