Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras - PPGL/ILC
URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2310
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras (PPGL) do Instituto de Letras e Comunicação (ILC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Confere ao candidato habilitado o título de Mestre e/ou Doutor em Letras, nas Áreas de Concentração em Estudos Literários ou Estudos Linguísticos, tem como objetivos gerais e fundamentais: preparar pesquisadores capazes de desenvolver trabalhos científicos no campo dos Estudos da Linguagem; desenvolver a competência profissional e científica do graduado para que ele atue com criticidade na sua área de conhecimento; e produzir conhecimento científico relevante para o país, com ênfase, quando oportuno, para as especificidades linguísticas e literárias presentes na Região Amazônica.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Alternância de códigos em narrativas orais do povo Parkatêjê: aspectos linguísticos do contato com o português(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-28) NEVES, Cinthia de Lima; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091“Irregular mixture of two distinct systems” (Labov, 1971, p. 457). This afirmation reflects what has been thought for decades about a linguistic behavior common in bilingual speakers: code-switching. This phenomenon, characterized by the change from one language to another without any change of topic or speaker, is, however, systematically organized and is subject to grammatical constraints, occurring at specific points and repeated in sentences, it is not random. One of the commonly used theoretical models to account for the grammaticality of code-switching has been proposed by Poplack (1978/1881), which suggests two constraints on the phenomenon: the “free morpheme constraint”, whereby the switch can occur after any constituent unless it is a fixed morpheme, and the “equivalence constraint”, which predicts the occurrence at points where the elements of both languages are equivalent, so there is no violation of syntactic rules of languages involved. This study presents the application of this model to a descriptive analysis of code-switching between Portuguese and Parkatêjê, a Timbira language spoken in southeastern of Pará. The data that support this study are traditional stories of the people, collected between the years 2008 and 2011, in which we can find many instances of the phenomenon.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise acústica das sílabas tônicas em Apurinã (Aruák)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-08-30) SANTOS, Benedito de Sales; FACUNDES, Sidney da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9502308340482231This paper investigates the acoustic correlates of the prominent syllable, henceforth accent mark in the apurinã language, taking in consideration the hypotheses of Facundes (2000) and Brandão ( 2010). The research investigates possible acoustic correlates of the stress such as F0, intensity and duration of the vowels in stressed syllables with secondary stress and unstressed syllables to verify, from statistical analysis, which one is the most important correlate associated with stress in the language. This paper is divides into three parts: 1) the introduction, where the people, language aspects, the methodology and the theorists used in the analysis are presented; 2) a brief approach about the stress described by Facundes and the application of the metrical stress theory proposed by Hayes (1995) explained; and in 3) is the acoustic analysis in itself and the result of the statistical tests as well as a brief conclusion and list of the words used in the research.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise de livros didáticos do povo indígena Mebêngôkre(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-08-30) QUARESMA, Francinete de Jesus Pantoja; FAIRCHILD, Thomas Massao; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1771292039081039; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Aspectos morfossintáticos e semânticos da causativização em Parkatêjê(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-02-27) FERREIRA, Sindy Rayane de Souza; SHIBATANI, Masayoshi; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091Under the view of typological functionalism, the objective of this work is to describe and analyze morphosyntactic and semantic aspects related to the phenomenon of causativization in Parkatêjê (Indigenous language of the Jê family, Macro-Jê stock, and grouped in the Timbira dialect complex). From the morphosyntactic perspective, the causativization is a process related to the increase of verbal valence, that is, to the change of functions and grammatical relations of the arguments of a verb. From the semantic perspective, it consists of a phenomenon associated with the relation of cause and effect, in which a causative verb allows the subject of a sentence to act on another argument, causing it to perform some action or change its state. In the Parkatêjê language, causativization is manifested through the verb to, whose primary meaning is 'to do' and which affects active and stative intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs do not seem to be affected by causativization. The work is based on the theoretical postulates of Givón (1975), Shibatani (1976, 2002), Comrie (1989), Dixon (1994), among others. In addition to being a causative verb, the 'to' element performs other morphosyntactic functions in the language: basic lexical verb 'to do', auxiliary verb, part of verbs root and instrumental postposition. For this reason, this work also presents some aspects related to each of these functions. The methodology used in this work consisted of bibliographical research and field research with data collection performed in the community of the language being studied.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Aspectos morfossintáticos em mebengôkre: transitividade e marcação de argumentos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-20) GOMES, Edson de Freitas; GALUCIO, Ana Vilacy Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3697197245602067; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0168-1904The canonically marked subject in Mẽbêngôkre has already been described in the literature for years, however, the description of a non-canonically marked subject is a field that proves to be very productive itself and still need further exploration. The thematic of the subject which receives different canonical pattern mark is current and relevant as it brings new information to the morphosyntax language knowledge and contributes to the understanding of phenomena that still needs description. The non-canonical subject study intends to raise the discussion on the Mẽbêngôkre subject realization, although there is still a lot remaining to be done for this hypothesis to be definitively confirmed. In this scenario, the main objective of this thesis is to describe the ways in which the subject is marked in Mẽbêngôkre language, focusing on the main strategies used for canonical and non-canonical subjects marking, especially the dative subject, marked by mã postposition and the locative subject, marked by kãm, jã and bê postpositions. The non-canonical subject pattern in Mẽbêngôkre is treated based on tests regarding the coding and behavioral properties of the subject suggested by Keenan (1976); Sigurðsson (2004); Eythórsson; Barddal (2005); Barddal; Eythórsson (2006 and 2009), among other authors. The analysis shown is based on field research material data, acquired through interview recording with indigenous consultants from Mẽbêngôkre villages, placed in the Gorotire reserve, in São Félix do Xingu municipality, southern of Pará state. The methodology is based on test application about the coding properties such as nominal case marking, the argument indexing in the verb and the constituents order in the sentence, and on behavioral properties such as reflexive control, control and erasure in coordinated and subordinate clauses and reference changes. The data showed that, besides the canonically marked subject, there is another subject who is also formally marked by morphemes that are postposition and the morphosyntactic tests performed showed that those subjects are approved in most of the proposed tests, in the dative subject case and in the locative subject in some cases. An argument that supports the prefixes indexed analysis in postpositions as subject is the fact that these prefixes are doubled by the nominative pronoun, as it occurs with the canonically marked subject.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Aspectos semânticos, morfológicos e morfossintáticos das palavras descritivas Apurinã(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-03-16) CHAGAS, Angela Fabíola Alves; FACUNDES, Sidney da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9502308340482231; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091It presents semantic, morphossyntactic and morphological aspects of the descriptive words of the Apurinã language (Aruákan), that is, words that commonly are translated as adjectives in the European languages. Some of those words receive the mark of pronominal subject (e.g. u-natxitapeka 'she is hungry'); while others receive the objective mark (e.g. ere-ru 'she is beautiful'); and other ones can receive either subjective and objective markers (e.g. ny-pĩkareta eu estou com medo vs. papĩkare-nu eu sou medroso). The first think treated was about the place of the descriptive words in the Apurinã parts of the speech (are they names, are they verbs or do they form an independent class from these?). Using internal evidences of the language, initially we have established a grammatical classification for those words starting from their morphological properties in comparison with the names and verbs in the language, with the purpose of answer these questions. The second think is on the semantic correlates of the descriptive words. Considering the intern division of the Apurinã descriptive words (subjective vs. lenses), we presented the semantic properties associated to each group and, starting from that, we presented an attempt of motivating the sub grouping of descriptive concepts in the language with base in the aspectual notions of transitoriness and permanence. Finally, the described grammatical phenomenon is contextualized inside of the typology of systems of split intransitivity described for other languages (PAYNE: 1997), and the description of their semantic properties is located in relation to the typology of lexical aspects or aktionsarten (COMRIE: 1976, FRAWLEY: 1992).Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Atitude linguística e revitalização da Língua Mundurukú: observações preliminares(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-04-07) FRANCÊS JÚNIOR, Celso; MARGOLIN, David; PICANÇO, Gessiane Lobato; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8504849027565119The Munduruku of Kwatá-Laranjalare among the indigenous comunities of Brazil whose heritage language is severely endangered. The Munduruku language belongs to the Mundurukufamiliy of the Tupi stock, and formerly was spoken in the Brazilian states of MatoGrosso, Pará, and Amazonas; it is still spoken in Pará. The focus of this study is the indigenous community of Kwatá-Laranjal, in the state of Amazonas, since members of this group no longer speak the language and for this reason are interested in revitalizing and reinforcing their culture and identity. The project Special Lincensure for the Training of Indigenous Teachers/Munduruku Students (LicenciaturaEspecíficaparaFormação de ProfessoresIndígenas/Turma Mundurukú) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), besides pursuing the objective of teacher training at the post-secondary level, also has the goal of assisting in the revitalization of the Munduruku language through special classes. The research for the present study took place in this context, specifically investigating students' attitudes toward the community heritage language, through the use of questionnaire-based structured interviews. This quantitative approach included investigating relative knowledge of Munduruku and Portuguese; language preferences; and actual language use. It was observed that there is a contradiction between the elements analyzed in the research and the desire of the participants to revitalize their heritage language.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Concepção e elaboração de materiais de ensino para povos indígenas: o caso apurinã(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-12-21) DUARTE, Eládia Vieira; FACUNDES, Sidney da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9502308340482231It analyses the main theoretical, practical and methodological issues directly related to the conception and design of Apurinã literacy materials, a language without written tradition are addressed. Following a case study methodology, the research included review of the literature, data collection in loco, analysis of the results and their implementation through the design of the Apurinã literacy material “Escrevendo em apurinã”. The literacy material was constructed in close collaboration with the Apurinã native speaker Norá, aiming to present in a didactic manner the Apurinã written system. The work also discusses how the material was developed, which difficulties were attested during this process, which criteria were considered in the sequencing and general organization of the content, which difficulties Apurinã professors had in understanding and using literacy materials in the classroom, and which solutions were found. Finally, the work shows how this kind of research and the resulting material can contribute to the process of revitalizing of an endangered, minority, language, with no social prestige and spoken by a small part of an ethnic group.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A contribuição dos estudos discursivos para a gramaática da língua Apurinã (Aruak)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-03-14) BARROS, Laise Maciel; FACUNDES, Sidney da Silva; ttp://lattes.cnpq.br/9502308340482231; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-8620This study aims to present a research on the Apurinã grammar, examining its interaction with semantics and discourse-pragmatics in order to investigate how certain uses of grammar cover the interaction between semantic, pragmatic and morphosyntactic properties. The grammatical elements involved in this research includ personal pronouns, discourse particles and the morphological form =nhi. In order to describe the relevant facts concerning these elements, I propose a descriptive analysis that tries to account for how the morphosyntax and the areas of semantics and pragmatics interact, since uses of the forms surveyed are directly associated with empathy or the speaker's intention, information flow and reference and sequence of events in discourse. This study adopts the principles of the typological-functional linguistics as they cover morphosyntactic, semantic and discourse-pragmatic properties.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Educação bilíngue em território indígena Waiwai: aldeia Tawanã(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-11-26) RODRIGUES, Lúcia Maria Silva; FAIRCHILD, Thomas Massao; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1771292039081039; RODRIGUES, Carmen Lúcia Reis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2766837148466800An increasing number of Indian nations who claim a right to an education can, on one hand, help them find solutions to problems arising from contact with the national society and, second, to assure them the strengthening of ethnic identity. The bilingual education promotes additive or subtractive forms of bilingualism. These methods are related and are connected to the arguments and parameters of each school or institution. This paper aims to describe the form of education developed in the early grades in one of the villages Waiwai, located on indigenous lands of Nhamundá-Mapuera, in the Municipality of Oriximiná – Rio Mapuera – specifically in the village Tawanã. The main objective of this study is to analyze how an indigenous educator employs its methodological tools in imparting ethnocultural knowledge, and through literacy develops a bilingual education at this school. In reference to this reality, this work consists of literature based on readings and book reviews, articles, dissertations in the field of linguistics, research and analysis of material acquired in field research collected on indigenous lands in Nhamundá-Mapuera, especially in the Tawanã Village School.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Esboço sociolinguístico sobre risco de perda e manutenção de línguas: o caso de cinco línguas indígenas brasileiras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-02-28) FRANCO, Danielle Abreu; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091This study presents the macro variables that evidence the threatening situation and vitality loss of Anambé, Aikanã, Apurinã, Parkatêjê and Xipaya languages in consequence of the Portuguese language domain. To make it possible, necessary methodological procedures were used for a bibliographic, theory-focused approach about the causes that motivate the linguistic change, based in the sociolinguistic variables presented by Edward (1992), Grenoble & Whaley (1998, 2000) and in the criteria that evaluate the vitality of languages pointed by UNESCO (2003). From the information collected in interviews with researchers of the selected languages, we aim to: i) identify what macro variables act on the de-vitalization process of these languages; ii) classify these languages about their vitality degree, considering the established criteria in 2003 by the United Nations for the Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO); and iii) outline, based in the answers given by the interviewed researchers, the sociolinguistic situation of each studied language. An exam of the macro variables (use of the languages, schooling and migration) identified after analysis of the selected indigenous languages pointed out aspects that concern their linguistic loss situation.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estudo fonológico da língua Waiwái (Caribe): uma contribuição(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-09-27) ACÁCIO, Mara Sílvia Jucá; RODRIGUES, Carmen Lúcia Reis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2766837148466800This study aims to document, describe and analyze some phonological aspects of the Waiwai language, one of the languages of the Cariban family, and apply them for scientific purposes. This language is spoken by the inhabitants of the Indigenous Land Nhamundá / Mapuera, located on the border of the state of Pará with the state of Amazonas. The study is justified by the attempt to update the data on other aspects of phonology and grammar of the Waiwai language. The only works about the phonology of the Waiwai indigenous people are those of Neil W. Hawkins (1952) and Robert E. Hawkins (1998). For this reason, it will seek to establish, more specifically, the phonetic-phonological system of the language. The methodology used is part of a descriptive approach, interpreting, synchronously, the phonological structure of language study in its oral form. The research corpus is based on systematic analysis of the data, identifying and analyzing the vowel and consonant segments, objects of study of phonetics and phonology, giving an account of how this language organizes its sounds, as well as some considerations about the accent and syllabic pattern of the language. For the development of this research we have considered works by structural linguistics and functionalist linguistics scholars.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Livro didático e práticas em sala de aula para alfabetização em Parkatêjê(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-17) QUARESMA, Francinete de Jesus Pantoja; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-1938The indigenous peoples of Brazil are heavily threatened with extinction. Consequently, their language and cultures are also in danger of disappearing. Throughout more than 500 years of contact, provoked by the arrival of the Portuguese, the number of indigenous peoples and languages have reduced (SEKI, 2000). Contact with non-indigenous cultures has led these communities either to a process of extinction or monolingualism in Portuguese. Thus, safeguarding measures are urgently required for the preservation of indigenous peoples and the revitalization of their languages. In the current scenario, indigenous school education, involving the formal and systematized teaching of the traditional languages of these communities, has been understood by the natives themselves as a strategy for the preservation and invigoration of these languages. But for the schooling process to fulfill such purpose, methodologies for teaching and learning indigenous languages and textbooks used in the classroom must be consistent with the reality and specificities of the people they are intended to. Based on this assumption, this study aimed to contribute to the formal teaching-learning process of the Parkatêjê, a language of the Timbira Dialectal Complex, spoken by the Parkatêjê Indigenous Community, located in southeastern Pará. In the current context, as a result of the intense contact with the surrounding society, Parkatêjê has become the inherited language of the indigenous children's generation, who are monolingual in Portuguese, but with great potential for language learning and capable of reversing the situation of linguistic obsolescence. In this sense, this research carried out within the Parkatêjê community was motivated by the need for investment in studies that favor the strengthening of endangered languages. Through this study, we sought to investigate a theoretical-methodological contribution which has proves efficient for teaching-learning of the Parkatêjê language at a literacy level that subsidizes the production of indigenous textbooks, classroom practices and school curriculum. The theoretical-methodological hybridism based on the concepts of Textual Genres, the Communicative Approach and the Psychogenesis of Written Language was appointed as an alternative to support school activities that promote, concurrently, the development of oral and written skills in children enrolled in the 1st/9 year of the Escola Indígena Estadual de Educação Infantil, Fundamental e Médio Pẽptykre Parkatêjê. Consistent with the particularity of the action research, the results of this investigation culminated in a proposal for a curricular reference matrix for the teaching of the Parkatêjê Language at the literacy level to Parkatêjê children; a proposal for the conception of an indigenous textbook for teaching this language at the local level, with activities developed in didactic sequences aimed at the 1st of the three school years / grades that comprise the Ciclo de Alfabetização [Literacy Cycle]; and a proposal for an indigenous textbook for reading the illustrated Parkatêjê alphabet. A bibliographic, documental and field nature research was developed. The study has also employed techniques consistent with the qualitative approach and applied data collection based on the theoretical assumptions of Applied Linguistics, Descriptive Linguistics and Education.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Pronomes em parkatêjê: a expressão da terceira pessoa(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-29) SILVA, Nandra Ribeiro; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091; GALUCIO, Ana Vilacy Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3697197245602067The Parkatêjê language is a member of the Timbira dialect complex spoken in the southeast of Pará, near the town of Bom Jesus do Tocantins. This language has two series of personal pronouns (free and bound) that receive case and number markers. The two series, according to Ferreira (2003), distinguish first and second persons, however a specific form for the third person referents had not been described. This dissertation describes the expression of the third person in Parkatêjê pronominals, and compares them to the third person pronouns forms described for other northern Jê languages, such as Mēbēngokrê, Krahô, Pykobjê and Apãniekrá.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Revisitando os verbos em Parkatêjê: questões relevantes para um estudo morfossintático(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-03-05) FREITAS, Marília Fernanda Pereira de; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091This work named Revisitando os Verbos em Parkatêjê: questões relevantes para um estudo morfossintático aims to show some of the principal characteristics of verbs in Parkatêjê language. Parkatêjê community lives in Km 30 of BR-222 highway, in Mãe Maria Village, Bom Jesus do Tocantins. This study was made up through bibliographical research, having as foundation Ferreira (2003), including her own data and data of Araújo (in different moments of her study). This theme was chosen because there is few linguistic descriptive works about Parkatêjê language. In a first moment, it will be presented some definitions about verb, according to Payne (1997), Lyons (1979), Schachter (1985), Lehmann (1981) and Givón (1984); after that, according to Rodrigues (1999) and Ribeiro (2006), the principal characteristics of Macro-Jê languages will be showed. The main characteristics of Parkatêjê language, according to Ferreira (2003), will be presented, with special attention to verbs.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Sinais de morte ou de vitalidade? Mudanças estruturais na Língua Tembé: contribuição ao estudo dos efeitos de contato lingüístico na Amazônia oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-12-07) CARVALHO, Márcia Goretti Pereira de; CABRAL, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9247668950073325This dissertation seeks to present an analysis of linguistic data from the Tembé language (Tupí-Guaraní family), in order to establish a preliminary discussion of the present state of the language’s vitality. The analysis takes, as its base, theoretical and methodological orientations from studies on obsolescent languages by DORIAN (1973, 1977, 1980) and CAMPBELL & MUNTZEL (1989), the theoretical model of language death proposed by SASSE (1992), and also more general principles of language contact theory and theoretical and methodological approaches proposed by THOMASON (2001) (for issues more closely related to linguistic changes in endangered languages). The results of the study, at hand, reveal that the various changes which have already taken place in Tembé, and those which are currently in progress, have transformed it into a more analytical language with simpler syntactic patterns than the most conservative languages in the Tupí-Guaraní family. However, this study also clearly shows that, despite these changes, Tembé continues to display signs of great vitality, and now depends on adequate policies stimulating native language use.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Tendência tipológicas de harmonia nasais e palatização em línguas indígenas brasileiras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-07-31) BARAÚNA, Fabíola Azevedo; PICANÇO, Gessiane Lobato; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8504849027565119; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-1470This is a study of the phonological assimilation of nasal harmony and palatalization in indigenous languages. According to Odden (2005), assimilation is the most common phonological process to occur in indigenous languages. Among these assimilatory processes, the nasal harmony and the palatalization are the most attested elements in languages worldwide (Kramer and Urek, 2016). Therefore, this research presents some tendencies identified in indigenous languages in what refers to the two aforementioned processes. This thesis aims to define the patterns and singularities in the processes of nasal and palatal assimilation in thirty one indigenous languages from Brazil. These languages belong to different linguistic groups emerging from two stocks (Tupi and Macro-Je), three major families (Aruak, Pano, and Karib); three medium families (Nadahup, Yanomami, and Nambikwara); and two minor families (Katukina and Chiquitano). This diversification allowed for the delimitation of linguistic patterns and singularities identified in each of the processes. Furthermore, it was possible to verify how similarities and differences are manifested in these languages in what regards the main parameters defining phonological processes: triggers, targets, directionality, and nature (phonetical, phonological and morphophonological). These processes are analysed from a linguistic typological perspective, having as analytical parameters the triggering segments, targets, results of the process, and directionality. The material considered for analysis is composed of PhD and MPhil thesis, and scientific papers published in the academic field. The data related with the languages were compiled and organised in a spreadsheet in order to log information such as: family, area in which the language is spoken, trigger info, targets, resulting segments and processes direction. Moreover, what is conducted is a phonetic and phonological exemplification of some words belonging to the analysed languages as a matter of confirming the assimilation parameters. The theoretical discussion about the process of nasal harmony is based on the work of Walker (1998). In regard to palatalization, this study is based on the literature of McCarthy and Smith (2003), and Bateman (2007). Throughout the thesis, it is initially discussed the linguistic typology, consequently leading to a more specific exploration of phonological linguistic discussions. Following, the families and stocks of the analysed languages are presented. Lastly, it is conducted an explanation of the assimilatory processes, description, and analysis of the languages. Although the explored parameters appear in accordance to the types and tendencies previously identified in the literature about these processes, the results of this thesis point out that other parameters diverge or are linked to one another (types of triggers x target groups; nature x directionality). In relation to nasal harmony, the nasal consonants tend to be the triggers of the process, whilst the vowels tend to be the targets. Referring to the palatalization, the trigger tends to be the high front vowel and the targets tend to be coronal consonants. In these processes, the nature and direction are related to one another. For this situation, if the nature is phonological, the spreading tends to be regressive; while if the nature is morphophonological or phonetical, the spreading tends to be progressive.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A tradição oral no ensino de línguas indígenas: uma proposta para o povo Parkatêjê(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-26) SILVA, Maria de Nazaré Moraes da; FERREIRA, Marília de Nazaré de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4291543797221091The aim of this study is to “present a teaching proposal for parkatêjê language which is supported in the oral tradition of the people of the same name. It has a view to its implementation in Indigenous School Pẽmptykre Parkatêjê” from the village Parkatêjê. This village is located in Mãe Maria, kilometer 30 of BR 222 in Bom Jesus do Tocantins County. For comprehend the everyday process of teaching and learning in the school, this is an ethnographic research, and it’s also bibliographic considering the nature of the sources used to write it (SEVERINO, 2007). According to Moita-Lopes (2006), the research is related to Applied Linguistics which is characterized as an indisciplinary or a transdisciplinary. Besides it is based on cognitive democracy for a liberating education (PETRAGLIA, 2013). This study is divided into four chapters with introduction and conclusion. The first chapter presents general considerations about Parkatêjê. The second one deals with a historical approach on the development of Indigenous language in the Brazilian educational context. This approach is based on observed events from 1540 to the present days. The third chapter brings some features from ruled society by oral tradition, or specially through this tradition. Moreover, this chapter brings a definition of culture and presents reflections about oral and written culture. The last one deals with the history of formal education in Parkatêjê village. This section also discusses pieces of information about the role of the people of the same name at the Indigenous School Pẽmptykre Parkatêjê nowadays. In addition to this, “The oral tradition into Parkatêjê language teaching”, the teaching proposal, is presented in this chapter. This proposal is based on Queiroz and Pereira (2013), Belintane (2007; 2008), Calvet (2011), and it is carried out by other researchers who are in favor of the oral language teaching. This research highlights the eldest people of the village, the first-generation Indians, as important actors in the teaching and learning of traditional language in formal education process.