Dissertações em Engenharia Civil (Mestrado) - PPGEC/ITEC
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2304
O Mestrado Acadêmico foi aprovado pela CAPES em 1999 e inicou-se em 2001 pertente ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil (PPGEC) do Instituto de Tecnologia (ITEC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da qualidade de água do sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva instalado no Campus de Belém da Universidade Federal do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-18) PACHECO, Paulo Rodrigo da Costa; TEIXEIRA, Luiza Carla Girard Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9773700229115395This research has main objective to analyze the rainwater quality in an experimental unit of rainwater harvesting and treatment (EURHT) with emphasis on the treatment by filtration in two different filters: sand plus activated carbon of açaí seed (mixed) and activated carbon of açaí seed. The research was developed in three steps: 1) installation of the two filters and characterization of the filter composition; 2) rainwater quality monitoring of EURHT, considering the variables: apparent color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, total coliforms and E.coli, and the investigation of the presence of microorganisms in the tank; 3) evaluation of the costs involved in the implementation of the system, considering two filtration alternatives. The sand had effective diameter of 0.62mm, uniformity coefficient of 1.42 and specific gravity of 2,632 kg/m3. Activated carbon had an effective diameter of 1.8mm, coeficiente uniformity of 0.58, a humidity of 2.10%, and density of 0.358 g/cm3. Activated carbon filter had a flow rate of 0.35 m³/h, higher than the mixed filter (0.20 m³/h), even as the filtration rate was higher (34.26 m³/m2.d) and the Mixed filter of 19.19 m³/m2.d. The roof contributed to rainwater quality degradation, increasing the values of apparent color, turbidity, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity in relation to atmospheric water, which was already expected; The self-cleaning didn’t had a proptious performance, because there was increase in the variables value apparent color, turbidity, total coliforms and E. Coli in relation to water collected after the roof; The tank was the part of system that best contributed to the improvement of rainwater quality, because there was a decrease in the variables value apparent color, turbidity and electrical conductivity in relation to water after self-cleaning; The mixed filter and the activated carbon filter didn’t had a proptious performance, because decrease the water quality arriving from the tank for all variables. The mixed filter get better results than activated carbon filter. The mixed filter was also the best financial alternative in the system. In the tank were found about 7 different microorganisms, between them: zooplankton, algae frustules and fungal spores. EURHT didn’t produce rainwater for drinking purposes, because there were pathogenic microorganisms, besides values of variables above the limit of the ordinance 2914 (BRASIL, 2011), and there is a requirement for disinfection at end of the treatment process.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Regionalização de precipitações via fuzzy C-means(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-04-05) GOMES, Evanice Pinheiro; BLANCO, Claudio José Cavalcante; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8319326553139808The knowledge of the precipitation behavior is indispensable, since any change in its quantity and spatial and temporal distributions have an important impact on nature and consequently on the various human activities. However, in precipitation studies, the lack of rainfall monitoring, generating the lack of information over time and spatially in the river basins is a problem for the understanding of this variable. In order to overcome this problem, the rainfall regionalization method was proposed. The main idea was to divide the Tocantins Araguaia - RHTA hydrographic region into homogeneous regions, defined by the Fuzzy C-means method. The Euclidean distance was adopted as a measure of similarity and the fuzzification parameter, ranging from 1.2 to 2.0, and the explanatory variables of rainfall (altitude, latitude and longitude) were used as input data. Three homogeneous regions were obtained, which were validated by the PBM index and the heterogeneity test. The frequencies of observed rainfall events were generated for the 83 rain gauge stations, distributed in their respective regions, and calibrated by the Normal, Log-Normal, Gama, Gumbel, Exponential, Logarithmic and Weibull probability functions. With the application of the chi-square test, we defined the best probability function in the occurrence of rainfall in each homogeneous region. The validation of the probabilities functions was performed in 9 target stations, using the chi-square test. In this stage, it was observed that for annual average precipitation, data adherence occurred to all the rain gauge stations, since they presented results of the chi-square test of less than 5.99 (for Log-normal distribution functions). It was also observed that for monthly average precipitation, data were adhered to all the rainfall stations with the Gama and Weibull functions. For the simulation of rain depth, Linear, Potential, Exponential and Logarithm models were tested through the multiple regression method, using as independent variables, altitude, latitude and longitude. As performance criterion of the models, the R², R²_a, E%, ε%, NASH and RMSE were used. In the simulation of annual averages, the Linear model presented the best performance indices. In the estimation ofviii monthly averages, all multiple regression models did not perform well, with errors above 50%, which motivated the estimation of monthly rainfall for rainy and dry periods. In this new approach the regression models presented excellent performance criteria with errors below 10%. The performance indexes allowed us to conclude that the regional models developed for the homogeneous regions of rainfall, defined by the Fuzzy C-Means method, are a good option in the estimation of annual and monthly average rainfall and are important for a better understanding of the rainfall regime in RHTA, and can serve as a tool for better planning of water resources in the region.