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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O aproveitamento de água de chuva para fins não potáveis na cidade universitária professor José da Silveira Netto - Belém/PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-05-03) YOSHINO, Gabriel Hiromite; FERNANDES, Lindemberg Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4641468846318922
The Brazilian Amazon has about 69% of available freshwater in Brazil, an amount which ends up creating the illusion that no lack of water and not lacking in the region, the large supply of this resource becomes a problem when it comes to the Management and Planning Water Resources in the Amazon, according to the wasteful use and lack of maintenance of stocks, compounded by the release of untreated wastewater. Speaking of water conservation programs in the Amazon a few decades ago and still today, with less intensity, is somewhat strange, given the large amount of water available and the culture of abundance. But with climate change associated with the water crisis in the century XXI and the growth of environmental awareness, a new paradigm for water use. Thus, this research discusses the importance of the use of rainwater for non-potable purposes, since the potential for exploitation, throughout the year, due to this high rainfall in the Amazon region, ranging, on average, 119.6 mm in months from November to 441.6 mm in March. It was verified the potential utilization of rainwater from the areas of the roofs of some buildings, located at the Federal University of Pará - UFPA, Campus Guamá, also known as City University Professor José da Silveira Netto. The methods used for sizing of the reservoir were the Rippl and Interactive, and economic viability checking done by the methods of Net Present Value - NPV and discounted payback. As a result, there was obtained by the method of Rippl a volume exceeding 1000 m³, while the interactive method was a maximum of 75 m³. The economic viability presented fragile as a function of time to return exceed the useful life of the utilization system for rain water.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Autodepuração do igarapé Santa Isabel no município de Santa Isabel do Pará - aplicação do modelo de Streeter-Phelps
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-23) MORAIS, Kauê de Mendonça Cerqueira; BARP, Ana Rosa Baganha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0286183914646934
This research takes place in Santa Isabel of the Pará was assessed self-purification of the namesake creek through mathematical modeling proposed by Streeter-Phelps (1925). For this, during the period October 2009 to September 2010, we analyzed the physical and chemical parameters DO and BOD and certain hydraulic variables at 11 sampling points, divided into four sections of the watercourse. The result of the modeling indicated that the parts 1 and 2 have low self-purification in, they do not obey the standards of the legislation CONAMA 357/05. Finally, it is noteworthy that, in addition to unfavorable resilience that has Igarapé Santa Isabel, there is an effective action of the bodies responsible for monitoring the environmental quality of water resources so that there is control of the quantity of pollutants discharged into the creek. This way you can avoid that in a future scenario, serious problems due to multiple use of water from this source, compromising the health and well being of people dependent Igarapé Santa Isabel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação quantitativa da dinâmica espaço-temporal da precipitação na região hidrográfica Tocantins-Araguaia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-01-31) LOUREIRO, Glauber Epifanio; FERNANDES, Lindemberg Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4641468846318922
The analysis of the rainfall behavior in a watershed is fundamental for engineering and management of the hydric resources. The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin (TAB) for your recent occupation and economic potentialities, earns prominence in the national scenery. This work evaluates the spatial-temporal dynamics of the annual precipitation in this region quantitatively during a period of 30 years of data. The dynamics of rainfall can be analyzed by the calculation of the mean precipitation in a given area, by composing isohyets maps of annual precipitation. However, the confection of these maps require one interpolation method what better please represent the rainfall characteristics in places not shown for posterior please analyze quantitative of the behaviour of the rainfall. For much, went realized descriptive exploratory analyses sample and spatial how requisition of stationarity of the interpolation method geostatistics, fill and validation of the theoretical model what he embed to the variograma of annual rainfall. The confection of isohyets maps for the method of ordinary kriging (no drift) and Universal Kriging (drift) went afterwards realized the calculation of the precipitate volume in the hydrographic region for the method of the contours. The spatial dynamics of the precipitation was realized with base in the analysis of descriptive statistics, isohyets maps, map hypsometric, Meteorological Irregularity (MI) and Coefficient Variation. Temporal dynamics was analyzed by the distribution of the total annual of volumetric precipitation for every secondary basin of the TAB, Standarized Anomaly, in the variation interanual of precipitation and trend test and magnitude represented respectively by Mann Kendall Test and Sen's. Interrelated upshots with the meteorological anomalies of the Atlantic Ocean (Dipole) and Pacific (ENOS) indicate the behaviour of the enough precipitation heterogeneous and with big variability principally in the under subbasin Tocantins Alto (TOA) (14%.) Diminution of the pluviometric amplitude, in years of intense meteorological anomaly causing a precipitation increment to the south of the under basins TOA and Araguaia (ARA) and diminution of the precipitation to the north of the secondary subbasin Tocantins Baixo (TOB), in El Niño events. One cannot prove for Mann Kendall test precipitate in the TAB, has an trend significative statistically in the volume but the estimated Sen's gives clues of fall in the precipitation in the sub-basin TOA (-1,24 km³/year) and Araguaia (ARA) (-1,13 km³/year) and increase of the precipitation in the under basin TOB (0,53 Km³/year) and for the TAB (-1,5 km³/year). So spatial and temporal variability in the under basins is intimately reported to the events of meteorological anomaly, in which your action occurs of irregular way to the long of the area to study and lop influence the socioeconomic different activities in the TAB in accordance with your magnitude and area of occurrence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização hidrológica das sub bacias hidrográficas do Rio Negro e Rio Solimões
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-02) NEVES, Raisa Rodrigues; PESSOA, Francisco Carlos Lira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8031687016215046; FERNANDES, Lindemberg Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4641468846318922
The hydrological characterization of a river basin is of extreme importance for the adequate accomplishment of the management of the water resources, as well as for the planning of activities that suffer interference of the oscillations of variables like rainfall and flow. The sub-basins of Rio Negro and Rio Solimões stand out in the sub-basins of the Legal Amazon because they present great contributions in terms of flow to the Amazon River, with average discharge of approximately 32,000 m³ / s and 100,000 m³ / s, besides having good Spatialization of rainfall and fluviometric stations throughout their areas. This research consists in the hydrological characterization of these sub basins with the use of 31 years of precipitation data (1984-2014) and in the evaluation of the rainfall behavior as a function of the flow to identify the lag periods between the maximum rainfall and flow Stations. For this, information from ANA's National Hydrological Information System (Hidroweb) and ArcGis 10.1 software was used to carry out the necessary surveys. After obtaining the results, it was verified that the Solimões River sub-basin presented better flow monitoring than the Rio Negro sub-basin, however, the pluviometric records presented better monitoring in the Rio Negro area, despite all The rainfall stations presented failures. To fill these gaps, the Regional Weighting Method with Linear Regression was used. After acquisition of this information, isoietas maps were elaborated by the Linear Ordinary Kriging interpolator, being possible to calculate the water slides and the precipitated volume in each region. Ward's hierarchical method was used to create homogeneous rainfall regions in the delimitations selected in this study, and it is possible to identify areas with higher and lower rainfall indices in the maps elaborated with the use of the Linear and Inverse Ordinary Linear Kriging interpolator (IDW); In addition, the sensitivity analysis done every 5 years allowed us to infer that there was little rainfall variation over the 31 years studied, so data from the most recent 5 years (2010-2014) are able to represent all the information in the series Of this study. The temporal variation of the precipitation was analyzed annually, being possible to verify that the ENOS phenomenon is related to the pluviometric behavior of the two areas, occurring increase of the pluviometric indices in years of La Niña and reduction in years of El Niño, however, it is not possible That this phenomenon is the main enhancer of these variations. The Mann-Kendall and Spearman tests were used to evaluate trends in the time series for 31 years of rainfall data, considering a significance level of 5%, in which there was no trend or abrupt variations in the data series. To evaluate the relationship between rainfall and flow, simple hydrograms were elaborated, with the ordinate axis composed of rainfall and flow data in mm and the abscissa axis, composed by the time series, in years. This analysis allowed to verify that there is similarity in the behavior of the stations depending on their specialization along the sub basins, which presented higher pluviometric indexes between the months of December to June, in some cases prologando up to the month of August.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contribuição à classificação de pequenas bacias hidrográficas em função da área de drenagem
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05-25) SANTANA, Laila Rover; BLANCO, Claudio José Cavalcante; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8319326553139808
The adoption of an area value to define large, medium or small river basins should take into account the various processes involved in the basin behavior. In small basins, rainfall-flow conversion phenomena are described using simpler techniques. In order to classify small river basins according to their drainage areas, the main objective of this study was to identify and classify the small basins of the Amazon using a simple linear model (MLS). The model is applied to the rainfall and flow data from selected test basins in order to verify the linearity between these variables. The MLS used in this study is based on a linear and time invariant system that establishes a cause and effect relationship between rainfall and flow data. The performance of the model was evaluated through the RMS (square root of the mean square error), and from the results, small hydrographic basins were classified as a function of the drainage area. The method of Otto Pfafstetter is applied searching to identify at what level of codification are found only small river basins. The results indicated that in the basins with drainage areas less than or equal to 620 km², the adjustment between the observed and simulated flow duration curves was higher, presenting RMS values below 3 m³ / s. In the basins with dimensions over 620 km ², the RMS results exceeded 4 m³ / s, and the flow duration curves did not present a good fit, demonstrating that the MLS fails when applied to the hydrological data of these basins. Thus, the small hydrographic basins of the Amazon were classified with areas of drainage less or equal to 620 km ². The Ottocoding method was applied until level 9, where 51,319 ottobacias were delimited, all classified as small basins.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contribuição ao gerenciamento de recursos hídricos do Rio Piracicaba
(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1995-09) BARP, Ana Rosa Baganha; BARBOSA, Paulo Sérgio Franco; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9653654803297649
This work deals with a network flow optimization problem applied to the Piracicaba river system. A mathematical optimization method which gives great computational efficiency was selected. The aim is to help the management and operation of hydrografic basins geared to the control of the quality and quantity of the water. Computational mathematical models were chosen due to their speedy and efficient aid to decision making. The problem was handled by adopting the multiobjective formulation of the Weight Method and a networks flow optimization algorithm coupled with a piece-wise linear objective function. At was verified that the river system responds satisfactorily as long as the flow of a twenty-four month's period is known in advance (deterministc flows) and with due manipulation of the storages and differentiation of the storages with time. The systemic vision the models provides is an alternative approach to the traditional studies that evaluate the benefits the hydraulic structures in the punctual form
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de um sistema de alerta de enchente aplicado aos planos de defesa civil em áreas de risco no estado do Pará utilizando Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), caso: cidade de Marabá
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-02) COSTA, Jamer Andrade da; COSTA, Tony Carlos Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5776447682706171
This dissertation develops a Flood Warning System for the city of Marabá, located at the confluence of Tocantins and Itacaiúnas Rivers, 400 quilometers south from Belém, capital of the State of Pará (Brazil). The Flood Warning System is based on the hydrological model MOD-4B incorporated into a Geographic Information System. This system forecasts changes in the level of the Tocantins River throughout the year. It monitors the initiation of the flood 4 days in advance, resulting in more efficient Civil Defense actions. As reference, the forecasting model used the limnimeter poles located on the Tocantins and Araguaia Rivers, in the towns of Carolina and Conceição do Araguaia, respectively about 225 and 270 quilometers south from the city of Marabá. The system uses the GIS software ArcView 3.3, which was implemented through an interface developed through an object-oriented programming language called Avenue to run the application of the hydrological model. The use of windows and menus adapted to the model grants access to spatial data and relational database tables and / or record database. It also provides modules for spatial analysis and visualization of geographic data in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which forecasts flooding in the form of maps, charts and reports, showing the flooded areas for periods of 4, 3, 2 and 1 day before the occurrence of flooding. The system also identifies the affected streets and buildings, quantifying the affected population and the damages caused. With this, the Civil Defense can execute efficient action plans before, during and after the flooding.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem chuva-vazão em bacias hidrograficas com suporte em redes neurais artificiais
(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1999-12-06) BARP, Ana Rosa Baganha; BARBOSA, Paulo Sérgio Franco; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9653654803297649
This work describes the use of two hydrological simulation deterministic models to represent the rainfuJI-runnoff processo The Itapetiniga, Almas and Guarapiranga rivers basin, located in the State of São Paulo and the Guaporé river basin located in the State of Mato Grasso, are taken as a case study. Both deterministic models used parameters optimization, with a nonlinear and unconstrained structure: (a) SMAP - Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure, which uses a first order optimization procedure; (b) Artificial Neural Network (ARN) model, which uses a second order optimzation procedure. Both models assume a montly interval to account rainfall and river flow. Some tests include a mix structure between SMAP and ARN, aiming at an evaluation of ARN potential to replace physical parameters and typical processes of conceptual rainfall-runnoff models.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelo de gerenciamento de usos múltiplos da água: um estudo de caso para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Tapajós
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-02) FIGUEIREDO, Nelio Moura de; BLANCO, Claudio José Cavalcante; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8319326553139808
This work deals with a model for management of multiple uses of water, for the mitigation of conflicts of use related to the operation of reservoir systems in hydroelectric power plant of water catchment area. The model SOUMA – "system optimization of multiple uses of water", which consists of a stochastic optimization model based on nonlinear programming, was developed and structured in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) with the use of solver MINOS. The SOUMA is composed of two modules. The first is a module for forecasting of water levels, which consists of a stochastic model of type ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average). The second is a module for forecasting of streamflow, which is a stochastic model of rainfall-streamflow the RNA type. The ARIMA model calibration and validation presented average R² above 0.93 and RMSE below 0.08, capturing in a satisfactory manner the behavior of water levels. The rain-flow model that was used in the composition of influent flow to the reservoir, with the use of RNA architecture, presented average R² 0.954 and of 0.098 RMSE. The SOUMA model was applied to Tapajós River basin for the future hydroelectric power plant of São Luiz do Tapajós, Itaituba, PA. Six scenarios were created to be used as parameters in optimizing and mitigation of conflicts. The reservoir tributaries streamflow were obtained and simulated for dry, medium and moist hydrological scenarios and for El Niño, La Niña and Neutral climatic scenarios. For the power generation and navigation depth uses, considering the tributaries streamflow of the dry, medium and moist hydrological scenarios, the SOUMA showed, in relation to the reference levels of the low, medium and high navigation scenarios, the occurrence of depths below the minimum, for generations averages below 2,411 MW, 2,939 MW and 3,586 MW, respectively. For power generation and cargo capacity, considering the tributaries streamflow of the dry, medium and moist hydrological scenarios, the SOUMA showed, in relation to the low, medium and high reference levels of the navigation scenarios, that generations averages above 2,869 MW, 3,508 MW and 4,740 MW, respectively, do not generate earnings of cargo capacity and that medium generations below 1,344 MW, 2,056 MW and 1,622 MW, respectively, make the river transport of cargo infeasible. For power generation and flood dimension, considering the tributaries streamflow of the dry, medium and moist hydrological scenarios, the SOUMA showed, in relation the reference levels low, medium and high of the flood control, the occurrence of floods downstream to generations above average 4,978 MW, 6,057 MW and 7,390 MW, respectively. Consumptive withdrawals are meaningful only in the period from June to October. Considering the monthly average consumptive demands (145 m ³/s), to tributaries streamflow of the dry, medium and moist hydrological scenarios, the SOUMA showed a monthly loss in power generation of 50 MW, 47 MW and 44 MW, respectively. The measured results show that the models developed are important tools to operational optimization of reservoir systems with multiple uses, allowing the optimization of generations and defluente flow in the hydroelectric power plant of water catchment area, in periods of flood and drought and large energy demands, with maintenance of navigation conditions downstream from dams, through sustainable operational simulations that minimize usage conflicts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ocorrência de fármacos e desreguladores endócrinos em resíduos da estação de tratamento de água do Bolonha, Belém - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-05-10) FERREIRA, Clara Cardoso; TEIXEIRA, Luiza Carla Girard Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9773700229115395; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-6825
Nowadays, the microcontaminants presence in water has been attracting the attention from scientific Community, since these compounds are found in small concentrations (ng/L or µg/L) and can cause adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Therefore, the presente study aimed to investigate the occurrence of 24 drugs and endocrine disruptors in water washing from Bolonha’s Water Treatment Plant (WTP) filters, located in Belém city, Northern region of Brazil. The correlation of these microcontaminants with physicochemical and biological characteristics investigated in the studied matrix was also evaluated. For the research, six sampling campaigns were carried out during the rainy season and six sampling campaigns in the dry season during the filter chamber washing. The compounds determination was carried out by solid phase extraction and chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, gas chromatography for Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, 4-Nonylphenol, 4-Octylphenol, Bisphenol A, Gemfibrozil, Estrone, Estradiol, Etinilestradiol, Estriol, and in liquid phase for the Other compounds. The Losartana (5,5 to 738,7 ng/L) and Bisphenol A (20,9 to 518,9 ng/L) were detected in high concentrations and in all samples collected, being the compounds with the highest frequency of occurrence in matrix. The 4-Octyphenol (13,5 to 51 ng/L) and Loratadine (3,4 to 24,6 ng/L) showed low concentrations, however they were present in 11 of 12 samples showing a high frequency of occurrence in washing water. Caffeine (1090.2 ng/L) had the highest concentration among the contaminants, however, it was only detected in one sample. Multivariate analyzes showed that drugs and endocrine disruptors were more positively related to each other and to turbidity during the rainy season. It is worth noting that the compounds that were most strongly correlated with each other and with the physicochemical and biological variables of the washing water, in both periods, were 4-Octylphenol, Bisphenol A, Losartan and Loratadine. The study also suggests that the concentration of microcontaminants decreased with decreasing turbidity. In general, the results confirmed the influence of precipitation on the variables and indicated the presence of domestic sewage discharges in the supply system of the Bologna complex, especially as it is located in an area with intense anthropic activity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Proposição metodológica para melhoria do monitoramento pluviométrico em regiões de barramento com escassez de postos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-10-10) FERREIRA, Laysse Alves; ISHIHARA, Júnior Hiroyuki; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3498874642887006; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-7913
The Brazilian Amazon is considered the largest primary forest in the world, having great importance in the planet's biodiversity, as well as in the national economy, having large enterprises that use dams for their production process, such as hydroelectric dams and dams for mining. Despite its environmental and economic importance, the Legal Amazon has low density and spatiality for in loco measurement of rainfall. Precipitation data are the basis of hydrological studies and for the entire cycle of implementation, operation and decommissioning of dams, where knowledge of hydrological behavior enables actions to prevent extreme weather events, as well as better management and decision-making of water resources . Groups of stations that have similar hydrological behavior and minimal differences are called hydrologically homogeneous areas, making it possible to transfer data from these areas with adequate monitoring to areas that have insufficient stations. Regionalization allows this data transfer and the extraction of information about the spatial behavior of precipitation, commonly using clustering algorithms. Given this scenario, Ward's hierarchical grouping method was used in this study to identify hydrologically homogeneous groups and later regionalization through the Ordinary Kriging method. The historical series from 1986 -2015 (30 years) of rainfall data from 268 stations was used. The results showed 6 homogeneous zones with high precipitation variability among the groups found. Spatialization ratified the results of other studies that concluded that the legal Amazon has high rainfall variability, with regionalization being a tool to assist in the management of areas with a lack of data.