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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise bioeconômica da produção de novilhos precoces de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento, em Paragominas, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-08-29) MAIA, Janaina Teles da Silva; DOMINGUES, Felipe Nogueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1461187309835749; OAIGEN, Ricardo Pedroso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8056365542183068
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a system of early termination of steers, in feedlot from, zootechnical and economic indicators, as well as compare the performance of different genetic groups (crosses with zebu and taurine). The study was conducted on private property in the municipality of Paragominas, Pará, which were used in the experiment the animals own production system, randomly selected from three genetic groups: Nellore, ½Angus ½Nellore e ½Charolais ½Nellore, but with date of birth and approximate weight, ie, the same contemporary group. The experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 with animals from birth, 2010 (67 animals) and 2011 (63 animals), respectively, all with an average age of 21 months at the beginning of feedlot season. To evaluate the production performance animals were weighed every 28 days, following a solids fasting period of 16h. Each week samples of concentrated feed, silage, and total diet (silage + concentrate) for analysis bromatological were collected. Economic data were collected on the property, and tabulated and analyzed in MS Excel. The results showed especially the animals crossing ½Charolais ½Nellore as the medium of performance indicators, statistically not differing in some aspects from the crossing ½Angus ½Nellore junction, but always with higher values. As for economic data showed positive indicators feedlot for two years of the experiment, with profitability and average return of 8.5% and 9%, respectively, highlighting the genetic group ½Charolais ½Nellore, as the most profitable, due to higher carcass yield.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Biologia reprodutiva e crescimento do muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1776) em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) CASTRO, Andréa Bezerra de; GUIMARÃES, Diva Anelie de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2891287458034896
The data for this work was acquired in the dependences of the Zoo Botanic Park of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi during the years of 1992 to 1997. The objective was to study the reproductive biology and the growth of the Scorpion Mud Turtles in captivity. Thus, a verification was made of the biometrical correlations and the sexual dimorphism between males and adult females, the type of reproduction and the number of eggs per clutch, the incubation period and the percentage of eclosion, the connection between the size of the eggs and the hatching, and between the biometrical data of the female with its eggs and hatchling, the biometric growth and the weight of the species, the age when the sexual dimorphism occurs in the young ones and the age of the first oviposition. A group of adults and 70 hatching of the Zoo Botanic Park was used. Data obtained demonstrated that the adult males (n=75) had a long tail and a black pigmented head and presented an a average weight of 314,05 g, carapace length of 14,79 cm, carapace width of 9,79 cm, plastron length of 12,3 cm, plastron width of 7,46 cm and 4,5 cm of height. The adult females (n=176) had a short tail and yellow head, and had an average weight of 430,08 g, carapace length 1,26 cm, carapace width of 11,31 cm, plastron length of 13,35 cm, plastron width of 8,01 cm and 5,51 cm of height. All the studied variants showed significant differences between the values of adult females and the adult males. The mating season was from April until August, characterizing a seasonal reproduction. The nest building occurred between the months of May and September and was divided in the following phases: deambulation, opening of the hollow, oviposition, closing of the hollow and abandonment of the nest. There was no difference between the number of eggs laid by young or adult females. The average number laid by an adult female was 2,45 with a variation of 01 to 07 eggs and by a young one was 2,7 with a variation of 02 the 07 eggs. However, the eggs of the adult females were bigger in weight, length and width than that of the young females. The eggs had a pink colored elongated form, with a white spot in the center and the rind was hard and smooth (n=701), and they presented average weight, length and width of respectively 9.6 g, 3.8 cm and 2.0 cm. The incubation period was 136 days, varying between 111 and 164 (n=426) and an eclosion of 86,61%. The carapace weight, the width, and the width of the plastron of the females were determinative for the weight and width of the eggs. The weight and width of the eggs were determinative for the weight, carapace length and plastron length of the newborn. The young (n=887) were born with an average weight of 6,5 g, carapace length of 3,1 cm, carapace width of 2,2 cm, the plastron length of 2,7 cm, plastron width of 1,8 cm and carapace height of 1,6 cm. The weight and measures of the female were determinative for the weight, and measures of the newborn. At 22,49 months of age, there appeared the first signals of sexual dimorphism. The species showed a positive correlation between the weight and the biometric length, width and hight until the 37,95 months of age, after that age the ponderal continued to increase while the rate of increase of the length was smoother. With 37,94 months the standard deflexion of the ponderal weight was the largest seen on all ages, probably as the result of the sexual dimorphism already present at this age. At this age it was seen the first oviposition of the group that had a carapace with 11,84 cm of length. At 47.02 month the group showed an average weight of 410,9 g and 14,15 carapace length, values similar to the ones found in the studied adult animals.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caça em assentamento rural no Sul da Floresta Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-05-07) TRINCA, Cristiano Trapé; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352
In this study, 1 investigated the effects on the local populations of wild mammals of the hunting activities of the residents of a rural settlement in the Amazonian forest of the northern part of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The second part of the Japuranã settlement — the study site — was occupied three years ago. Formal interviews were conducted with 17 settlers. Additional information was collected informally, during all forms of contact with settlers during the study period. The majority of settlers are from southern and southeastern Brazil. Typically, they are semi-literate rural workers, with very low monthly income. The principal hunting techniques used are "ambush", "chase with dogs" and "excursion". Game meat was an important part of settlers' diets, and was included in about a third of meals. The activities of 14 hunters were monitored between May and November, 2003, during which they captured 113 mammals belonging to 17 species. Analyses of population structure based on crania were possible for only two species, the white-lipped (Tayassu pecari and the collared (Pecari tajacu) peccaries. The analysis indicated that the situation of the structure of the population of the T.pecari and the P.tajacu is sensible and could seriously be affected if the pressure increase. An estimated 4096.3 kg of game was extracted from an area of approximately 38 km2, representing an average consumption of 0.268 kg of meat per person per day. Line transect population surveys were conducted at three sites, two in the settlement and a third in a nearby "control" area of continuous forest where hunting is not practised. Over a total transect of 108 km, 15 species of mammal and four species of bird were recorded, with relatively high sightings rates in comparison with most other sites in central and eastern Amazonia. However, species richness and abundance were greater at both settlement sites in comparison with the control. The abundance of ungulates (peccaries and deer), the primary game species, was also greater in the settlement (both sites) in comparison with the control. This suggests clearly that hunting pressure has not yet had a significant impact on the mammal populations of the settlement, at least in terms of abundance. The majority (85.8%) of hunting was directed at subsistence, while 8.0% involved the control of predators of domestic stock, and the remaining 6.2% was "predatory", basically for the protection of the dogs during chase hunting. Despite this pressure, the relative abundance of mammals in the settlement suggests that hunting is sustainable over the short term (three years), possibly as a result of the natural abundance of mammals in the region, and the still reduced human population density. However, this situation may not last long, given that deforestation and consequent habitat fragmentation is an ongoing process, and there are no controls on hunting in the area. The results of this study provide an important data base for the development of management plans for the local fauna, involving the local community, government, environmental organisations, and research institutions. These plans will be fundamental to both the conservation of species and the more efficient exploitation of game resources by local settlers.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Características fenotípicas e manejo genético de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) leiteiros: ranqueamento de reprodutores
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-10) MARQUES, Larissa Coelho; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0104908318773676
The buffalo is an animal that can compete with differentiated products on internal and world markets, which presents own features and great performance when processing by-products and derivatives. Despite this, buffalo agribusiness resents of enhancers animals proved and / or tested to meet a demand that is vital for better genetic pattern. This study aimed to evaluate phenotypic characteristics of production milk and reproduction efficient of buffalo and perform genetic analyzes determining parameters and genetic index aimed at selection of buffalo to prepare a ranking of genetically superior breeding, increasing production chain of buffaloes in the Amazon region. We used 2,459 phenotypic records of Murrah, Mediterranean and half-blood buffaloes of EMBRAPA - CPATU herd from period between 1953 to 2013. The characteristics evaluated were: total milk production (TMP), fat percentage (F), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and service period (SP). The descriptive analysis began with the editing of the data worked in the environments of Excel spreadsheet and SAS package. The overall results were: TMP = 1741.00 ± 496.48 kg, F = 7.07 ± 0.86%, AFC = 49.39 ± 7.37 months, CI = 13.16 ± 0.79 months and SP = 91.52 ± 24,22 days. In the analysis of variance for TMP the most significant effects were the birth order and the degree of blood from female, and to F was degree of female blood and AFC was calving season and birth order and CI and SP were station childbirth and the calf sex. The phenotypic correlations between TMP and F was 0.034, between TMP and AFC 0.118, between TMP and CI 0.070, between TMP and SP 0.070, between F and AFC -0.113, between F and CI -0.025, -0.025 between F and SP, among AFC and CI 0.445, 0.445 between AFC and SP and between CI and SP 1.00. Genetic analysis began with the editing of the data discussed in the environments of Excel spreadsheet and the SAS package and genetic analyzes were performed by WOMBAT software. For estimation of genetic parameters we used the animal model with two-trait analysis. The TMP was regressed depending on length of lactation and the regression coefficient was used for correction of lactation in 305 days (PL305). Fixed effects were contemporary group and linear and quadratic effects of birth female age as (co) variable. AFC and SP model was the same as described above with the exclusion of the term of the maternal permanent environmental effect. The heritability estimates for Murrah were: 0.49 for TMP; 0.59 for F; 0.75 for AFC; 0.006 for CI and 0.06 for SP; for the Mediterranean race were 0.31 for TMP; 0.08 for F; 0.78 for AFC; 0.90 for CI and 0.90 for SP. Genetic correlations between TMP and other features in the Murrah were 0.065 TMP and F; TMP and AFC 0.097, -0.450 TMP and CI and 0.079 TMP and SP for the Mediterranean were: -0.267 TMP and F; 0,629 TMP and AFC; 0.559 TMP and CI and 0.624 CI TMP and SP. The ranking of bulls / breeding was based on predictions of probable transmission ability (PTA's), using the SAS package which allows editing a bulls catalog of buffalo species of EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental in that period. Based on the results the variability of the studied herd is likely to be crafted with the genetic management for both production characteristics as to the reproductive efficiency.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Etnoconhecimento do peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis): uso tradicional por ribeirinhos na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós Arapiuns e Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-03-16) AGUILAR, Carla Verônica Carrasco; GUIMARÃES, Diva Anelie de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2891287458034896
Hunting is practiced by rural Amazonian populations, as much for subsistence as for commercial purposes. By interacting directly with nature, Amazonians have some understanding of the environment, as well as the autochthonous species they hunt. The Amazon manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is an animal traditionally utilized by riverine people, despite being protected by law since 1967. The main objectives of this document was: 1 – to analyze the use of the Amazonian manatee in the Tapajós Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (RESEX T/A) and in the Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós), according to the traditional knowledge of riverine people; 2 - to characterize the level of social organization of the communities as a way of assessing the feasibility of establishing sustaintable alternatives of animal production. Two expeditions were undertaken to gather the required information from the margins of the Tapajós River (2002) and the Arapiuns River (2003) (Pará State, Brazil), on the borders of the aforementioned Protected Areas (PAs). Prepared questionnaires were given to 189 interviewees. The principal occupation of those interviewed was agriculture (n = 103 interviewees). According to the responses, one or two manatees, on average, are sighted during the flood season by each respondent, and in this same period the females are often seen with their young. The manatee is sighted as much in the Tapajós River (41.57%, n = 74) as in the lakes of the same region (47.19%, n = 84), while in the Arapiuns River communities, reports indicate a greater number of sightings in the river (56.56%, n = 56) than in the lakes (30.30%, n = 30). Forty nine respondents from the 2 study areas admitted that they have hunted manatees. In RESEX T/A, 46.34% (n = 19) of these respondents hunted only for subsistence, while in FLONA Tapajós 50% (n = 4) of hunting was reported to be for commerce and 37.5% (n = 3) for subsistence. It is important to note, however, that the number of respondents in FLONA Tapajós was too low to establish a clear pattern of utilization of the manatee in these communities. In both PAs, 92.59% (n = 175) of the hunters knew about the law prohibiting hunting of manatees, and in 46.33% (n = 101) of these cases, IBAMA was the primary information source. Regarding hunting equipment, the harpoon club is the most commonly used implements. Manatees are hunted primarily for food, with three types of meat being extracted from the animal. In traditional medicine, manatee fat is used primarily in cases of rheumatism (22.75%, n = 43). Together, the 2 PAs have approximately 26,000 inhabitants. Offering sustainable food, work and income alternatives could improve the difficult realities faced by these communities. Historically, there has been a struggle for land ownership and improved quality of life in the PAs. Accordingly, 86.77% of the RESEX and 68% of the FLONA communities belong to associations for community development. Both PAs have been involved with community projects, although limitations still exist in some communities, such as the lack of continuous technical assistance or a stronger involvement on the part of the communities. These factors represent an important limitation in implementing productive activities within the context of sustainable development.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Manejo de Scaptotrigona Sp. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) para polinização da rambuteira (Nephelium Lappaceum L.)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-07-31) LEÃO, Kamila de Sousa; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3815182976544230; VENTURIERI, Giorgio Cristino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7180149611727426
Meliponini bees can be easily kept and they are important crop pollinators. This study aimed to manage a Scaptotrigona species to improve pollination in rambutan trees (Nephelium lappaceum L.). The first chapter analysed the phenological development (flowering and fruit phases) in rambutan crop. Two blossom periods per year were identified. The average cycle duration (from anthesis to harvest fruit point) was 123-128 days. The objective of the second chapter was evaluate the effect of Scaptotrigona sp. nests in rambutan fruit set. There were not significantly differences on rambutan fruit set upon bee presence or absence, although Scaptotrigona sp. presented high index of pollen fidelity to rambutan. The last chapter focused on a specific question about stingless beekeeping. It was tested whether a rational hive model (Embrapa) was better than a traditional hive (cabocla) for Scaptotrigona sp. management, by evaluating certain aspects, such as biological adaptation and management, . It was found that the studied hive (Embrapa) is a suitable model to rational creation of Scaptotrigona.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção in vitro de embriões de caititu (Pecari tajacu) criados em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06-13) FERREIRA, Ana Cássia Sarmento; GUIMARÃES, Diva Anelie de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2891287458034896
This work considers the application of reproduction biotechniques on species Pecari tajacu designed to improve its potential for upbringing in captivity and aiming its production, conservation and the multiplication of genetical resources. To determine the maturation time in vitro, 48 females were utilized. An amount of 69 CCOs were selected and divided in 4 groups, per age and per time of MIV. They were then submitted to parthenogenetic activation in ionomycin and 6-DMAP. For the meiotic progression analysis, 165 oocytes were divided in 4 groups according to supplementation of hormones in MIV and time of maturation. For the cryopreservation, epididymal sperm of 9 males were utilized, diluted in Tris-fructose and ACP-120 and divided in groups of refrigeration at 4°C and freezing at -196 °C in the presence of glutathione (GSH), where the parameters of motility, vigor and viable sperm were evaluated, after fresh dilution and cryopreservation. For the embryo production, 97 oocytes after MIV of 36 hours were divided in groups of parthenogenetic activation, IVF and ICSI. Through parthenogenetic activation the rates of cleavages were obtained (47%) for the oocytes of females with less than 2 years of age, submitted to MIV in 36 hours. In all groups cleavages were observed, but with no significant difference (P>0,05) among the groups analysed. One blastocyst rate of 15,4% was observed only in the group of oocytes activated after MIV of 44 hours. In the meiotic progression analysis, in all times analyzed oocytes were found in MII. In the cryopreservation of the spermatozoa it was observed a drop of the parameters analyzed in the two extenders in all groups. The presence of glutathione did not interfere significantly in the parameters analyzed. In the freezing, the rates of motility and viable sperm were superior in ACP-120 (> 50%) and in the freezing in tris-fructose, 33% and 18%. The production of embryos in vitro was well succeeded in the parthenogenetic activation (62,9%) and in ICSI (52,6%). In IVF the rates were low (7%). The production of blastocyst occurred only in the partenotes embryos (4,5%). The results of this work showed the feasibility of reproductives biotechniques, such gametes conservation and in vitro production of embryos of the species Pecari tajacu.