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Alimentação, distribuição espacial e sazonal das espécies de Arius (Siluriformes : Ariidae) do Estuário amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999-08-30) MENDES, Fabrício Lemos de Siqueira; BARTHEM, Ronaldo Borges; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4192105831997326
The Family Ariidae (Order Siluriformes) contains marine and estuarine catfishes distributed along the coasts of ali the continents, inhabiting tropical and subtropical shores where they live in shallow waters with sandy or muddy bottoms. In the Amazon River estuary in Pará State, Brazil, there are seven species belonging to the genus Anus (A. couma, A. parkeri, A. rugispinis, A. quadriscutis, A. grandicassis, A. phrygiatus e A. proops). The aim of this study is to identify feeding preference, feeding overlap, spatial distribution and seasonal distribution of the species of genus Anus (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of the Annazon stuary. Collections were made from August to October 1996, and February to April and August to October 1997. Specimens were captured with bottom nets without escape doors belonging to the piramutaba fishing fleet of the Amazon estuary. There are two species groups in the genus Anus: those that feed on crustaceans (A. rugispinis, A. quadriscutis, A. grandicassis, A. phtygiatus e A. proops), and those that feed on fish (A. couma, A. parken). In relation to feeding overlap, ali the species demonstrated a certain degree of feeding overlap, as well as spatial overlap. A. couma and A. phrygiatus. are the most abundant in the 5-10 m depth range and A. rugispinis, A. quadriscutis, A grandicassis and A. parkeri e A. proops in the 10-20 m range. A. phrygiatus is the only species that has a greater abundance during the rainy season, and the other species are present both in the dry as well as the rainy season.
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Análise biogeográfica da avifauna de uma área de transição cerrado-caatinga no Centro-Sul do Piauí, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-01-16) SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044
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Califorídeos (Diptera, Oestroidea) associados a cadáveres suínos em uma área de cerrado na Reserva Ecológica do Inhamum, Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil: subsídios para aplicação em processos forenses
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-05-22) SILVA, José Orlando de Almeida; ESPOSITO, Maria Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112497575917273
The objective of this study was to determine the fauna and the pattern in the temporal distribution of blow flies collected visting or reared from pig carcasses in a cerrado area at the Reserva Ecológica do Inhamum (REI), Caxias, MA. Two experiments were performed, one in the dry season (July and August of 2010) and the another in the rainy season (March and April of 2011). In each experiment three pig carcasses weighing 12 kg each were utilized. The carcasses were placed inside wire metal cages to prevent the access of large scavengers. A suspended trap was placed above each cage to capture adult blow flies that visited the pig carcass. Trays containing sawdust were placed under the cages in order to collect larvae leaving the carcass for pupation. A total of 51,234 specimens was collected. Of these, 25,093 adults were collected in the suspended traps and 26,141 adults were reared from the carcasses. The following species were identified: Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1843), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Hemilucilia benoisti Séguy, 1925, Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805), Hemilucilia townsendi Shannon, 1926, Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1818) and Lucilia sp1. Chrysomya rufifacies and H. townsendi are new records for Brazil. Cochliomyia macellaria and C. idioidea were the most abundant among the adults collected in traps, and C. albiceps and C. rufifacies were most abundant among reared specimens. The species of Hemilucilia were the only ones not reared from the carcasses. The mean time of decomposition of the pig carcasses was 10 days, and there was no difference between carcasses exposed in dry and rainy seasons. In adition, the duration of each decomposition stage did not vary between the two seasons. The duration of the stages was different, and the fermentation stage was the longest. Lucilia eximia, C. idioidea and C. macellaria, collected in the traps, were the pioneers in colonizing the pig carcasses, and they were found in all stages of decomposition. However, only L. eximia showed an association with the Initial stage, according to the IndVal index. The larvae of L. eximia were the first to leave the carcasses for pupation, followed by C. macellaria, C. albiceps and C. rufifacies. According to the IndVal index, the adults of H. townsendi and H. benoisti collected in the traps, were the only species that showed an association with only one stage, the Bloated stage. Chrysomya rufifacies and C. megacephala showed an association with the Black Putrefaction and Fermentation stages. The other species showed an association with four stages. With respect to species reared from carcasses, L. eximia and C. macellaria were the only ones that showed an association with the Bloat stage, and C. rufifacies and C. albiceps were the only species that had an association with the Dry Decay stage. The abundance values of L. eximia, C. idioidea, C. macellaria, C. albiceps, and C. rufifacies, collected in the traps, were different between the stages of decomposition, and the Black Putrefaction was the more attractive to these species. The abundance values of C. albiceps, C. rufifacies, and L. eximia, reared from the carcasses, were different between the stages, and the Dry Decay and Black Putrefaction stages showed the higher abundance of Chrysomya species and L. eximia, respectively. The species of L. eximia and C. idioidea, collected in the traps, and reared specimens of C. rufifacies were more abundant in the rainy season. With respect to the specimens collected in the traps, the ordination analyses showed that the community of blow flies has higher similarity between the Black Putrefaction, Fermentation and Dry Decay stages, due to higher richness and abundance values. However, with respect to the reared species, the community of the Fermentation and Dry Decay stages were the most similar. These results contribute to understanding the successional process of visitors adults and reared larvae of blow flies during the decomposition of pig carcasses in a cerrado area of the state of Maranhão.
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Caracterização do uso da fauna cinegética em aldeias das etnias Wayana e Aparai na terra indígena parque do Tumucumaque, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) VELTHEM LINKE, Iori Leonel Arnoldo Hussak Van; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581
The game is very important for the maintenance of traditional ways of life of indigenous peoples in the Amazon. However, when the game is not made in a sustainable way the pressure can lead to local extinctions and imbalances in the ecosystem. This study aims to characterize the use of wildlife hunting in two villages of ethnic Wayana and Aparai who lives in Parque Indígena do Tumucumaque, northern of Pará State. Were tracked and interviewed 29 hunters in 60 days of data collection. The interviews have raised 45 species of mammals occurring in the area and also the main game species with their respective seasons of hunting. Altogether 219 animals were hunted from 35 different species, totaling 2,558 kg of biomass. The species was hunted more Tayassu peccary (n = 50; 1,350 kg), second was Ateles paniscus (n = 30, 261 kg). The most hunted bird was Crax Alector (n = 18, 58.5 kg), and the green lizard Iguana iguana was the most hunted reptile (n = 18, 37 kg). Of these, all were within the expected average weights. Only for I. iguana statistical difference was observed in sex ratio, and all the A. paniscus killed were females. The curves of survivalship of the most hunted mammals, T. peccary, A. paniscus, Cebus apella (n = 16) and Cuniculus paca (n = 12) points to a sharp withdrawal of adult and senile animals. The favorite game species were, in descending order, A. paniscus, C. apella, C. paca, T. peccary, Pecari tajacu, Tapirus terrestris, Alouatta macconnelli, Mazama americana, C. Alector and Psophia crepitans. By the hunting methods of active-selective and non-selective-opportunistic were recorded the same number of animals hunted. Due to the hunting of large mammals, the largest amount recorded opportunistic forms of biomass harvested (1590 kg), while selective methods focused primates and birds, totaling 968 kg. Due cultural issues, the Wayana and Aparai hunters seek animals when they are fat. They rarely hunt animals outside the species hunting seasons. The activity of fishing yielded 1211.7 kg of 44 morphospecies. The game was about 2/3 of all biomass consumed. Meals based on game meat were more extensive and yielded more protein than meals with fish. The per capita daily consumption of game was 104.37 g and 22.44 g of fish. The area used to hunt of the two villages was estimated at 518.73 km ². The analysis of sustainability of hunting suggests that only C. apella and A. paniscus are being over-exploited.
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Caracterização e dinâmica espacial da caça de primatas em comunidades ribeirinhas da Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015) PEREIRA, Priscila Maria; VALSECCHI, João; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8353254163114394; QUEIROZ, Helder Lima de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3131281054700225
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Desenvolvimento do dimorfismo sexual nos macacos-de-cheiro (Saimiri VOIGT, 1831)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005) MUNIZ, Izaura da Conceição Magalhães; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
The squirrel monkeys Saimiri Voigt, 1831 are arboreal and agile primates with a relatively small body as compared to other New World primates. The species are distributed in the Amazon and part of Central America. Several investigations were contucted in order to stablish the taxonomic groups in Saimiri. However, the results of these investigations showed an amount of divergences as to the classification, taxon validity as well as the taxonomic status. In this genus, there are sexual differences with regard to the pattern of coloration of skin, size and form of canine teeth and in the annual spermatogenic cycle in males that characterises the fatted condition due to the deposition of subcutaneuos fat. During this period, the males present an increase in weight ranging from 15 to 20%. The present study aimed to analyse the sexual dimorfism in Saimiri sciureus, comparing the results with other five species of the genus Saimiri (S. cassiquiarensis, S. juruanus, S. ustus, S. boliviensis e S. vanzolinii). A total of 610 specimens were analysed from the collections of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). The age classes were determined according to the morphology of the dental arch described on the basis of the eruptive sequence of deciduous and permanent teeth. Data on chromatic characteristics were collected to analyse the preauricular patch of females in relation to the process of dental eruption, cranial morphology to verify the sexual and age differentiation. In addition, twenty one cranial measurements were perfomed using the Student t-test. There were no differences in the coloration of the skin among the sexual classes up to the adult age in any sexes. There were no differences in the coloration of the skin among the age classes in males. The blackish preauricular patch is an exclusive trait of adult females, however it is not related to ontogeny. The beginning of the sexual dichromatism of the skin is not associated with the rising of dimorfism in cranial morphology, specially of teeth. Macroscopic sexual differences such as size and morphology of cranium, morphology of face, bizygomatic distance and morphology of jaw could be observed from the subadult age. The findings indicated that the sexual dimorfism for the species analysed is better observed in the variables related to the mastigatory apparatus. Moreover, sexual differences in the mophology of cranial bones could be clearly identified among subadult individuals of any taxon. The males were bigger than females from the subadult age onwards and the most conspicuous characteristic of the sexual dimorfism is the cranium length. The species differ from each other because they presented an exclusive or a group of morphometric variables demonstrating the sexual dimorfism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversidade de mamíferos e uso da fauna nas Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá e Amanã - Amazonas - Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005) AMARAL, João Valsecchi do; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
The northern part of western Amazon in Brazil has had few studies related to the diversity of mammals, especially in the Içá-Japurá and Japurá-Negro rivers interfluves. This fauna, as well as birds and reptiles, has been constantly impacted by human led activities, like hunting. This study had two main objectives, to initiate a systematic survey of the diversity of mastofauna in different habitats of Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, and to investigate its patterns of use by local human population. An updated species list was created to cover the Iça-Japurá and Japurá-Negro rivers interfluves, as well as to each sample area. An analysis of hunting practices was made to determine íts impacts on the local fauna of mammals, bírds and reptiles and to generate subsidies to the elaboration of management plans for these protected arcas. To carry out this analysis, huntíng expeditions were monítored in six villages in Mamirauá Reserve and four in Amanã, during a period of two years. Two major field expeditions were made in both areas and the survey produced represents the first systematic investígation about the diversity of mammals in Amanã, which considered every order present in the region. In addition to that, the list of mastofauna produced for Mamirauá through this study added 25% more species than previous lists. It was identified 57 mammal species in Amanã and 40 in Mamirauá. Furtherrnore, the results already obtained have elucidated prior queries about a few mammal species present in these Reserves. Mammal diversity was central to the hunting patterns found during the study period. In Amanã typical Amazonian hunting patterns were encountered, that is, herbivore mammals and large and medium sized bírds were mostly hunted and represented the highest percentage of prey weight. The main huntíng pattern found in Mamirauá was the use of Chelonia, Prímates and Aves (medium and large sized). Finally, considerations were made about the establíshment of strategies toward the management of the cynergetic fauna in the areas under study, in order to contribute to a future sustainable model of wildlife use, one that takes in consideration biological, economical and cultural aspects in the region.
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Efeito da paisagem sobre a diversidade de vertebrados terrestres em fragmentos florestais na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-01-17) SILVA, Jacqueline Almeida da; MASCHIO, Gleomar Fabiano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7967540224850999
Context: The advance of anthropic activities on the Amazonian frontier has provoked an intense process of forest fragmentation that reduces biodiversity and subjects the species to a situation of high vulnerability. Objectives: To test the relation of fragment size, isolation and characterization of the forest fragments matrix, on the wealth of amphibians of the order Anura, reptiles of the order Squamata and mammals of small, medium and large size. Methods: The study was carried out in 12 fragments in the northeast of the Amazon. The size of the fragment was calculated in hectares, the isolation in ENN_MN (mean of the euclidean distance of the nearest neighbors) and the matrix was organized into categories. These landscape metrics were considered as explanatory variables and calculated on three spatial scales: 1, 2 and 3 km. The relationship of the metrics with the richness of terrestrial vertebrates was evaluated through multiple regressions with model selection. Results: 130 species of terrestrial vertebrates were recorded. There was no significant effect of fragment size on spatial scales for any group of species. The isolation was significant only in the 3 km scale for the group of amphibian and snake species. The category of open areas in the matrix was significant in the three spatial scales for the group of species of lizards and mammals of medium and large size. Conclusions: The landscape configuration is extremely important in the context of fragmentation, there were different responses from taxonomic groups, possibly due to differences in habitat use.
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Estudo da comunidade de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores, sob efeito do fogo e da borda, em área de floresta de transição Amazônia-Cerrado, Querência, MT
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-10-10) SANTOS, Paulo Guilherme Pinheiro dos; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581
The deforestation of the Amazon, caused by farming and agribusiness activities in the northern state of Mato Grosso, has committed Transition Forests Amazon-Savanna, before the biodiversity of these areas is known by researchers. The fauna of small non-flying mammals is part of the little-known groups in the region, and may be suffering impacts of human activities, primarily effect of fire, used for cleaning of pastures and deforestation for the soybean plantations. This study characterized the diversity of small mammals not flying in an area of Amazon forest-savannah transition in the northern state of Mato Grosso and investigated the effect of fire and the effect of edge on this group of fauna. Two areas of 150 hectares were sampled, a preserved and another under impact of fire, with 183 traps of the type live-trap for three years in two season (dry and rainy seasons). The method used was the capture-mark-recapture. The sampling effort was 23,424-traps night. 390 individuals were captured with a successfully capture of 1.66%. A total of 11 species were caught, 6 rodents and 5 marsupials. Hylaeamys megacephalus was the most abundant species. The diversity of small mammals in the study area was more related to the Savanna than Amazon. In relation to fire, the species richness was not statistically different, but the abundance was significantly higher in transects located in an area without fire. Two distinct groups of transects were characteristic depending on the presence or absence of fire based on the composition of small mammals. The abundance of Hylaeamys megacephalus was significantly higher in transects that suffered no impact from fire. Regarding the effect of edge in Area 2, despite the richness of species was not significantly different, the abundance was significantly higher regarding distance from the border. Already in Area 1, nor richness nor abundance was statistically different regarding distance from the edge. This fact could be masked by both the direct and indirect effect of experimental fire on small mammals. When considered together fire and distance from the border, the relationship between them became clearer, since all transects sampled under effect of the fire had minor abundances. The population size of Hylaemys megacephalus was calculated over five seasons (dry and wet) in the area without influence of fire, and the rainy season of 2006 was statistically different peak and the other that growth can be explained by the “Alle effect”. There was no statistically significant differences in the structure of the community of small non-flying mammals between the dry and rainy seasons. This work contributed to the search of mammal knowledge at this region threatened by human pressures.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo de Simuliidae (Diptera : Nematocera) e seus criadouros em igarapés do município de Santo Antônio do Tauá, estado do Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-05-03) SANTOS, Emerson Monteiro; GORAYEB, Inocêncio de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2391620537048479
Considering the importance of black flies to human and animal health and to stream ecology, the simuliid fauna of Santo Antônio do Tauá. Pará state, northern Brazil, was studied through determination of the breeding habitat, introduction in streams of artificial breeding substrates for colonization by larvae, analysis of the aquatic insects associated with simuliid breeding sites, biting times and frequencies of anthrophilic black fly species, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the vegetation at breeding sites, physical and chemical analyses of stream water at these sites, analyses of local weather conditions, and morphometrics of immature Simulium quadrifidum to determine the number of larval instars. The aquatic insect faunas and the respective relative abundances of Simuliidae in two streams were studied. The species that were collected are Simulium perflavum, Simulium quadrijidum, Simulium incrustatum and Simulium goeldii. The immature forms of Simulium perflavum were the predominant ones in disturbed environments, clear waters. Simulium quadrifidum predominated in generally unaltered, black water environments, with low nutrient levels. Simulium incrustatum was more abundant in environments with low vegetation and found Only in clear waters. Simulium goeldii was registered only in areas of primary forest (that is, those showing little alteration) and was more abundant in black waters. The factor that most interfered with simuliid larvae colonizing the artificial substrates was the constant oscillation in the water level of the streams during the time that these substrates were exposed in the water. Aquatic insects were more abundant during the dry season. The biting habits of female Simulium incruslatum were studied for the first time in Pará: two daily peaks in biting frequency were observed with human volunteers, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, with biting frequencies showing significant differences among vegetation types during these periods, and a significant negative correlation with air temperature in secondary forest during the dry season. The number of larval instars was determined for Simulium quadrificlum, and females of this species were found to oviposit only during the afternoon at 16:30h. New records of predators of adult black flies are presented.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo sobre a distribuição da malária no Pará e sua correlação com fatores ambientais e socioeconômicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) FERNANDES, Willian Ricardo da Silva; ALBERNAZ, Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1220240487835422
The malaria is a parasitic disease caused by Protozoa of genus Plasmodium that completes its complex cycle of development alternating between human hosts and mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. In the world-wide context, it constitutes a serious problem of public health that mainly affects the developing countries of tropical and subtropical climate. In Brazil, one gives credit that 99.5% of the registered cases of malaria meet in the Legal Amazonian. Much of the success of this complaint in this region must it biological and environmental factors that favor levels high of vectors, beyond social factors that compromise the efforts to control the disease. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the profile epidemiologist of the malaria in Pará, during a historical series (1999 - 2003), analyzing the influence of environmental and socioeconomic variable on the prevalence of the cases. For such the annual parasitic indices (IPA) of each city had been calculated and, through a SIG, these data they had been georreferencied and studied of temporal and spatial form. Data on the deforestation in the State had been analyzed, through a regression for permutation, to try to explain the temporal variation of the malaria. For the spatial study (multiple regression) the influence of the variable: temperature, rainfall, altitude, education, longevity and income; was tested on the prevalence of the malaria. In the secular study the malaria presented a decreasing trend in the State, however, only 31 cities had presented the same trend, did not have increasing trend, the 112 remaining cities had presented steady trend. Moreover, many cities had alternated increase and reduction of the cases throughout the series, having indicated a good action of control, but a weak performance of the monitoring. In this context the deforestation seems to influence the secular series of the malaria, was gotten resulted significant in two (2001 and 2002) of the three studied years. In the space study the adopted final model, although a low clarifying power (R²=0.31), presented three significant variable: number of dry months, income and education. However, the result of the two first ones is not presented of a direct form, being reflected of other activities. Although the scale adopted and of problems in the aggregation of the data (they are only available for city), this work presents resulted excellent that can assist the managers of the health (or endemic diseases) to direct action of control for the pointed areas as critical, acting in the factors of bigger significance, thus getting better exploitation of available the human resources and material.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A fauna de califorídeos e sarcofagídeos (Insecta, Diptera) das matas e clareiras com diferentes coberturas vegetais da base de extração petrolífera, Bacia do Rio Urucu, Coari, Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-07-21) SOUSA, José Roberto Pereira de; ESPOSITO, Maria Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112497575917273
This research was done at the oil extraction field of Urucu River in Coari, Amazonas, during the months of April, June and October of 2007, in 16 areas, 12 of them forest clearings and four forests, arranged in four environments (C1,C2,C3 and MT) according to type of forest cover. The objective was to study the composition, abundance, wealth, and diversity of Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) and also assess the possibility of these taxons to be used as parameters for evaluation of the condition of vegetal recuperation in clearing areas. The number of calliphorid collected were 7.215 (three subfamilies, eight genera and 16 species), being Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830) (88,06%) and Paralucilia adespota Dear,1985 (4,35%) the most abundant species. The patterns of calliphorid abundance did not differ among the environments, however the e distinctive in relation to the estimated richness and diversity, forming two groups (C1-C2) and (C3-MT). The ordination analysis (non-metric multidimensional scaling) showed that the environment differed among themselves, as well as a greater similarity between C1-C2 and C3-MT, in relation to the structure of calliphorid communities. From the Sarcophagidae family 3.547 species were collected, distributed in 10 genera, six subgenera and 23 species , being Sarcodexia lambens (Wiedemann,1830) (47,05%) and Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann,1830) (19,11%), the most abundant species. The patterns of abundance, estimated richness and diversity for this family differed among environments and separated them into two groups, one from the clearings (C1,C2 and C3) and the other from the forest (MT). The ordination analysis (non-metric multidimensional scaling) showed a separation between sarcophagid fauna from clearings and those from the forests. The canopy cover influenced the pattern of abundance of Eumesembrinella randa Sarcophagidae family, only the abundance of Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans species (Walker,1861) was greater on environments with higher rates of forest canopy. The abundance of Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner,1868), O. fringidea (Curran & Walley,1934), O. thornax (Walker,1849), P. (P.) chrysostoma and S. lambens species presented a negative linear relation with the forest canopy. These results indicate the possibility for use of these patterns as parameters to assess change in the vegetation structure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Filogenia molecular dos xenarthra (Mammalia): análise do grupo cingulata a partir de sequências nucleotídicas do gene mitocondrial rRNA 16S
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-05-01) PAMPLONA NETO, Christóvam; SCHNEIDER, Horacio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3621033429800270
Xenarthra is the group of mammals which include armadillos, anteaters and sloths. South America was the landscape of their natural history. Only toward the end of the Cenozoic they spread from South America to Cen-tral America and, in decreasing variety, farther in North America and to some of the West Indian islands. The 31 extant species are described within xenarthran lineage. They are distributed in 13 genera, four families (Brady-podidae, Magelonychidae, Myrmecophagidae and Dasypodidae) and two or-ders orders (Cingulata and Pilosa). The phylogeny of this group has been addressed by multiple researchers using both morphological and molecular data sets. Through phylogenetic analyses of protein-coding nuclear genes and mitochondrial genes, Delsuc et al. (2003) found evidence for the hy-pothesis of monophyly of the subfamilies Dasypodinae, Tolypeutinae and Euphactinae within the family Dasypodidae. They had generated the fol-lowing tree: (((Bradypus, Choloepus)100, ((Myrmecophaga, Tamandua)100, Cyclopes)100), ((D. kappleri, D. novemcinctus)100, (Tolypeutes, (Priodontes, Cabassous)54)100, (Zaedyus, (Euphractus, Chaetophractus)60)100)). Gaudin (2005) presented a work that reviewed and extended the morphological data available, concluding that the extant armadillos are divided in two groups, a basal group (Dasypodinae) and another more derivative (Euphractinae), in accordance with the following arrangement: (Bradypus, Tamandua), (Dasy-pus, (Priodontes, (Cabassous, (Tolypeutes, (Euphractus, Chaetophractus, (Za-edyus, Ch/amyphorus)42)36)72)72)40)85). In the work described in this dis-sertation, we sequenced part of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene from 12 extant taxa of Xenarthra to perform phylogeny analysis based on maximum-likelihood. Our results are presented analysing the 16S gene data alone, an concatenated with the dataset of Delsuc et al. (2003): (Bradypus, (Choloe-pus, ((Cyclopes, (Myrmecophaga, Tamandua)100)100, (Dasypus, (((Cabas-sous, Priodontes)68, Tolypeutes)100,((Chaetophractus, Euphractus)65, Za-edyus)100)100)100)100)100). Results were similar to those of previous stu-dies. However, an improvement in bootstrap values of certain branches could be noticed. We believe that Transposable Elements (UNES) are the molecular markers more adjusted to confirm uncertain arrangements sugges-ted by phylogenetic analyses mitocondrials and nuclear genes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos da exploração madeireira sobre a fauna de formigas e conseqüências para a remoção de sementes florestais na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001) KALIF, Kemel Amim Bittencourt; MOUTINHO, Paulo Roberto de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7277077476036269
Logging in the Amazon Forest affects approximately 1.5 million hectares of forestlands each year. These activities result in forest structural and microclimatic changes that could potentially affect diversity and animal species composition. Regeneration of these areas could be jeopardized since animals disperse most seeds. On the other hand, it is possible not to affect seed dispersal mechanisms by maintaining forest fauna integrity through the implementation of reduced impact logging techniques. By using ants as an ecologically representative animal group and integrated into the regeneration processes through dispersion and predation, this work evaluated; (1) if logging affects fauna (diversity and species composition), (2) if reduced impact logging techniques are capable of preserving it, and (3) if logging affects ants ecological efficiency in seed removal (dispersion and predation). Logging effects on ants' diversity and species composition, as well as seed removal done by these insects, were studied in three different forest areas in the municipality of Paragominas in the state of Pará. The first area was a forest that went through high impact logging (FC), the second a forest affected by reduced impact logging techniques (FB), and the third one a primary forest used as the control group (FP). Ants’ were sampled four times during 1998 using the Winkler method at four transects per area. The seed removal experiment was conducted by distributing seeds of six wood species through twelve points in each area. During the experiment the daily number of ants and other arthropods that visited the seed points was quantified. The amount of seeds removed was counted at the end of the experiment. Diversity and abundance of ant species were not affected by logging activities. However, species composition changed by 36% in FB and by 37% in FC. The Pheidole genus experienced richness and abundance reduction only in FC. Seed removal was also significantly lower (-33%) in FC compared to the ones registered in FB and FP. Ants represented 92% of all arthropods that visited the seed points in the three forest areas. The bigger seeds were the most removed ones, independently of its seed disperser adaptations and of the studied forest area. The results obtained suggest that forest logging can affect ant species composition, without affecting its diversity (except that of Pheidole). Reduced impact logging techniques have the capacity of preserving Pheidole species diversity, which guarantees seed movements similar to those of a primary forest. Nevertheless, conventional logging can reduce, both the number of species and occurrences of this genus, thus resulting in a reduced number of removed seeds. Such reduction probably jeopardizes forest regeneration after wood extraction.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A influência das características funcionais nas propriedades estruturais das redes de interações entre abelhas e plantas e na especialização das espécies
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-05) BRITO, Renata dos Reis; RIBEIRO, Felipe Martello; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7573847493388303; GIANNINI, Tereza Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5065441638246972; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9830-1204
Interaction networks are regulated by several factors, including functional traits, which one can predict network structural properties and also define the interaction partners pairs. The present study aims to evaluate the influence of functional traits on the structural properties of plant-bee networks and species specialization in forest areas of the eastern Amazon. Interaction data were collected at 14 sampling sites in the Carajás National Forest (Pará; Amazon biome). We used the metrics Interaction Diversity (ID) and Interaction Evenness (IE) to describe the network topological structure. The specialization metric d' was used to determine whether species were generalists or specialists. The functional diversity was represented by the following metrics: Functional Dispersion (FDis) and Functional Evenness (FEve). Z-score analyses were performed to assess whether there were differences in the ID and IE metrics considering the 14 networks analyzed. To assess whether and which bee and plant functional traits are associated with specialization, we used linear models for numerical traits and ANOVA for categorical traits. For the assessment of the relationship between ID and IE with functional diversity, we made a selection of linear models corrected for network size, with network metrics as response variables and functional metrics as predictors. We recorded a total of 60 bee species visiting 74 plant species. Our results showed that there was no significant difference in the ID and IE metrics between the sampling sites. This indicates that the diversity and evenness of interactions did not vary between sampling sites. The species Borreria ocymifolia (Roem. & Schult.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral has on average low values of specialization d'. It is also the most common plant, occurring in 11 of the 14 sampled sites. Another six more common plant species that were identified also have on average low values of specialization d', which may be an indication of opportunistic partner selection in comparison to other species in the networks. The species Trigona guianae Cockerell, 1910 has an average value of specialization d'. It is also the most common bee, occurring at all sampled sites. Functional traits were not related to the specialization d' of either plants or bees. Functional dispersal of plants was positively related to interaction diversity in this study, suggesting that plant communities are functionally more unique. Network size was also positively related to interaction diversity. In conclusion, it is important to consider the diversity and species functions of bee-plant interaction networks to understand the ecology of these relationships.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A influência do ambiente e do espaço em comunidades de peixes estuarinos da Zona Costeira Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) SANTOS, Bruno Ayres; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
One of the objectives of fish assemblage ecology is to identify and predict the structuring patterns of these assemblages in response to biotic and abiotic interactions that occurs within the ecosystem. Specifically at the Amazon Coastal Zone there is growing number of studies being made about the influences of the environment and geographic location structuring estuarine fish assemblages, however, these influences have been evaluated separately, leaving incomplete the understanding of the dynamics within these environments. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the space-seasonal structuring pattern the ichthyofauna at Salinópolis Bay linking assemblage descriptors of fish assemblages with environmental and spatial variables. The sampling period took place on the rain and dry seasons of 2011 within the Salinópolis Bay using traditional sampling methods (bottom fish nets). A total of 1,294 indivuals were captured, distributed in 67 species and 27 families. Species Cathorops spixii (n = 121) and Cathorops agassizii (n = 201) were the most abundant during the rainy season. During the dry season, species Cathorops agassizii (n = 118) and Genyatremus luteus (n = 72) were most abundant. Results shown that fish diversity between seasons are very similar. The environmental and geographic variables do not influence the structure of the fish assemblage, suggesting a random pattern of distribution for this assemblage, following the null model pattern.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais na diversidade e modos reprodutivos de anuros em área de floresta de transição, Mato Grosso
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) BITAR, Youszef Oliveira da Cunha; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Interação mutualística entre aves frugívoras de sub-bosque e plantas no Parque Ecológico de Gunma, Santa Bárbara do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) GOMES, Andreza de Lourdes Souza; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; MARCELIANO, Maria Luiza Videira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4201678009295335
The ingestion of fruits by birds may represent a mutualistic relationship in which they use fruit as nutrient sources keeping intact the seeds. This interaction is described as networks and can present patterns or occurs at random. This study was designed to determine the network structure and the nestedness of interactions between understory bird assemblies and plants from primary and secondary forests at Gunma Ecological Park (PEG), located in the Amazonian region. From March to December of 2007, a total of ten expeditions were conducted for bird capture using mist nets and collection of feces samples for seeds identification. The results were used to determine the connectance, importance index and the nestedness of the mutualistic system. The nestedness in secondary forest was higher than in the primary forest, and the net interaction at Gunma Ecological Park was comprised by 37 species (birds and plants) with connectance of 18% and nestedness of 95%. Birds potentially seed dispersers were represented by 20 species, mainly by the families Pipridae, Tyrannidae, Turdidae and Thaurapidae. Dixiphia pipra was the most important seed disperser species in primary and secondary forest followed by Lipaugus vociferans in primary forest and Cyanerpes caerulens in secondary forest. A total of 17 plants species were found in the diet of birds. Miconia ciliata showed the highest importance index because it interacted with 16 bird species,followed by Phthirusa micrantha in primary forest and Euterpe Oleracea in secondary forest.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inventário da araneofauna (Arachnida, Araneae) do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Piauí, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-03-25) CARVALHO, Leonardo Sousa; BONALDO, Alexandre Bragio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8721994758453503
An inventory of the spider fauna of Sete Cidades National Park (Brasileira and Piracurua municipalities, State of Piauí), is presented using standardized sampling procedures to allow comparisons between the spider assemblages of six phytophysiognomies present at the study site and to obtain richness estimates. Data from sampling with pit-fall traps (PTF), Winkler apparatus (WIN), beating tray (GCE), sweeping net (RV) and nocturnal manual colleting (MN), totalizing 1386 samples were analyzed, together with all other specimens previously collected at the study site (n=1166). The statistical analyses were performed using data obtained with GCE, RV and MN. Altogether, 14.890 individuals (4491 adults), belonging to 364 species, were collected. From these, 72 were determined at specific level, 62 are new records for the study site, 2 are new records for Brazil and 48 were recognized as new species by specialists. The application of the methods GCE, RV and MN resulted in 11.085 spiders, belonging to 303 species. The richness estimates varied between 355 (Boostrap) and 467 (Jack 2) species. The best fit estimator, which first showed a trend to reach an asymptote, was Chao 2 (403 spp.). The observed richness was greater in tropical semideciduous dry forest (mata seca semi-decídua, 131 spp.), followed by the tropical ombrophilous alluvial occasionally flooded forest (mata de galleria, 104 spp.), medium tall grassland consisting mainly of bunch grasses (campo limpo, 102 spp.), evergreen broad-leaved woodland (cerradão, 91 spp.), evergreen broad-leaved sclerophyllous shrubland (cerrado típico, 88 spp.) and smaller in deciduous subdesert shrubland (cerrado rupestre). The efficiency of the collecting methods exhibited variation according to the phytophysiognomy in which it was applied, especially in the case of the sweeping net, which was much more efficient in open areas. The variation in species composition between the sampled phytophysiognomies can be, in part, explained by differences in the structural complexity of these vegetation types. The results of the cluster analysis suggest that, in conditions of high dominance, these tests should be performed with qualitative coefficients, in order to neutralize the effect of coefficient choose and/or the need of data transformation. The Sete Cidades National Park´s spider fauna does not followed the clustering patterns suggested by botanical analysis, by which grasslands, savannas and forested phytophysiognomies are grouped.