Navegando por CNPq "CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA::PSICOLOGIA COMPARATIVA"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aquisição de relações condicionais simétricas e não simétricas e formação de classes por Cebus apella
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) SOARES FILHO, Paulo Sérgio Dillon; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7231331062174024
Difficulty in documenting class formation in non-human participants may be due to the use of standard training and testing procedures developed in the context of research with human participants. Differences among testing and training situation may produce a decrease in performance during test. Using capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) as subject, this study intended to compare acquisition curve of a symmetrical with non-symmetrical conditional relation tasks, with different baselines for each conditional relation trained. This comparative analysis may provide us with some evidence of class formation without the need of the stimulus equivalence standard test protocols. Two male capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) participated: a young-adult (M09) and an adult (M12), both with history of simple and conditional discrimination training. Six pairs of bi-dimensional stimuli were used (A1-B1, A2-B2, A3-B3, A4-B4, A5-B5, and A6-B6). The procedure comprised three phases. In Phase 1, a “preparatory” 0-delay arbitrary matching to sample training was carried out (A1-B1 and A2-B2). In Phase 2, a "consistent" or “symmetrical” arbitrary matching to sample training was carried out (A3-B3, A4-B4, B3-A3, and B4-A4). In Phase 3, a "inconsistent" or “non-symmetrical” arbitrary matching to sample training was carried out (A5-B5, A6-B6, B5-A6, and B6-A5). Subject M12 finished all phases of the experiment. The comparative analysis between symmetrical and non-symmetrical acquisition curves (subject M12) shows easier acquisition of symmetrical task than non-symmetrical relations, suggesting that the arbitrary related events are members of class. This data suggest that the comparison between acquisition curves, such as it is described here, is a promising way to evaluate class formation in non-human participants. Subject M09 was removed from experiment because his performance did not reach the criterion in phase 3.1. M09 results pointed the need of a refined control relations analysis during the MTS task, making possible to improve the training procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bem estar em cativeiro: análise e planejamento da ocupação do tempo em macacos-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) LESSA, Miguel Angelo Monteiro; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Foraging is one of the most important activities and consuming great part of the day time of neotropical primates in the natural environment. In the wild, Capuchins spend up to 80% of their time traveling and foraging in the search for food. On the other side, in captivity no effort is usually required to obtain food. Therefore the opportunity to express foraging activities becomes virtually excluded in captivity. The main objective of this work was to create and evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental enrichment tool called “bowlboard”, designed to difficult access, extending the time devoted to reach food. The observation was carried through in four different contexts, being one in the morning and three in the afternoon, using a focal animal sampling method. The relative duration of each behavioral event was compared in the absence and presence of the enrichment. It was found that the bowller extended foraging time, functioning as instrument of environmental enrichment. A considerable lowering in frequency of abnormal behaviors, while search and manipulation of food was more time consuming.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O boto na verbalização de estudantes ribeirinhos: uma visão etnobiológica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) RODRIGUES, Angélica Lúcia Figueiredo; SILVA, Maria Luisa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2101884291102108
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cognição animal: identidade generalizada e simetria em macaco-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-02-14) SANTOS, José Ricardo dos; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7231331062174024
Complex behavioral repertories, such as generalized identity matching and equivalence classes, have been easily found in normal humans, children, and youngsters with learning deficits. However, it is not easy to find such a positive results with non-human subjects. Symmetry is one of the most difficultly found defining properties of equivalence in nonhumans. It might happen because symmetry involves sample-comparison function reversals as well as modification in the sequence and position of stimuli presentation. The negative results in obtaining generalized identity matching and equivalence class formation in non-humans subjects may be related to incoherence between the SCT (Stimulus Control Topography) planned by the experimenter and the SCT presented by the subjects. So it suggests the necessity of a more specific methodological development. The present study proposed to apply the training and testing experimental procedures to obtain generalized identity matching and to verify the possibility of emergence of symmetry after arbitrary matching to sample training, through sample stimulus control shaping procedure and in the absence of correlation between the function and the positions of the stimuli. One capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) served as subject. He was young-adult and naive. Two experiments were executed. In the Experiment I, we carried out simple discrimination reversals training, conditional discrimination training, with an identity matching to sample procedure, and generalized identity test in extinction. The results showed that the procedure used to train simple discrimination (and reversals) was efficient as well as the procedure to train identity matching. All generalized identity tests reached positive results. In the Experiment II, we carried out arbitrary matching to sample training, with a sample stimulus shaping procedure in 8 steps, and one BA symmetry test. This study aimed to verify if elements positively related in conditional discriminations (AB training, for example) might be recombined by the subject without additional training. The performance of the subject in the BA symmetry test reached 100% of correct choices, showing that it is possible to obtain the property of symmetry in arbitrary conditional discriminations with non-humans subjects. The data also suggest that additional research has to be carried out in order to contribute to specifying the necessary conditions to obtaining complex repertory such as equivalence class formation in non-human subjects.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comparação de dois procedimentos computadorizados para avaliação de discriminação de cores em Cebus sp
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-11) MAKIAMA, Sheila Tetsume; GOULART, Paulo Roney Kilpp; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7800966999068746; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Color vision consists in discrimination of objects based on their spectral composition, assisting in the organism-environment interaction. Among primates, it is estimated that the majority of the platyrrhines monkeys has a polymorphic and sex-linked dichromacy. The objective of this study was to compare the results produced by different equipments and softwares for assessment of tri/dichromatic conditions of two males and two females of the genus Cebus sp. Two computerized programs were used: one involving an adapted version of the Cambridge Colour Test and another one developed for a standard computational system. In Experiment 1 and 2 were possible to verify the trichromatic condition of one female subject and the dichromatic condition of the rest of the participants. In Experiment 3, a female and a male subject presented a dichromatic performance compatible to that one registered in previous experiments. In this Experiment, a female participant presented a trichromatic performance compatible to that one registered in previous experiments. It was concluded that favorable conditions for assessment of color vision in platyrrhines species can be built involving equipment and software with low financial cost and easy to program. However, due the few number of sessions with the low financial cost equipment, it is suggested the replication of the Experiment 3 and more sessions should be made with more subjects and involving new stimuli arrangement. It is believed that, if new data confirm the data produced here, this equipment and procedure can be used for evaluation of others platyrrhines species where behavioral data are scarce.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Duetos na Amazônia: análise da sintaxe do canto em dueto do gênero Thryothorus (Aves, Troglodytidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-06) MONTE, Amanda de Almeida; SILVA, Maria Luisa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2101884291102108
In many duet-singing songbirds, paired birds combine their song types non randomly to form antiphonal duet songs. In Troglodytidae family (wrens and thrushes), 23 species have been reported to duet, Thryothorus genibarbis is a duet specie. The duet song carries the specie-specific information, however, its physical parameters (frequency and duration) varies among pairs and just the syntax, that means the notes sequence, is conserved. To investigate the syntax and physical parameters’ importance in coding the specie-specific information, playback experiments were conducted using modified duet song in syntax and frequency bandwidth with pairs at Gunma Ecological Park (Santa Bárbara city, Pará State) at Federal University of Pará (Belém city, Pará State). We search for evidence of a modulation pattern in song units of this specie, and investigate the similarities between the Thryothorus genibarbis song syntax and other seven same genera species. Our analysis of the modulation of the duet of this species revealed that was a modulation pattern in duet song units of different pairs. By comparing the similarity of duet song syntax between T. genibarbis and other species, we showed that T. genibarbis and T. leucotis, syntopic species, are most different than sympatric ones. We thus show experimentally that the duet syntax of T. genibarbis must be important to coordinate the duet song among pairs, but there is no specie-specific code in duet syntax, however, if we modify the frequency bandwidth more than 36% from original signal, the duet song could lose the specie-specific code.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia e comportamento do Cuxiú-Preto (Chiropotes Satanas) na paisagem fragmentada da Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06-13) VEIGA, Liza Maria; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352
Bearded sakis are frugivores specialised for seed predation. The black bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas) is endemic to a densely populated and deforested area in eastern Amazonia in Brazil and is threatened with extinction. The principal objective of this study was to research the behaviour and ecology of two groups of black bearded sakis living under different degrees of habitat fragmentation, to understand how ecological parameters in these different settings influence behavioural strategies. In addition, the study aimed to identify factors that may limit the long-term viability of the black bearded saki and identify information that may contribute to conservation and management plans. The study took place on the right bank of the Tocantins River in the Tucuruí Reservoir, Pará State, Brazil (415'S, 4931'W). Two groups of bearded sakis were studied: one (denominated T4) in a large mainland fragment (1,300 ha - 39 members), and one on a small (19.4 ha - eight members) forested island. Twelve months behavioural sampling (1,153 observation hours) was undertaken using both scan and behaviour-sampling methodologies for 4 to 5 consecutive days per month per group. In addition to collecting activity budget data, all food resources were documented, daily routes plotted and intraspecies and interspecies social interactions recorded. Botanical transects (10 x 100 ha) covering one hectare at the T4 site and 0.5 hectare on the island were established, and a subsample of trees (≥ DAP 10cm) and lianas (≥ DAP 5 cm) marked and measured for a floristic inventory and phenological data collection which took place at 30-day intervals over 14 months. The two groups differed in all aspects of their behaviour and ecology. Time spent in different activities varied significantly between the groups. Moving (35.4%) comprised the largest proportion of annual budget in the T4 group, while the Island group devoted more time to feeding (30.0%). Social interactions accounted for a relatively large proportion of activity budget for both groups (T4 8.5%; Island 15.2%). Over the study, the two groups consumed a large number of different plant species (T4 173; Island 132; both groups 240) and their diets varied significantly in terms of items consumed and taxonomic composition. Both groups spent most of their time consuming seeds (T4 54.0%; Island 59.9%), however other items, including fruit pulp (T4 25.0%; Island 13.7%), flowers (T4 12.3%; Island 17.4%) and to a lesser extent pith and arthropods were also included in their diets. Members of the T4 group used an area of 98.6 ha and the island group, 17.2 ha. Use of space and daily path length (T4 4025 m 994 m; Island 2807 m 289 m) varied between groups and was linked in T4 group to the variation in group size throughout the year as a result of their complex fission-fusion sociality, the island group on the other hand was more cohesive. Variations in ecology and behaviour of the two groups were linked to differences in their respective habitats. The size of the sites was important but so too was the variation in the availability of food. Results from the floristic inventory revealed a greater diversity of different species on the T4 site, however important food species were either missing or available in varying amounts at both site. In addition to the intrinsic value of the knowledge of ecological characteristics of the bearded saki the detailed knowledge accumulated this study will help in the formulation of conservation action and management plans and in the identification of the factors which limit the long term viability of remaining populations in the fragmented landscapes of eastern Amazonia.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do treino de discriminação simples sobre o repertório de pareamento ao modelo por identidade de um macaco-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-03-01) MAN, Tiago Sales Larroudé de; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
this paper reports an experiment training to verify the function of simple simultaneous discrimination training with pairs of stimuli on identity match-to-sample performance with the same stimuli. An infant capuchin monkey with experience with identity match-to-sample served as subject. It was investigated how much training with a Repeated Shift of Simple Discrimination (RSSD) procedure would facilitate performance in match-to-sample with the same stimuli. Response ratio to advance the procedure and duration of the intertrial interval (ITI) were manipulated, and discriminative training for all possible pairs of a four-stimulus set was undergone. Identity match-to-sample with set A was used as baseline. Set B was trained in simple discrimination and tested in identity matching-to-sample. Test trials were interspersed among baseline trials. Correct responses were followed by a grape-flavor sugar pellet of 45 mg, and started the ITI. Incorrect responses ended the trial and started the ITI. Results shows variable performances on identity tests and RSSD, indicating small contribution of RSSD to IDMTS when to choices are used in both. Discuss about wrong patterns on identity test yelded by contraditory Stimulus Topography Control selectioned by RSSD procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Enriquecimento alimentar e cognitivo para o bem-estar em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) COUTINHO, Paulo Henrique Módena; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
When put an animal in captivity, we limit their actions, taking control of most of the variables that act on a restricted environment. These variables, although to remedy the basic needs of the animals has the potential to be highly predictable and therefore stress. Environmental enrichment can be one of the most important advances in animal health in captivity in recent times, raising the psychological and physiological parameters of well-being, suppressed by captivity. The main objective was to create and verify the effectiveness of an environmental enrichment equipment called "roulette" with the function of minimizing the harmful effects of the two captive capuchins, by increasing the time devoted to foraging activities, approaching its budget activities relevant to that of animals in the wild. The observations were made by instantaneous sampling method in five steps: 1) pre-intervention, 2) D5, 3) D10 4) D15 and 5) post-intervention, and subsequently compared longitudinally. The data demonstrate the effectiveness of roulette item enriching the environment, since the behaviors associated with the exploitation and displacement suffered increased over the intervention - with the exception of D10, which will soon be re-evaluated - keeping average frequency of foraging near than expected in free-living animals (Rímoli, 2001) still in the post-intervention observations, rather than the frequency of abnormal behavior or stereotyped.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ensino de relações arbritárias e busca de simetria em Cebus apella
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-02) FONSECA, Abraão Roberto; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7231331062174024
For some theorists, the lack of control over procedural variables has made difficult documenting equivalence classes in nonhuman subjects or human participants with developmental disabilities. The present research was divided in two experiments. The Experiment I aimed to evaluate the combined use of procedures such as “specific reinforcement”, “variations of S-“, “blocks of trials gradually smaller”, and “omission of previous S+ on the next trial block” in arbitrary relations training and symmetry test. A young male capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), Guga, served. The procedure comprised the following phases: pre-training, simple discrimination training, arbitrary relation training (A1B1 and A2B2), and symmetry test. The results show that Guga finished the arbitrary training in 39 sessions. The results of symmetry test show accurate performance for one relation and chance level accuracy for the other, with accurate performance in the first test trial for both relations. In Experiment II, two new relations (A3B3, A4B4) were added to the baseline (A1B1, A2B2). The results of the symmetry test for the new relations show accurate performance concerning to one relation and 75% of accuracy for the other. The present study encourages the development of procedures to reduce stimulus control incoherence and reinforces the possibility that the difficulty to document equivalence class formation in nonhumans relays on procedural variables.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Escola experimental de primatas: análise da coerência entre pressupostos e práticas empíricas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-06-20) NAGAHAMA, Milena Monteiro; SOUZA, Carlos Barbosa Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1264063598919201
The development of animal models for the study of problems in human cognitive development requires, as a main factor, the existence of behavioral processes homology in repertories of the model and the humans. The Experimental School for Primates (ESP) has used the capuchin monkey (Cebus spp.) as an animal model to investigate the acquisition of generalized relational repertoires in humans. This study evaluated the empirical studies of the ESP in order to verify the consistency between their theoretical and empirical practices, especially the assumption of homology of behavioral processes among capuchin monkeys and humans. When analyzing a) the origin of the objectives and procedures of the studies (most come from animal studies), 2) if the expected results were achieved or not (in general, positive results in relation to the proposed objectives) and 3) if in studies of ESP the issue of animal model and/or applicability of the procedures used in studies to humans is discussed (it is not), it was noted that there are no empirical data supporting the homology proposal in theoretical proposition of the ESP. These results demonstrate that the scientific practice of ESP has advanced as basic research on the learning of generalized relational repertoires in capuchin monkeys, however, without providing transfer to study this phenomenon in humans. It is suggested that the way forward may be: 1) develop empirical studies that validate the homology of behavioral processes among some repertoires of human and capuchin monkeys, and 2) start implementing the findings of basic research of ESP in developing procedures for teaching relational repertoires for people with delayed cognitive development.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo comportamental de Besourão-de-rabo-branco Phaethornis superciliosus (Aves, Trochilidae) no Parque Ecológico de Gunma
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-05) BRITO, Duan da Silva; SILVA, Maria Luisa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2101884291102108
Acoustic communication in hummingbirds has long been neglected due to the conspicuous coloration that represents a sophisticated visual communication of most representatives of this group. However, recent studies have found that there is evidence of vocal learning in some species of Trochilidae. The present study focuses on the vocal behavior of the hummingbird Phaethornis superciliosus, abundant species in the Amazon region. This species has a mating system as formation of leks, which is the aggregation of males in a small territory, where they display to other males and females, in order to attract the latter to mate. The aim of this study was to analyze the vocal P. superciliosus arranged in six leks in Gunma Ecological Park, Santa Bárbara do Pará, 50 km north of Belém, considering the issue and physical structure of the song, his repertoire, the frequency of issue throughout the day and year and the dynamics of leks. We found that the population presented a vocal repertoire consisting of two notes that are issued alternately. The songs of the individuals analyzed showed significant differences between them considering the physical parameters of sound (maximum and minimum frequency, duration and interval between the notes and the rhythm of emission of the notes). This inter-individual differentiation may be related to sexual selection, in which the song may allow individual recognition, their social position and its performance for attracting females. We found that the vocal activity is more intense between June and November, a period that probably corresponds to the breeding season. We conducted playback tests, which consist of playing a previously recorded sound and record the response triggered in one of the leks in two different sites, simulating the input of another individual. The playback response is significantly different from the spontaneous song in all parameters. The response to the playback shows the songs that a reduction in the frequency range in which the song was issued and the rate of emission of notes faster. These call features can be related to a more aggressive behavior. The leks are formed in edge areas and always near streams, with the size of the area ranging between 86m2 and 1314m2, composed of two to four individuals 7m to 72m away from each other. Our results showed that the social organization of the lek should be better understood by more detailed studies on the possible meaning that individual differences in the songs may represent for the establishment of the hierarchical position of individuals in the leks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Formação de classes funcionais em cães domésticos (Canis familiaris)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-02) SOUZA, Liane Dahás Jorge de; SOUZA, Carlos Barbosa Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1264063598919201
The present study investigated the possibility of teaching two domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to respond adequately to two classes of three stimuli (boxes with pieces of food when having S+ function) through a procedure of successive changes of simple discrimination (SCSD). Sessions were carried out in a room in which two, four or six wooden boxes were placed side by side. Initially, the subjects responded to two stimuli (a positive [S+] and another negative [S-]) for session, until four of the six boxes appeared with both of the functions. In the following phase, the four boxes were presented together, whith two boxes of a class functioning as S+ and the other two, as S-. Changes were performed until the subjects reached the criteria of learning in 11 out of 12 sessions. After that, the subjects were trained to respond to the two boxes that had not been used before, and then, the training with all six boxes was initiated. The test took place after a session of change with four boxes in which the two remaining boxes had been re-inserted in the experimental room. Having negative results in this test, training of SCSD was conducted with the six boxes, after which the test was remade. Both of the subjects had adequately responded to all the trials. Other five tests were conducted with the others boxes, in the same format of the first test. One of the subjects adequately responded to two of these five tests and the other to three of them. It is argued about the effect of the emphasis in the visual discrimination and the use of fixed positions of the boxes on the performance of the subjects.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Propondo um problema de forrageio como meio de enriquecer o cativeiro: um estudo comparativo de duas espécies de primatas brasileiros (Callithrix penicillata e Saguinus imperator)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-10-17) CASTRO, Paulo Henrique Gomes de; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352
This study analysed the influence of a simple insect foraging puzzle on the behaviour of two callitrichine species (Callitrichinae, Primates) maintained in captivity at the National Primate Centre (CENP), in Ananindeua, in the Brazilian state of Para. In addition to comparing the two species, the study aimed to evaluate the viability of the puzzle as a strategy of environmental enrichment for these primates in captivity. Three adult pairs of each species – the pencil-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) – were included in the study, which also focussed differences between genders. Observations were conducted through the video-taping of three-hour sessions, divided into control (puzzle absent) and experimental (puzzle present) periods, with a total of 36 hours of observation for each pair. Control sessions were used to calculate baseline activity budgets for comparisons with behaviour patterns during experimental sessions. Tapes were transcripted, and all behaviour events were timed, providing measures of both the frequency and duration of events. The puzzle did not have a major effect on general activity budgets, but its effect was clearly different in each species, with manipulation of the puzzle accounting for 3.96% of the time of the marmosets, but only 1.99% of that of the tamarins. During experimental sessions, the marmosets spent 17% less time at rest in comparison with their baseline budget, whereas rest was reduced by less than 7% in the tamarins, with general activity increasing 10%. These changes varied considerably when comparing genders, however – male tamarins presented a 58% increase in general activity and a 23% reduction in rest, whereas these values were 4% and 10%, respectively, in male marmosets. Female tamarins presented an opposite pattern, with rest increasing 18% and general activity falling 14%, while female marmosets had a reduction in both categories by a little less than ten percent. All the animals learned to manipulate the puzzle and capture insects, although the marmosets were far more persistent, capturing 54% more insects, on average, than the tamarins. Females were more successful in both species, but only marginally so in the marmosets. In the tamarins, by contrast, females were 16% more successful than males. Overall, the puzzle proved to be efficient as a means of enriching the captive environment of both species, by stimulating manipulative behaviour and reducing inactivity.