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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise experimental de lajes lisas nervuradas de concreto armado com armadura de cisalhamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-11-01) SOUZA, Shirley do Socorro Melo de; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
Two-way waffle flat slabs are structural elements of reinforced concrete supported directly on columns, under bending moments over the two directions, they improve the speed of the execution and save moulds and concrete and, consequently, labor. This work seeks to contribute for the study of the behavior of this kind of slab, as the shear resistance of the ribs and the punching in the solid area, through tests of 8 two-way reinforced concrete waffle flat slabs. Comparative analyses between the experimental results and estimated by national and international design codes had been carried out. The slabs were square, with 1.800 mm of side and total height of 140 mm. The cross section of the slabs was formed by ribs with 50 mm of width for the base and 100 mm for the upper base and the spaces between the ribs had been filled with EPS blocks (expanded polystyrene). The main variables considered were the type of shear reinforcement in the ribs (trusses, closed vertical stirrup and 45 inclined stirrup) and the use of 45 inclined stirrup as shear reinforcement in the solid region. They were presented and analyzed the results observed for the vertical displacements, deformation in the flexural and shear reinforcement, and the propagation of cracks. The values observed for failure loads were compared with the estimated ones. It was observed that the shear reinforcement in the ribs did not increase the failure loads and that the shear reinforcement in the solid region increased significantly the resistance of the slabs.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise experimental de lajes lisas unidirecionais de concreto armado ao puncionamento simétrico ou assimétrico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-03-02) FERREIRA, Maurício de Pina; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
Punching is normally a critical case in the design of reinforced concrete flat slabs. According to many design codes, punching develops in a more unfavorable way in cases where the load is asymmetrically applied, due to unbalanced bending moments at slab-column connections. In order to evaluate the normative prescriptions in these cases, 12 reinforced concrete oneway flat slabs ( c f ' between 36 and 58 MPa) were submitted to symmetric or asymmetric punching. The slabs dimensions were (1.800 x 1.800 x 110) mm with the load being applied through a metallic plate simulating a square column with (85 x 85 x 50) mm. This research had as variables, in addiction to the load position, the reinforcement rate in transversal direction, in order to evaluate their influence in the punching ultimate resistance of one-way slabs. Results for vertical deflections, concrete surface and flexural reinforcement strains, cracking pattern, observed ultimate loads and failure modes are presented and analyzed. Also were analyzed the estimates of 6 design codes, with 3 European and 1 North-American, beyond the versions from 1978 and 2003 of the Brazilian structural concrete design code. A numerical analysis using the Finite Elements Method to simulate the slabs behavior is presented and its results are compared to the experimentally observed ones. The results showed that, unlike the normative previsions, punching resistance doesnt reduce linearly with the increments in the loads eccentricities, with the flexural effects significantly influencing the ultimate punching resistance. Even in one-way slabs, the transversal reinforcement rate showed significant influence on the slabs force distribution, interfering in the punching resistance.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise experimental de lajes lisas unidirecionais de concreto armado com pilares retangulares ao puncionamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-12-20) DAMASCENO, Lins Sandro Resque; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
They were analyzed 8(eight) experimentally one-way flat slabs of reinforced concrete, without punching shear reinforcement, for that the reinforcement rate in secondary direction and the largest dimension of the pillars (cmax). The flat slab were dimensions of (1.800 x 1.800 x 110) mm, same flexing reinforcement, to smallest dimension of the columns (cmin) constant and equal to 85 mm, resistance to the compression of the concrete around 40 MPa and submitted to the load in the center (symmetrical punching shear), that it simulates an internal column of a pavement. The application of the load was accomplished in passages of columns linked moliticamente to the flat slab with height 150 mm, with retangularidade rate (r = cmax/cmin) varying from 1 to 7. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the retangularidade rate, that contemplated in the increase of the control perimeter in this case, in the behavior of the slabs under flexing, and possibly a more ductile failure. The objective went to also analyze the dear rupture loads starting from the recommendations of six national and international project codes, comparing with the obtained experimental results and evaluating the estimates to the punching shear, once, when the dimensions of the pillars are substantially different can happen the polarization of tensions and the resistance earnings doesn't happen in way directly proportional to the increase of the perimeter of the columns. After analyzing the influences of the retangularidade rate of the columns and the contributions that the reinforcement rate in secondary the last loads of the flats slabs and in the failure modes, it was observed that the experimental results indicated that those varied besides elevating the resistance of the connection can supply certain ductility to the failure of the slabs. It was observed that the rate of growth of the resistances obtained in the rehearsals decreases with increments in the control perimeter. Of the observations regarding the comparison among the values of resistances of the flats slabs, it was verified that the increase of the load of experimental rupture didn't come in a lineal way, indicating that the rate of growth of the load decreases with the increase of the perimeter of the column or of the rate cmax/cmin when stays constant to smallest dimension of the column (cmin).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise experimental de lajes lisas unidirecionais de concreto armado de alta resistência com metacaulim apoiadas em pilares retangulares e armadas à punção
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-03-02) CARVALHO, Adonay Saráty de; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
Ten reinforced concret slabs were tested, using metakaolin and high strength concrete (cc f nearly 60 MPa), The slabs are submitted to central loading, with objective to analyze the influence of the rectangularity rate of the columms (min C CmÃx) and the stirrups in the increase of resistance. The inclined stirrups have used. The slabâs dimensions were (1.800 x 1.800 x 110) mm and the variables considered were the rectangularity rate of the columms and use the stirrups and distribution around the columm. Ultimate loads, deflections, fissure maps, ductility, concrete, stirrups and reinforcement strains and failure types. The experimental results are comparisons with other results of the codes. The numerical results are compared with experimental results. The experimental results indicate that increase of the rectangularity rate of the columms to make the shear forces concentrat around the colummâs ends, suggesting that the region the shear combat are most solicit. The inclinate stirrups have eficient increase in the resistance of the slab and to change the failure types in some slabs. Observed increases than 32% when the stirrups have to distribuite around the colummâs ends. The low capacity resist to flexion have limited the punching resistance.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise termoelástica experimental e computacional por elementos finitos da parede externa em concreto armado de um forno de cozimento de anodo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-12-16) TEIXEIRA, Marcelo Rassy; SOUZA, Remo Magalhães de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1995895693959225
This thesis presents a study about the behavior of a reinforced concrete structure subjected to high thermal variations. The structure under investigation is the external wall of an anode furnace used in Aluminum production, and is subjected to thermal variations in the range of 125C (2282 F) due to the furnace operation. The main motivations for the study were the presence of large deformations and occurrence of cracks in the structure, which could cause the furnace to become inoperable. The objective of the research was to investigate the causes of these structural pathologies, as well as to establish retrofit proposals for the structure. For this purpose, experimental and numerical studies were carried out. At first, the structure was monitored using displacement transducers and temperature sensors (thermocouples) connected to a data acquisition system, which could automatically obtain and store samples along the test period. Next, computer models were developed, using a multiphysics Finite Element Code called Algor, for the evaluation of temperature distribution and corresponding thermal stresses and strains in the structure. In these studies, stationary and transient heat conduction analyses were performed, followed by thermal stress analyses. As a conclusion of this research, it can be stated that the proposed methodology, based on advanced tools of structural engineering, was very suitable for the study of the presented phenomenon, since it rendered a precise and economic solution for the problem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da viabilidade econômica da implantação de coberturas termoacústicas com painéis fotovoltáicos em edificações: estudo de caso em uma instituição de ensino superior
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-20) BRAZ, Sérgio Cabeça; MACEDO, Alcebíades Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8313864897400179
With the evolution of humanity and the appearance of new technologies in civil construction combined with the need for environmental comfort, reduction of environmental impacts and consumption of electricity, it becomes indispensable to use new materials and sources of renewable energy in buildings for reduction costs and environmental impacts. In this scenario, the coverage of the buildings of a higher education institution in the state of Pará was studied aiming at the environmental comfort and reduction of costs in the consumption of electric energy. Exploratory research was carried out, considering the area of the building, type of coverage, the consumption of electric energy and calculations through the projected cash flow with a time horizon of 25 years compatible with the useful life of the system. We thus obtained discounted cash flow, payback and net present value. The results showed that the use of the hermoacoustic tile in the roofs with the implantation of the photovoltaic solar energy system as an alternative for cost reduction is feasible for the studied buildings with a saving of around 13%, time of return 12/13 years (50% of the system's useful life) and NPV of, on average, 44% of the initial investment. For the covered walkways of the Institution that in its totality is approximately 5km, the implantation of the photovoltaic system was not viable.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da mesa na resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-10) SOUZA, Wallace Maia de; FERREIRA, Maurício de Pina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4242041552985485; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
The shear strength of one-way ribbeds slabs of reinforced concrete without transverse reinforcement in their ribs is evaluated through structural behavior shear. For to quantify the contribution of the height of the table and the flange characteristic resistance shear were fabricated 8 panels one-way ribbeds slabs of concrete with variations of the height of the tables, in order to evaluate the recommendations of NBR 6118 (2007), ACI 318 (2011) and EUROCODE 2 (2002) with consider to the performance of one-way ribbeds slabs of reinforced concrete shear. The slabs, simply supported edges, presented in two groups, seeking cover the limits prescribed by the brazilian standard: the first with 4 slabs (2000 x 1300) mm ² with distance between the axis of the ribs of 610 mm and the second with 4 slabs (2000 x 2000) mm² with distance between the axis of the ribs of 960 mm, and there was a variation of the table height of 30, 50, 80 and 100 mm. The flexural reinforcement was kept constant in all cases and the shear reinforcement has been removed, for that all the slabs had fracture shear. The slabs showed increased resistance with increased height of the table, indicated by considerable increase in the contribution of the concrete shear strength, as well as the large deformation of the longitudinal reinforcement and distribution, and to the high values of the arrows. Therefore, in the calculation of shear strength of one-way ribbeds slabs, could be rethought the lack of use of the height of the table as a variable, since its contribution to the shear strength is real.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Programa computacional com interface gráfica para identificação estocástica de parâmetros modais de estruturas civis: aplicação em pontes e torres de linha de transmissão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-09-21) AMADOR, Sandro Diord Rescinho; SOUZA, Remo Magalhães de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1995895693959225
Interest on the dynamic behavior of latticed structures has been increased in the latest decades in Brazil since some accidents with total collapse of some structures, due to excessive vibration, have been occurred in its different regions. In the Amazon region, for instance, where these latticed structures overcome great obstacles such as the rainforest and large rives crossings, cases of collapse of latticed structures have been also reported. This master thesis focuses on the study of the modal behavior of latticed steel structures subjected to ambient vibrations caused by unknown excitation forces. Two study cases are presented: in the first, the modal behavior of a steel overhead transmission line tower is investigated; in the second case, the modal behavior and comfort level of a steel bridge is studied. The study of this last case aims at investigating the level of comfort of the bridge under ambient vibration, caused by wind gusts and vehicle traffic, according to the Brazilian standard NBR 8800 (1986). In both study cases, experimental and theoretical dynamic analyzes were performed to extract the modal parameters of theses structures. In the experimental stage, both structures were monitored using a set of low frequency accelerometers as well as a data acquisition system suitable for vibration tests of civil engineering structures. Since it is very difficult to measure the magnitude of ambient excitation forces, two stochastic subspace identification methods known as SSI-DATA and SSI-COV were employed to extract the modal parameters of the analyzed structures from response data collected in the vibration tests. Among all activities performed in this stage, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolbox in Matlab® platform was developed. In this toolbox, the above mentioned stochastic methods were implemented to extract modal parameters of civil engineering structures only from the response data collected in vibration tests. This toolbox consists of three modules: the first is used to process and treat the signals collected in the vibrations tests; the second is designed for allowing user to add the information related to the position and orientation of the accelerometers to the data files; the last module is used to extract the modal parameters from the response data files preprocessed in the first two modules. In the theoretical stage, numerical models were created to simulate de dynamical behavior of the structures under study. By comparing the results from both stages of analysis, it is observed that the experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement for the first modes of vibration. The experimental results showed that the approach developed for output-only modal analysis of civil engineering structures using stochastic state-space based methods was very efficient for identification of the modal parameters of the analyzed structures.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Resistência ao cisalhamento de vigas “T” de concreto armado: verificação das longarinas da ponte sobre o rio Sororó
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) BRANCO, Vitor Hugo Lopes; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186
The structural behavior of a T beam gives assessment of different contributions on shear strength between different parts of the same cross section, allowing to establish guidelines for the provision of shear and flexure reinforcement. To quantify the contribution of the flange and web of such section in the shear strength were experimentally investigated 10 reinforced concrete beams consisting of T section aiming to evaluate the recommendations of NBR, ACI and EC2 standards about T beams subjected to shear. One of the beams was the control beam to be compared with, the others were idealized with a variation on the size of the cross section of the flange, to increase the cross section concrete area. All of the beams had no stirrups and the longitudinal reinforcement was the same in all cases. The concrete compressive strength was 47 MPa. It is clearly observed that the cross section made great influence on the shear ultimate strength of the structural elements tested in the laboratory, despite the sudden collapse, it is understood that the development of critical shear cracks depends on how the longitudinal tension is distributed in accordance with shear. The rise of the ultimate strength in the beams with flanges was observed to a level near the double of the ultimate shear force presented by the beam , and more clearly in beams with hf=80 mm, in which the concrete contributions were able to modify the collapse of those specimens, due to the yield of the tensile reinforcement, and the gain of stiffness that was about 25% higher when compared to the rectangular beam in terms of displacements. Through the acquired results it was possible to estimate the ultimate shear strength gain of the beams of the bridge over the Sororó river of the Carajás railway, giving a gain of a rectangular beam strength multiplied by 1,93 in that case.