Dissertações em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (Mestrado) - PPGCEM/Ananindeua

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/12421

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Amido termoplástico: obtenção de nanocompósitos de amido de araruta termoplastificado com nanopartículas de óxido de zinco
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-07) PINTO, Bianca Corrêa; PAULA, Marcos Vinícius da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7538211324097974; MAIA, Ana Áurea Barreto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0820112425394964; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-1442
The search for new materials with comparable performance to synthetics has driven the development of sustainable and biodegradable materials. The growing demand has stimulated the creation of innovative materials, such as starch-based films, biopolymers, and others, which offer excellent mechanical and barrier properties while being environmentally friendly. To achieve higher levels of sustainability, starch-based films, enriched with new components, gain prominence as possible candidates for food packaging applications. In this context, the present study aims to obtain and characterize thermoplasticized nanocomposites with arrowroot starch (TPA) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in different proportions (1%, 3% and 5%). Films without ZnO NPs were used as controls. The thermoplasticized starch films were made using the casting solution technique (solvent evaporation). They were evaluated for the concentration of ZnO NPs, and were also submitted to laboratory techniques, such as moisture, solubility and swelling tests. In addition, they were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile, strain at break and modulus of elasticity tests. For the moisture test, the results revealed that the addition of 1, 3 and 5% of ZnO NPs to the polymeric matrix provided a gradual decrease in the percentage of moisture when compared to the control TPA film. This fact is attributed to the interfacial interaction between the ZnO NPs and the arrowroot starch matrix, which in turn hinders the interaction of water molecules with the nanocomposite film. For the percentage of solubility of the films, a small change was observed after the addition of the NPs ZnO to the starch matrix, which becomes important for the maintenance of products stored in food packaging as well as the stability of the polymeric films. As for the swelling test, for the 1% TPA, 3% TPA and 5% TPA films, it was verified that when the SPL was added, they presented smaller variations compared to the TPA film containing only arrowroot starch in the polymeric matrix. In view of the above, the micrographs obtained by SEM revealed the presence of randomly dispersed aggregates of ZnO NPs in the polymeric matrix of arrowroot starch. The stress properties tests were conducted in 5 replicates, with a speed of 5 mm/min. The TPA film showed an average of 0.34 MPa and 59.80% for tensile strength and deformation at break, respectively. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the arrowroot starch matrix resulted in an increase in the tensile strength and deformation of TPA 1%, TPA 3% and TPA 5% films compared to TPA film. The mean strength for the films TPA 1%, TPA 3% and TPA 5% were 0.42 MPa, 0.45 MPa and 0.60 MPa, respectively. In addition, the mean strain at break for TPA 1%, TPA 3% and TPA 5% films were 77.14%, 86.34% and 86.05%, respectively. The FTIR spectra exhibited the same spectral behavior. This phenomenon is due to the presence of high starch content in the polymeric matrix of the films. The thermal stability for TPA, TPA1%, TPA 3% and TPA 5% films was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results obtained for the TPA1%, TPA 3% and TPA 5% films presented similar data to the thermal stability of the TPA film and showed that the addition of ZnO NPs to the polymeric matrix did not cause a significant decrease in them. The results showed that it is possible to use the films produced in this work in the packaging sector.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização de tintas industriais aplicadas na região amazônica a partir de análises físico-químicas, mecânicas e de durabilidade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-28) LUCAS, Mathaus Moraes; SILVA, Alisson Clay Rios da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7389345867032737; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-2287
In Brazil, the industrial sector of paints and varnishes is among the five largest in the market. The manufacture of paints for various applications, with technology and technical responsibility, equals the most advanced global production centers. The durability of a paint refers to its resistance to weathering. For weathering, a weather-resistant paint is necessary so that fading does not occur on the substrate where it will be used, which can occur among some factors, due to the incidence of sunlight and heavy rains. The North region, with high rainfall, influenced by instability lines, presents significant spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of rainfall and has the highest annual rainfall total. Given this reality, a paint commercially applied in the Amazon region was developed. In the standard formulation, variations of mineral loads (Kaolin, Dolomite and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) were made and subsequently analyses and tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of this paint, compared with the original formulation, such as abrasion resistance and weathering resistance. The paint production methodology will be according to Castro (2009) using Hare’s technique (1974). The characterization of the paints in the fresh state was carried out through the Viscosity, pH and specific weight tests, while the characterization of the paints in the hardened state was carried out through the abrasion resistance tests, weathering resistance test and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The physico-chemical tests revealed that, in relation to Stormer viscosity, all formulations exceeded the standard (130 KU), with the exception of the paints containing 30% Dolomite, 15% PCC, 15% Dolomite and the ternary combination of 5% Kaolin, 5% Dolomite and 20% PCC. As for the specific weight, the formulation that came closest to the standard was the binary paint with 15% Kaolin and 15% PCC, presenting an average value of 1.43 g/cm³. In terms of pH, all formulations showed alkalinity, with values ranging between 7.5 and 9.6. After a period of exposure of 180 days, none of the mixtures, including the standard formulation, showed the formation of pathologies, demonstrating resistance to weathering. The formulations with 30% Dolomite; 15% PCC and 15% Dolomite; 5% PCC, 5% Kaolin and 20% Dolomite; 10% Kaolin, 10% PCC and 10% Dolomite, exhibited respectively 300, 290, 240, 270 cycles of abrasion resistance, indicating the potential of these paints for a variety of applications, such as floor paints, external paints and road paints.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Código de resposta rápida nanoestruturado impresso em 3D
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-07-12) OLIVEIRA, Dhonata Sebastião Caldas; REIS, Marcos Allan Leite dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8252507933374637; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-2653
Due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, factories increasingly have systems dependent on the Internet and communication technologies, which guarantees them unprecedented efficiency, but makes them vulnerable to cyber attacks. For this reason, cybersecurity it is an increasingly relevant topic, with technologies such as blockchain and quantum cryptography based on physically unclonable functions (PUFs) presenting themselves as alternatives in this area. In this sense, this work presents the synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) nanocomposites with respectively 1 and 2 % by mass of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the 3D printing of the so-called NanoCodecs, which present Raman spectral signatures, classified as PUFs, which can be used as cryptographic keys generated by a code built in the Python programming language. For this, two solutions were prepared, the first with multi-walled CNTs functionalized with carboxylic acid in acetone, and the other with pure ABS pellets in this same solvent. After mixing these solutions and ultrasonic baths, the acetone was evaporated and ABS/NTC1%m/m and ABS/NTC2%m/m pellets were produced, which were used for the production of nanostructured filaments in an extruder. Then NanoCodecs as quick response code (QR code) and as round/square stamps were 3D printed. The electrical characterization of samples printed with nanostructured filaments showed a reduction in electrical resistance with an increase in the percentage by mass of CNTs. Despite this, the morphological characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that there is a low concentration of nanotubes on the surface of the samples, which indicates that they are dispersed throughout the volume of the samples. The vibrational characterization by Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the characteristics of pure materials, both ABS and NTCs, and compare with the Raman spectrum of the ABS/NTCs nanocomposite. As a result, there was an overlap of the vibrational modes of both materials, with emphasis on the shift to the right of the sub-band 𝐺𝑒𝑥𝑡 in 8 𝑐𝑚−1, which indicates that the nanotubes are compressed in the polymeric matrix. Finally, using nanocomposites as PUFs, it was possible to generate keys from the main vibrational modes of these materials: the D, G and 2D bands of nanotubes and the bands named as 1001-PS and 2239-PAN of ABS. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that NanoCodecs can be used as elements of ybersecurity in Industry 4.0, through cryptographic keys generated by the spectral analisys of the nanocoposite used for produtction of the NanoCodecs.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de sensor piezorresistivo nanoestruturado impresso em 3D
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-07-05) QUARESMA, Luciano José Barbosa; REIS, Marcos Allan Leite dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8252507933374637; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-2653; FEIO, Waldeci Paraguassu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3512689932467320; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-4694
The emergence of smart factories based on Industry 4.0 increases the automation and optimization of industrial processes in production chains. In this context, the integration between physical and digital systems depends on intelligent sensors, with greater sensitivity and integrated by the Internet of Things (IoT). The literature indicates that piezoresistive sensors can be produced by additive manufacturing (AM) and nanostructured with carbon nanotubes (NTCs), which generate a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) after its dispersion in the material. Thus, this work presents the development of a low-cost piezoresistive nanoelectromechanical sensor, produced by applying layers of NTCs on poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) parts printed by fused deposition modeling (FDM), integrable to the Industry 4.0 via IoT through ESP32 microcontrollers. For this, a diaphragm-type sensor device with dimensions 17.8, 17.8 and 5.5 𝑚𝑚 was developed, whose sensor element deformation occurs by pressing a button. After MA printing of the device parts, carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT-COOH) were dispersed by ultrasonic bath in a solution with a concentration of 1 𝑚𝑔/𝑚𝑙 of acetone and dimethylformamide, in a ratio of 1 ∶ 1 in volume, for coating the sensor elements in successive layers with an aerograph. After the deposition of five layers of CNTs on the polymeric substrate, measurements of electrical resistance obtained with a picoammeter showed the percolation of the material in the second layer, with initial values above 10 𝑇 Ω and final values below 100 𝑘 𝑂𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎 after the fifth layer, which occurs by the formation of conduction channels originating from the random arrangement of CNTs on the ABS surface, as observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM). After that, the electrical resistance was measured during pressure cycles with progressive load and with maximum load, in which the sensor elements presented an operating range of 139.97 ± 0.46 to 363.25 ± 0.39 𝑘𝑃 𝑎. In the first test, the minimum sensitivity of 0.1 % and maximum sensitivity of 1.16 %. In the second, the highest average sensitivity was 0.63 ± 0.04 % and the lowest average response and recovery times were 0.55 ± 0.29 𝑠 and 12.29 ± 1.44 𝑠, respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed the overlapping of the signals of each material, in particular the ABS band at 1447 𝑐𝑚−1 which appears prominently between the NTCs 𝐷 and 𝐺 bands. Based on the piezoresistive response that the material presented from the NEMS generated by the deposition of NTCs on ABS, this concept of a load cell can be integrated into an ESP32 microcontroller board, making it an intelligent device with potential application in industrial systems. 4.0.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento e caracterização de bioplásticos de fécula de mandioca com extrato alcoólico de Vismia Guianensis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-27) SANTOS, Josiel Ferreira; PASCA, Gabriel Adolfo Cabrera; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5642784995274060; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-0889
This work investigates the incorporation of the alcoholic extract of Vismia Guianensis (EAVG) cassava starch, aiming to improve its bioplastic properties. Cassava starch was dissolved in distilled water at the following concentrations with 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% EAVG under controlled temperature at the gelatinization point (~70 °C) and then molded to form bioplastics. The prepared samples were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR), Thermogravimetric and Thermal Differential Analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Spectroscopy Dispersive (SEM/EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and mechanical assays, providing insights into chemical composition, thermal stability, crystallinity, surface morphology and mechanical properties. These techniques comprehensively characterized cassava starch bioplastics with EAVG addition, highlighting their enhanced mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that EAVG played an effective role as a plasticizer, increasing the flexibility, resistance and stability of the biofilm that has a thickness of 0.8 mm, and supports a traction of 4.19 to 18.43 MPa. This study justifies EAVG as a promising additive for the production of biocompatible and sustainable materials, suitable for numerous applications in biodegradable plastics. EAVG presents a path forward for the advancement of bioplastics with improved mechanical, thermal and functional properties, with a promising future in terms of their contribution to new developments in these areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Formação de heteroestruturas compostas por microtubos de Cu/Cu2O/CuO decorados com nanocristais de CoO
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-21) SANTOS, Suzilene Vasconcelos dos; PASCA, Gabriel Adolfo Cabrera; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5642784995274060; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-0889
A particularly important class of micro/nanostructured materials is that of transition metal oxides. In this work, copper and cobalt oxides are used to obtain micro/nanostructures. Copper (II) oxide (CuO) and copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) are p-type semiconductors, widely studied due to their peculiar characteristics and potential technological applications. Specifically, copper (Cu) microwires with approximately 50 μm in diameter and 4 cm in length, extracted from discarded cellphone earphones, were subjected to thermal treatments at 600°C with different synthesis parameters to obtain CuO microtubes. On the other hand, cobalt acetate was used in the synthesis of nanoparticles through the chemical method called thermal decomposition, which uses organometallic salts in organic solvents, being a suitable method for the synthesis of CoO nanostructures. Metallic cobalt and its oxides have been intensively studied due to numerous applications enhanced by their properties. CoO nanoparticles exhibit instability in the hexagonal close-packed Wurtzite structure (hcp - space group P63mc). This implies that, depending on the synthesis parameters, phase transition can occur, that is, from CoO-hcp to CoO-fcc (face-centered cubic phase - space group Fm3m), which is considered the most stable phase for CoO. However, in order to obtain a hierarchical structure of CuO microtubes decorated with CoO nanoparticles, this work uses different synthesis methodologies to produce a micro-nano-hierarchical structure. In this study, X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline structures present in the microwires and nanoparticles, highlighting the influence of the time parameter on the phase transition of both structures. The morphological characterization of the samples was performed using scanning electron microscopy (for the microwires) and transmission electron microscopy (for the nanoparticles). Raman spectroscopy was also employed to obtain information about the sample surfaces. With these characterization techniques, it was possible to determine the elemental and structural composition of the microtubes and nanoparticles composed of copper and cobalt oxides, as well as to evaluate the influence of the laser on the nanoparticle samples. Thus, a Cu/Cu2O/CuO heterostructure with CoO monocrystals on the surface was developed, presenting potential sensory properties.

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