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Correlação de poços com múltiplos perfis através da rede neural multicamadas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-11-23) AMARAL, Mádio da Silva; ANDRADE, André José Neves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8388930487104926
Stratigraphic correlation using well logs is a non-trivial geological activity and subject to endless possibilities of misunderstanding about the geometry or continuity of rock layers, for many reasons, like the geological variability and the ambiguous answers of the log tools. Thus, it is common to utilize a great log suite from the same well, for better comprehension. The stratigraphic correlation is a fundamental tool for a geologist or petroleum geophysist, because from its knowledge it is possible to interpret the hydraulic continuities of the reservoirs and to reconstruct the geological setting environment, which may corroborate for the construction of the reservoir geological model. This work produces an automation of manual activities involved in the stratigraphic correlation, with the use of the various well logs, and a convenient architecture of artificial neural network, trained with the backpropagation algorithm. The stratigraphic correlation, obtained from this method, makes the transport of the geological information possible along the basin and gives the interpreter, a general view of the structural behavior of the oil reservoir. With This methodology was possible the automatic construction of a geological block diagram showing the spatial disposition of a particular shale layer, from the well logs: Gamma Ray (GR), Clay Volume (Vsh), Density (ρb) and the Neutron Porosity (φn), selected in the five wells on the Maracaibo Lake basin, in Venezuela.
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Estudo da estrutura geo-elétrica da Região do Juruá, AM, pelo método magnetotelúrico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1991-11-25) PORSANI, Jorge Luís; TRAVASSOS, Jandyr de Menezes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9611024254232348
A clear geoelectric picture from the Juruá region in the Solimões Basin was obtained using magnetotelluric (MT) data. Field data were recorded along three profiles of 15 km long, spaced 3.5 km, covering 100 km2. The spacing between each of the 35 stations was irregular, ranging from 400 m to 3500 m. The frequency range was 0.001 Hz to 300 Hz. This allows investigation depths of 100 m down to 60 km. The data were affected by the so called static effect. To correct that effect the median of the resistivity of the first conductor which corresponds to the Solimões Formation was used. The invariant of the MT tensor was used to interpret the Juruá geoelectric structure. The results are presented in the form of geoelectric sections. The geoelectric sections were obtained using both the Bostick transformation and the 1D Occam inversion at each station. It was possible to identify a sequence of conductive and resistive layers corresponding to the sedimentary sequence, a fault zone and the geoelectric basement characterizing the Solimões Basin. Below the geoelectric basement a conductive zone was also identified, followed by a Low Conductive Layer at depths of 20 km or more. This layer is interpreted as being composed of gabbro, which is associated to processes of vertical accretion, which in turn are linked to both crustal stabilization and lithosphere thickening. The results show a good agreement with resistivity well logs and surface seismic data.
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Geologia e geoquímica das mineralizações supergênicas de ouro das áreas Salobo e Pojuca-Leste, Serra dos Carajás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-11-29) SILVA, Evaldo Raimundo Pinto da; KOTSCHOUBEY, Basile; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0096549701457340
In Salobo sector, the primary gold and copper mineralization occurs in two types of iron formations, both of the silicate facies: Type I composed of magnetite>50% + fayallite + grunerite and Type II constituted of magnetite<50% + biotite + grunerite + almandine, which occurs interlayered in barren metagraywacks. In iron formations gold is present as: i) microscopic (5-14m) and submicroscopic (<0,1 µm) inclusions in magnetite; ii) microscopic and submicroscopic inclusions in primary copper sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite; subordinatelly bornite and chalcosine); and iii) as rare visible gold particles in quartz-carbonate-clorite veins which cut the Type II iron formation. Magnetite is the major gold-bearing mineral at Salobo. In the veins, gold is rich in silver and copper (16,5% and 8,4%, respectively) and exhibits increasing fineness from the border to the center of the particles. In these latter, a negative correlation between silver and copper contents, and exsolution textures suggest a separation between Au-Cu and Au-Ag during gold deposition in veins. The Salobo weathering profile is truncated and developed upon a thick metagraywacke sequence with interlayered iron formations lenses. From bottom to top, the weathering profile consists of a transition zone, a saprolitic zone and a colluvium horizon. The transition zone and the saprolite exhibit textural and mineralogical variations that reflect the heterogeneous composition of the bedrock. Weathering of metagraywacke resulted in a clay-mineral rich saprolite -hidrobiotite, smectite, kaolinite- derived principally from biotite. On the other hand, the alteration of mineralized rocks resulted, from bottom to top of the profile, in a supergene sulphide zone, an oxidized zone and a ferruginous saprolite. The most important supergene sulphides are digenite and covelline, while in the oxidized zone occur minerals such as cuprite, malaquite, azurite, native copper and native silver. In the ferruginous saprolite copper is enriched in clay-minerais (smectite) and in iron oxi-hydroxides. The secundary gold mineralization at Salobo occurs only in the oxidation products of iron formations. Gold exhibits enrichment in two levels of the weathering profile: in the supergene sulphide and oxidized copper minerals zones, and in the intermediate zone of the ferruginous saprolite. In these alteration products, gold occurs as: i) tiny inclusions (7-30m) in refractory magnetite crystals and in fratures of this mineral; ii) as submicroscopic particles inclosed in martitized magnetite crystals; and iii) as submicroscopic particles adsorbed ("invisible gold") in goethite. At Pojuca-Leste the primary gold mineralization is present in quartz-tourmaline-flurite-copper sulphides veins which cut a thick quartz-biotite-schists sequence and in iron formations lenses interlayered in these rocks. Gold occurs as: i) submicroscopic inclusions in chalcopyrite of veins, schists and iron formations; ii) as submicroscopic inclusions in magnetite of iron formation; and iii) as rare microscopic inclusions in quartz of veins. In the veins gold particles shows low fineness 809). The weathering profile at Pojuca-Leste consists of a thick saprolitic horizon and a ferro-aluminous duricrust. The saprolite exhibits compositional variations related to the nature of the parent rocks. It is generally composed of kaolinite, goethite and hematite and its iron contents are higher when derived from iron formations and sulphide veins. The secundary gold mineralization at Pojuca-Leste occurs in alteration products of sulphide veins, in the ferruginous saprolite derived from iron formations and in ferro-aluminous duricrust. In these secondary products, gold is present as: i) rare particles in relict quartz-tourmaline±sulphide veins; ii) as submicroscopic inclusions in martitized cristais of magnetite; iii) as submicroscopic particles adsorbed in goethite from the veins; and as iv) submicroscopic particles adsorbed in Fe-Al oxi-hydroxides of the duricrust. The supergene concentration of gold in Salobo and Pojuca-Leste sectors, envolved principally relative enrichment, and only subordinatelly absolute enrichment. In these areal, gold enclosed in refratary cristais of magnetite and quartz, favoured a relative enrichment during alteration of the primary mineralization. On the other hand, a minar amount of gold enclosed in copper sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite) was released, mobilized and reprecipited in the sulphide oxidation zone during several phases of the lowering of water table. Such evolution resulted in individualization of several enrichment levels, which shows variable lateral extension in the weathering profile. The main factor which controlled the secondary concentration of gold in Salobo and Pojuca-Leste areas was the forro of gold occurrence in the primary ore. In these sectors, gold armoured as tiny inclusions in magnetite and quartz crystals, dificulted the supergene remobilization process and resulted in a high relative enrichment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geoquímica multi-elementar de crostas e solos lateríticos da Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-12-16) ARAÚJO, Eric Santos; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
This work intention is to stand out a sistematic study on the chemical elements dispersion in soils and duricrust, developed over, diversified geological environments lithotypes, under humid tropical climate in the Amazon region-. Two target areas were chosen for soil sampling( Serra dos Carajás-N-5 and Serra do Tiracambu TN-6); the former, a gibbsite rich latosoil, is situated in the southwest part of Pára State; the latter, has a predominartee- of kaolinite and iron oxi-hydroxides overling a bauxite layer, situated in the western border of Maranhão State. Two other areas were selected for duricrust studies, Pirocaua iron-phosphate crust, surrounded by latosoil ( NW of Maranhão State) and Serra dos Carajás target N-1 feruginous crust. The methodology assumed was the same for all targets for both soil and duricrust, as follow: a - sampling grid of 200x200m; b - Three parts separation of soil samples (bulk,<200-14 and -80-F200- mesh- )-for duricrusts were only considered bulk samples; - X-ray difratometric analysis were carried out to determine mineralogical composition and atomic absortion for determination of Ni,Co,Cr,Cr,Mn,V,As and Bi and, Au, through fire assay; d X-ray fluorescence analysis were taken for SiO2,Fe2O3,Al2O3,TiO2,Ba,Y,Nb,Zr,Ga and Sc; PGE (Pt,Pd,Rh) and REE analysis were obtained by aplicai emission spectrography after pre concentration and ICP, respectively. Mineralogical and chemical data were processed in order to obtain basic statistical parameters by using compatible PC-IBMIXT through Geoquant System CPRM 3.1 version, as well as some other complementary softwares CONVERT and QPRO) both in the statistical studies and graphic data display, besides CLUSTER R MOD and Q MOD analysis. Target TN-6 X-ray difratometry soil samples analysis showed a mineralogical homogeneous character as predominantly composed by kaolinite,A1-goethite and anatase. This homogeneity is also present in bulk sample chemical composition and in the analized fractions as well,revealing a distribution of three main geochemical association-SiO2-Al2O3-Cu-Mn-Sr; Fe2O3-V-Cu-Ba-Cr-As-Sc-REE and TiO2-Y-Nb-Zr-Ga-Sc-REE as a reflect of kaolinite, iron oxi-hydroxide and anatase,respectively. On the other hand target N-5 latosoils are made out by gibbsite followed by goethite-hematite and in minor content, kaolinite and anatase. Although this target, from the mineralogical point of view, does not present much difference from the TN-6 except for the presence or gibbsite, it outstands the association of TiO2- Al2O3-Ga-Zr-Sc-Sr as well as Fe2O3-Mn-V-Cr-Sc-As. The former association representing gibbsite and anatase, besides being more consisterrt, surrounds the Fe2O3 association wich in turn reflect iron oxi-hydroxides and, indirectly, the contribution of basic rocks in the latosoils origin. Regarding target N-1duricrust, which presents differents textures (stratified,pisolitic and cavernous), the results obtained showed independently, similar concentration for Mn, Sr,Nb and Ga. Small difference characterize the cavernous duricrust in the gibbsite content and the predominantly presence of Au and Pt. In target N-1, as a whole, the most significant geochemical association was defined by Al2O3-TiO2-Cr-V-Sr-Nb-Zr-Ga-Sc-As. Low concentration of trace elements in this association reflects its origin from sedimentary nature Fe-Mn silicate deprived rocks, with low mafic/ultramafic contribution correlation matrix and groupment analysis in the Pirocaua target stablished two great geochemical associations with equal importance for soils and duricrust. The first, Fe2O3-V-Ga-Ni-Cu-Cr-As, indicates iron minerais, chiefly goethite and hematite, while the second, P2O5-Al2O3-(TiO2)-Sr-Y-Zr-REE reflects the crandallite-goyazite group of phosphates. The iron association is more frequent, occuping great extension of the plateau, not discerning soils or duricrust. So does the Au disperssion which presents indistinctly qualified values for 13 samples averaging 0.2 ppm and 1.01 ppm as maximum value. Arsenic concentratiton achieved an average of 188 ppm in duricrusts and 273 ppm in soils to which are associated the presence of tourmaline (dravite) in soil derived from hydrothermal zones noticiable in some outcrops fractures. Regarding PGE,qualified values for PT ( 0.1 to 0.4ppm) are directly associated to high concentration of Cr ( 1235 ppm in duricrust) and high values of P2O5 ( 11.85% soil to 15.05%-duricrust), this geochemical landscape is an evidence a basic composition vulcanosedimentary bedrock, rich in phosphates for the Serra do Pirocaua. The studies carried out were important in characterizing soils and duricrusts under a geological, mineralogical and chemical pooints of view, considering that, in both sample categories a surface sampling reflects, till certain extent and accuracy, trough geochemical association, the bedrock nature from which these covers had derived, as observed in the Pirocaua and N-5 targets the contribution of basic rocks as well as in the TN-6 and N-1 sedimentary rocks influence. This fact shows an importance to.consider.in the geochemical surveys, in characterizing concealed bedrock lithotypes by sampling their autochthonous covers, developed under humid tropical climate regions as the Amazon, taking into account that these rocks are not easily identified due the morphological condition involved and the consequent thicknes of the overburden. This is most outstanding inasmuch that the widrespread distribution frequency of those lithotypes in this region plus the scarcety of outcrops and their relationship to host environments of mineral deposits.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A jazida de wolframita de Pedra Preta, granito Musa, Amazônia Ooriental (PA): estudo dos fluidos mineralizantes e isótopos estáveis de oxigênio em veios hidrotermais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1995-11-14) JAVIER RIOS, Francisco; VILLAS, Raimundo Netuno Nobre; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406458719432983
The Pedra Preta wolframite deposit contains the main known tungsten reserves of the Brazilian Amazon. It is Iocated near the western border of the 1.88Ga old Musa grafite, in the Rio Maria region, south of the Carajás Mineral Province. The mineralization occurs in a vein system thats cuts at depht the cupola of the granitic body and above it rocks of the Andorinhas Supergroup whose meta-sandstones are of archean age (2.9 Ga). At least four hydrothermal events have been identified in the Pedra Preta area which are related to severa' quartz vein generations. The first event is represented by the early EHV veins that are basically made up of quartz 1 and have been generated, prior to the emplacement of the Musa grafite, from metamorphic aquo-carbonic fluids. CH4 was the dominant carbonic phase. Fluid inclusions from the quartzite quartz grains showed H2O + CH4 with lesser amounts of CO2. The second event was associated to the Musa intrusion and involved F-poor aqueous fluids exsolved from the erystallizing magma. Once the granite was broken by hydraulic fracturing, fluids that circulated around the pluton moved towards it, mixed with the magmatic aqueous solutions and flowed through the open spaces where quartz 3 was precipitated. The late hydrothermal veins (LHV) began then to be formed. These Ca-free fluids had moderate salinity and were virtually devoid of carbonic phases. δ18O values for quartz 2 (present in the grafite) and quartz 3 (present in the LHV at greater depths) are comparable (7.6‰) indicating reequilibration with dominantly magmatic fluids. The third event was induced by the tectonic reopening of the fracture planes where the quartz 3 had been deposited. They served as escape tone for metamorphic fluids composed of different proportions of CH4, CO2 and H2O. The aqueous phase rnight have been of low salinity although containing Ca++. Temperatures varied from 230 to 400°C and pressures estimates fell in > 2,5 Kbar. Oxygen fugacity values of 10-38 to 10-37 bar indicated reducing conditions. As the metamorphic fluids entered the Pedra Preta system, they were oxidized, though, at least initially, the process had been less complete in the upper part of the deposit. Oxygen fugacities dropped to 10-27 bar by the time the wolframite began to precipitate from acidic solutions (pH 4-5) under therrnal conditions of 300-400°C and pressures > 2.5Kbar. δ18O values for quartz 3 of the LHV (9.0-9.6‰) at lower depths suggested reequilibration with fluids having more metamorphic components than those of greater depths. Soon after or partially contemporaneous with the wolfrarnite deposition, occurred a F-metasomatism brought about by a hypothetical magmatic pulse. Granitic rocks were then greisenized in the lower part of the deposit to a mineral assemblage in which topaz, fluorite and sericite are present, whereas in the upper part these minerais precipitated within the LHV as well as in the host walls. The fluids of this hydrothermal stage were aquo-carbonic, suggesting that mixing with the metamorphic solutions continued, but the carbonic phase was exclusively composed of CO2. Xco2 dropped to values below 0.01 by the time fluorite was formed. Aqueous phase was enriched in Ca++ and Na+. Temperatures did not change much from the deposition of wolframite to the deposition of topaz (300-350°C), but fell to about 250°C when fluorite started precipitating. Despite similar prevailing conditions both in the lower and higher parts of the deposit, irnportant features are recorded that differentiate these two domains. The most striking difference is the much more abundant wolframite precipitation in the upper part. Besides the structural control, the mineralization might also have been controlled by the more frequent metavolcanic lens of the Babaçu Group in the upper part, from which the W-bearing aquo-carbonic solutions leached iron for the precipitation of wolframite. The last hydrothermal event, that resulted from tectonic relaxation probably of Brasiliano age, gave origin to the so-called final veins (FHV) which constitute a net of microveinlets composed of quartz 4, chlorite, sulfides, carbonates and quartz 5. High salinity fluids (30 weigth % NaCl) with high concentration of Ca++ and Na+ acted upon the rocks at conditions of 1.5 Kbar and temperatures beiow 250°C, and may represent connate waters or even deep groundwaters. Chioritization and sulfidization were the most important processes related to this hydrothermal event which ied to the precipitation of chlorite (that replaced feldspars and micas in the host rocks or filled intergranular spaces within the veins) as well as sulfides (mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite). As the system finally died out, drusy quartz 5 was formed trapping low salinity fluids (<5 weigth % NaCl). Pressures were around 5 bar and temperatures reached no more than 100°C suggesting contribution of superficial meteoric waters.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e geoquímica de gossans e lateritos auríferos na região de Carajás: depósitos de Igarapé Bahia e Águas Claras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-03-20) ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; POLLMANN, Herbert Josef; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The Igarapé Bahia mine and the Águas Claras prospect are examples of supergene gold mineralization in gossans and latentes. They are located in the Carajás mining district, Pará state, Northern Brazil. These areas belong to Vale do Rio Doce Company and all the exploration programs were conducted by DOCEGEO. In this work, mineralogical and geochemical studies were performed in the weathering profiles of both areas focussing on the behaviour and distribution of gold and associated elements. The two areas exhibit similar primary geological context, with gold-bearing sulphide zones associated with shear zones and intense hydrothermal alteration, related to Archaean to Proterozoic metavolcano-sedimentary sequences. The supergene products are divided in two main groups: The gossan system and the lateritic system with evidences of superimposition of the latter on the former. The profiles were studied after different surface and subsurface sampling. The following horizons and zones were described, from base to top: (1) in the gossan system: primary sulphide zone, secondary sulphide zone and a thick oxidation zone; (2) in the latente system: a brecciated lateritic iron crust, a dismantled iron crust or stone-lines and latossols. The lateritic iron crust developed over the pre-existing gossans, resulting in a complete obliteration of the primary textures and structures and promoting a new remobilization of gold and other elements. This structuration can be observed today in the Igarapé Bahia area while at Águas Claras the latente profile over the mineralized bodies was truncated and exposing the gossans. The mineralogical composition of gossans and latentes is mainly represented by hematite, and variable amounts of goethite, Al-goethite, maghemite, gibbsite, kaolinite and quartz. Hematite predominates in the gossans and goethite becomes progressively enriched toward the latentes. In the deepest parts of the gossans the following minerais were identified: malachite, cuprite and native copper, mainly associated with hematite, besides azurite, chrysocolla and quartz; the Aguas Claras area presents a broader paragenesis in the primary sulphide zone, that includes: chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, cobaltite, quartz, magnetite, wolframite and tourmaline. Primary gold occur as diminute particles finelly disseminated in the sulphides and with different compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. In the Águas Claras area it occurs associated with a wide range of Bi-, Ag- and Pb-tellurides, besides native bismut. Tourmaline (dravite) and wolframite (ferberite) also occur as important accessory minerais, both in the primary and secondary environment. In the gossans they occur as centimetric cumulates, acting as important guides for gossans identification. Major element geochemistry of the profiles is mainly characterized by very high iron contents in the gossans, that progressively diminish toward the latossols. On the oder hand, the contents of Si, Al, Ti and LOI increase toward the top of the profiles. Calcium, Mg, Na e K are completely depleted in the gossans and laterites. Geochemical associations of trace elements are variable for the two areas and reflect mainly the chemical and mineralogical variations from the primary zones. In the mineralized bodies (gossans + iron crust) the following geochemical signatures were characterized: Au, Cu and Mo, for the Igarapé Bahia area; and Au, Cu, As, B, W, Sn and Bi, for the Águas Claras area. From the various horizons and zones of the profiles, different gold particles were separated and analised by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive System. Strong variations were described in terms of morphology and chemical compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. Silver, Pt, Pd, Fe e Cu were frequently detected, where Ag contents range from less than 1% to more than 25%. The studied grains were divided in two groups: (1) Primary particles associated with primary sulphides; and (2) Secondary or supergene particies, associated with gossans, latentes and latosols. These were further divided in two groups: (2.1) residuais particles, generally with more than 30 grn of mean diameter and exhibiting a primary core with Ag-depleted rims; and (2.2) authigenic or neoformed particles, which are extremely fine (< 5 1.un) and of very high fineness, frequently associated to the coarser and residual grains. The results obtained allowed us to interpret the supergene evolution of the area in four main phases, each one associated with or related to a major period of gold remobilization: Phase I - Gossan formation: related to the development of gossanic bodies in tropical climatic conditions which ranged from semi-arid to seasonally humid (savannas). In this work this is considered as prior to Lower Tertiary. During this phase, gold was remobilized from lower primary zones through thiosulphates complexes and reprecipited in the upper oxidized zones associated with iron oxy-hydroxides. The reprecipitated gold is fine-grained and of medium fineness. Phase Mature Lateritization: related to the broad lateritic weathering processes that took place in the whole Amazon region during Early Tertiary times. Mature lateritic profiles were formed above the gossans and their wall-rocks, with the development of a brecciated lateritic iron crust that includes gossans fragmenta. The gossan system was obviously oppened during this phase resulting in physical and chemical dispersion of gold. The role of organic matter related to biological activity was very important in the chemical remobilization of gold. Phase 111 - Post-Mature lateritization: related to all weathering processes that took place in the region after the establishment of the lateritic profiles during the trànsition Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene. The main supergene products of this phase are the upper latosols of the Igarapé Bahia area. After the weathering of gold-bearing lateritic crusts, this element is once again remobilized following the same chemical mechanisms of phase II, but under increasing biological activity. This resulted in an intensive physical dispersion, broadening of geochemical haloes and weakening of gold signals. This new lateritic cycle was less intensive as compared to the previous one. It took place in the transition to more and conditions during the Plio-Pleistocene, resulting in an intense denudation of the landscape with erosion, truncation and exposure of the Aguas Claras gossans. Widespread gold-bearing coluvium (in the Águas Claras arca) and Placer deposits are inportant supergene products regionally related to this phase. Ali the weathering processes that took place after the establisment of the landscape in the end of phase III are considered in this work as phase IV. These are related to prevailing humid conditions that become dominant after the end of Pleistocene and during the Holocene, giving rise to new latosols, stone-lines, coluvium and aluviums.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mobilidade geoquímica de metais pesados e impacto ambiental em área de mineração aurífera sulfetada (Marmato, Caldas, Colômbia)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-10-15) PRIETO RINCÓN, Gloria; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Colombia is one of the largest gold producer in Latinamerica. Low technology processes are used in the mining and mineral processing of gold, and as consequence these activities have a negative impact on the environment. The main objetive of this study is research about the geochemical behavior of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ag, As, Hg, Sb, and Bi, metals which are predominantly released by the mining activities in the Marmato Area (Gold District vein type), and in addition to consider their impact to the environment The main sources of these elements are Acid Mine Drainages (AMD), tailings, and erosion of waste rock deposits. These metals are entering the streams in the area in dissolved form and as particulate matter. A sampling programme (summer and winter seasons) was carried out. Surface waters, sediments and suspended particulate matter were collected in streams (Aguas Claras, Cascabel, Pantanos, Marmato, Arguía, Chirapotó), mine drainages and processing effluents from Marmato, and in the Cauca river. Aguas Claras was used as a reference stream, since it is still in a pristine state. Temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, sulfides and flow were determined in situ. Cyanides (total and free), COD, TOC, TS, DS, NH3, chlorides, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and dissolved metais (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ag, As, Hg, Sb and Cd) were determined in waters. Heavy metals (total and bioavailable fraction) were analyzed in sediments and suspended particulate matter. The distribution of the metals over the various phases was studied with selective extraction methods (speciation). In this way it was possible to distinguish between geochemically reactive and inert fractions. The Aguas Claras stream is the reference stream and it shows the lowest values of TS (199 mgl-1) and conductivity (259 Scm-1), and the lowest concentration of heavy metals in its waters and sediments. Its pH (7.5) is biased towards basic range, which could be explained by reported carbonate rocks in this area. The mobile fraction for Bi, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ag and Cu is higher than 30%, a fact that shows their high bioavailability in spite of their lower concentrations. In active mines, oxidation of sulfide minerals takes place and produces AMD (pH 2,9-3,5 and pH 4,4) which are partially neutralized by effluents of milling and processing (pH4,4-8,7 and pH 6,4-8,3). These effluents are biased towards basic range, due to natural carbonates, lime and organic additives of processing. The Marmato stream that receives the whole drainage from the mining area and flows into the Cauca river, has neutral pH, showing that neutralization processes must be taking place. The discharge of tailings and increased erosion in the area are reflected in the high TS contents of the streams. COD and NH3 show positive correlation with cyanides which could mean that these parameters reflect the decay of cyanides in the system. Heavy metals are in high concentrations in sediments and particulate suspended matter from the Marmato Arca. Their levels range from 129-619ppm for Cu; 330ppm-2,28% for Pb; 1365ppm-1,18% for Zn; 7,6-200ppm for Ag; 218-1850ppm for As; 6,8-56ppm for Sb; 28-240ppm for Cd; 95-370ppb for Hg and 4-306ppm for Bi. The Marmato stream has the highest concentrations while Arguia and Chirapoto streams have lower values. These values reflect the mining activities in their drainage area, and reveal the contribution of sulfide minerais from the ore body (pyrite, sphalerite cadmian, galena bismuthian, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, argentopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrargyrite and the non sulfide ore siderite). The mobile fraction in suspended matter is greater than in sediments. In this way the heavy metals could be dispersed long distances and end up in other environment compartments. In Marmato the highest mobility is for Bi, Pb and As, whilst in Arguia the highest bioavailability is for Ag, Cd, Zn, and Cu. In Marmato and Arguía streams, Sb and Hg do not show evidente of bioavailability (0% mobile fraction). Copper is mainly associated to the residual fraction (56-90%) and in lower percentages to carbonates (4-25%) and to organics and sulfides (4-25%), confirming its low mobility and its source in sulfides. Lead is associated with reducible (13-75%) and residual (16-82%) species, and in lower percentages to carbonates, sulfides and to the exchangeable fraction; showing its association with hydrous iron oxides generated by sulfides weathering. Zinc is mainly associated with the organic and sulfide fraction (13-64%) and in lower proportion with residual (9-47%) and reducible (10-33%) forms. Exchangeable or loosely-held Zn is noticeable (up to 6%). These associations reflect high bioavailability for Zn. Cadmiun is associated with the residual fraction (31-61%), with organics and sulfides (14-34%) and with the exchangeable fraction (4-14%). Antimony is mainly associated with the residual fraction (39-86%), and in lower levels with carbonates (14-40%); showing its character as not mobile metal and revealing its lithologic source. Bismuth is associated with reducible fraction (18-73%) and with carbonates (13-50%), but also there are appreciable levels of mobile Bi in Aguas Claras, Marmato, Pantanos and Cascabei. The Cauca river shows the lowest values of metals, in levels that reflect the contents of its tributaries; its solid load (TS 208-234 mgr), turbidity (40,80-62,7 NTU) and pH (7,2-7,4) are in agreement to values for other natural rivers that carry loads of erosive materials and have neutral waters. Eito the Cauca river, Sb, Hg and Bi do not show mobile fraction, whilst Cu and Pb present higher bioavailability in suspended matter than in sediments. Copper shows higher mobility in the Cauca tiver than in Marmato, due to the contribution of other anthropogenic sources, for instance wastes of herbicides and fertilizers. Lead presents higher mobility and bioavailability in the Cauca river. In spite of the fact that Pb is main!), associated with the reducible fraction (80-92%), and to a lesser extension with sulfides and organics, it shows higher exchangeable or loosely-held fraction (1,3-6,5%), reflecting the inputs of gasoline emissions in this area (automobile use). The heavy metal levels in sediments, suspended matter and waters become greater in the Cauca river after receiving Marmato and Arguía loads. The concentration of heavy metals in sediments of the Cauca decrease few kilometers downstream of the mining zone, due to dilution processes (flow 605,3-641,8 m3s-1), and additionally because of the metals are quickly carried as ions and as suspended particles; facts that are accelerated due to the fast rate flow of the river in this zone (steep gradient). In conclusion could be said that the Marmato ecosystern is strongly impacted by natural and anthropogenic inputs originated in the mining zone. In the waters fiam Marmato some number quality criteria are exceeded (U.S.E,P.A., 1976, 1982; 0.P.S., 1985, 1987), making them unsuitable for drinking water, agriculture irrigation, aquatic life or industrial use (Cyanides 0,13-3,8 mgl-1; TS 9422-39952 mgl-1). Heavy metals in sediments and suspended matter of Marmato are highly enriched in comparison to earth's crust averages, to Aguas Claras concentrations, (local background), and to Arguía (less mining activities), and Chirapotó levels (regional background). In Marmato and Arguia, the chemical speciation shows that Cd, Zn, Pb and Bi have the highest bioavailability and could be transferred from sediments and suspended matter towards other compartments, specially to the biota and also should be incorporated into the food chain. On the other hand, the waters and sediments of the Cauca river in this region, are not greatly polluted by heavy metals coming from the mining zone of Marmato. The ecosystem of the Cauca river in this area, has diluted and assimilated the inputs of the mining area up to now. Differing from Marmato, its physical - chemical parameters in waters, and the levels and standards of speciation for Cu, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ag and Hg in its sediments and suspended matter, obey the standards for other natural and not polluted river systems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Pegmatitos do complexo alcalino de Peixe - Goiás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1981-06-10) MARTINS, José Pedro de Azevedo; SÁ, José Haroldo da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9442263243312377
In the region of the Almas River, northern State of Goiás, occurs a gneissoid alkalime complex formed by nepheline-syenite, syenite, quartz-syenite and granite. This complex is the core of a brachyanticlyne whose major axis has more than 30 km along th.e submeridian direction and whose flanks are composed of schists and quartzites of Serra da Mesa, group (1.1 - 1.2 b.y. old, Uruaçuano cycle). Posttectonic pegmatoid granites and several pegmatites are associated with that complex. These pegmatites are zoned and the majority shows both mineralogical and textural internai zonning. Mineralogical, petrological and geochemical studies compled with field observations showed that there are two distinct pegmatite generations: syenitic pegmatites consisting of plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, and zircon; and granitic pegmatites composed of K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite muscovite, amphibole, garnet and beryl. The analysis of these data indicated that these bodies are genetically related to the magmatic events that generated both the alkaline rocks and the pegmatoid granite at different periods of time. The granitic magmatism was developed in the posttectonic phase of the Uruaçuano cycle. In this region there are disseminated primary zircon and corindon deposits associated with the alkaline rocks as well as secondary (alluvial and colluvial) deposits of these mineral derived from the primary bodies by weathering and residual concentration processes.