Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica - CPGF/IG

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2355

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica da UFPA (CPGF) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Foi o segundo no Brasil a formar recursos humanos em Geofísica em nível de pós-graduação stricto sensu. Criado em 1972, funcionou até 1992 junto com os Cursos de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica e Geologia.

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise comparativa de três métodos de inversão aplicados a dados gravimétricos e magnéticos em perfil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1985-10-07) CUTRIM, Alteredo Oliveira; SILVA, João Batista Corrêa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1870725463184491
Nonlinear inversion of potential field data has been traditionally accomplished by the least squares method. As far as the anomalous field is corrupted by Gaussian random noise. Least squares inversion has a good performance. However, when the data are contaminated by non Gaussian noise, which is the case of most geological noise, the least squares method presents an extremely poor performance. As a result, alternative methods must be employed in this case in order to produce realistic and meaningful interpretations. This paper presents a comparison among the least squares method, the minimum absolute error and M-fitting applied to non linear inversion of potential field data. The analysis is performed using theoretical data generated by synthetic models simulating several geological settings. The results show that in the presence of geological noise represented either by small shallow bodies above the main body, or by large interfering bodies adjacent to the main body, M-fitting presents a much batter performance as compared with the least squares or the minimun absolute error methods. In the presence of Gaussian random noise, however M-fitting has a poor performance. Since a Gaussian noise is a white noise, a law pass filter applied to the observed data would remove part of the Gaussian noise with a minimum loss of the low wavenumber signal. On the other hand, most geological noise have important low wavenumber spectral components so that this noise cannot be eliminated without a significant loss of signal. Therefore, the M-fitting method may become an important interpretation tool when applied to complex areas (where anomalies are usually contaminated by geological noise) provided the data have been previously filtered by a suitable law pass filter. All three methods analysed in the paper are applied to a real magnetic anomaly due to a dike of diabasic rock intruded in sandstones and shales from the Piauí Formation, in Parnaíba Basin, Brazil. All three methods yielded similar interpretations which are consistent with the available a priori geological information. The fact that all methods produced similar results indicates a low level of geological and Gaussian random noise in the data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise das aproximações RPP e RSP para meios isotrópicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-08-16) SANTOS, Darcicléa Ferreira; PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4210442535067685
This work presents linear and quadratic approximations of the Zoeppritz equations for the derivation of reflection and transmission coefficients from P-P and P-S events as a function of incidence angles and angular average, as well as the linear inversion analysis, AVO, in respect to the disassociated and combined P-P and P-S reflection events. The use of the so-called pseudoquadratic approximations was applied for the derivation of quadratic approximations only for PPevents, around the average contrasts of compressional and shear waves velocities and Vs/Vp ratio. The results of approximations derived in this work show that quadratic approximations were more precise than the linear ones in the two angular versions. The comparisons between these approximations in terms incidence angle and angular average show that the quadratic approximations are equivalent within the angular limit of [0º to 30º]. In the other hand, the linear approximations as a function of incidence angle are more precise than the linear approximations as a function of the angular average. In the linear inversion, sensitivity and ambiguity analyses were carried out and one could see that in the case of disassociated reflection P-P and P-S events, just a parameter can be estimated and the combination of these events can stabilize the inversion permitting the estimation of two physical parameters for the media (impedance, P-wave velocity and shear bulk module contrasts).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de feições geológicas na região de Tartarugalzinho, Amapá, através de métodos geofísicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) MARTINS, Saulo Siqueira; PINHEIRO, Roberto Vizeu Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3251836412904734; LUIZ, José Gouvêa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8676530374310847
Two geophysical methods were applied to detect geologic structures on the oriental edge of the Guianas Shield. The gravimetric method was applied mainly to find faulting on the basement, associated to shear belts that have orientation NW-SE. It was found faulting on the basement as well as an indication that the crust suffered a thinning in some region of the edge. The GPR electromagnetic method was applied to find geologic discontinuities on the sediments and to check if they are reflex of structural faults on the basement and/or reactivation of some of them. The GPR showed places where discontinues and some paleostructures can be observed. The study was also applied to understand how the basement discontinuities can influence on the formation of Tertiary sedimentary basins and on the formation of shallow paleostructures.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de velocidade por otimização do semblance na reflexão sísmica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) VIEIRA, Wildney Wallacy da Silva; LEITE, Lourenildo Williame Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8588738536047617
This work had as a general aim to develop a systematic methodology for the inversion of seismic reflection data organized in common-midpoint gathers (CMP), starting from 1D vertical variation of velocity and thickness that allows to obtain interval velocity, vint,n, in time, the correspondent interval thickness, zn, and the correspondent mean-square velocity, vRMS,n in individualized CMP gathers. A direct consequence of this work the transformation of these values from time to depth. Two methods were developed to attack the problem defined as velocity analysis based on the estimation of interval velocity. The first method was based on manual picking of reflection events on CMP gathers, and inversion by curve fitting in the least-square sense. The second method was based on the otimization of the semblance function to obtain an automatic picking. The methodology combined two types of optimization: a Global Method (Price or Simplex), and Local Method (second order gradient or cojugate), subject to a priori information and constraints. The picking of events in time-distance section is of fundamental importance in the process of inversion, and the picked points are the input data along with a priori information of the model to be adjusted. The picking must, in principle, avoid events that represent multiples, diffractions and intersections, and in a section over 50 pickings can be made, while in a semblance map not more than 10 events could usually be picked by eye. The application of this work is focused on seismic data of marine sedimentary basins to obtain a distribution of velocities for the subsurface, where a plane-horizontal model is applied for individual CMP sections, and that the solution can be used as an initial model in subsequent processes. The real data used in this study were collected by Petrobras in 1985, and the selected seismic line was of number L5519 of the Camamu Basin, and the CMP presented is of number 237. The line consists of 1098 shot points with right-lateral arrangement. The sampling interval is 4 ms. The spacing between the geophones is 13.34 m with the first geophone located at 300 m from the source. The spacing between the sources is 26.68 m. As a general conclusion, the method for estimating interval velocity in this work stands as an alternative support to velocity analysis, where it is necessary a control over the sequential inversion of CMP gathers along the seismic line such that the solution can be used as an initial model for imaging, and further tomographic inversion. As future work, we can be propose studies directely and specifically related to seismic velocity analysis by extending the 2D semblance optimization method to 3D, and extending the present studies to the method based on the image ray, aiming at producing a continuous velocity map for the entire section in an automatic way.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação de análise de séries temporais em perfis de poço
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-08-17) SILVA, Hamilton Pereira da; LOVELL, Michael Anthony
This thesis describes the application of time seris analysis to wireline logs. Through this technique it is possible to evaluate both their repeatability and vertical resolution, and determine the optimum sampling interval and acquisition speed for different logs. A comparison between three wells is also made, based on the same type of log. The sequence used, is to obtain data, in the same domain, for which the number of samples (N) does not exceed 2048. For these data the mean sample value and the algebraic polynomial are determined. The following were then applied, in order: cosine taper, high pass filter, Hanning window, the calculation of the coherence function, the phase spectra, and the signal to noise ratio of the power spectra for both the signal and the noise. For the coherence function, it was necessary to calculate the level of confidence for 50 necessary to determine the vertical resolution of some logs. The others were calculated to provide information concerning the position of the levels of coherence calculated. In relation to the phase spectra, its calculation suggests it is necessary to obtain additional information in respect of the processed logs, or in other words knowledge of any relative depth shifts made between the principal and repeat sections. The signal to noise ratio was calculated to investigate the possibility of evaluating the different types of logs by making a comparison with the coherence and the calculated power spectra. The power spectra of the signal and the noise were calculated to provide one additional parameter to evaluate the repeat section. In theory the power spectra of the signal and the noise of the repeat section should be equal to their respective spectra for the principal sections. The data used in this work were provided by PETROBRAS and originated in four boles of the Potiguar Basin. These are referred to as Holes A, B, C, and D. The evaluation of the repeatability between different types of logs indicates that, for Hole A, the microspherical log (MSFL) has better repeatability than the porosity log (CNL), and that this repeats better than the gamma ray log (GR). For the logs run in Hole D, a decrease in the speed at which the logs are run, from 550 m/hr to 275 m/hr, is advantageous only for the neutron porosity log. The velocity of 920 m/hr used in Hole C is totally inadequate for the resistivity logs (MSFL, ILD, and ILM). A decrease in the sampling interval from 0.2m to 0.0508m, for the gamma ray and neutron porosity logs, and to 0.0254m for the density log, gives good results when applied to Hole D. The calculation of vertical resolution indicates, that the neutron porosity is of superior quality when compared with the natural gamma ray in Hole A. In hole C the microspherical log (MSFL) has a vertical resolution of the same order as the natural gamma ray log (GR) in Hole B. This confirms the inappropriate speed for the logs acquired in Hole C. For Hole D, the calculation of vertical resolution indicates a superior quality for the high resolution density log when compared with the high resolution gamma ray log. The comparison between Holes A, B and D, uses the respective neutron porosity logs, confirming that the presence of noise, in general, is directly linked with the porosity of the formation - a higher porosity indicates more noise and consequently, a lower quality log is obtained. Analysis of phase spectra of each log indicates a depth shift exists between the principal and repeat sections for all the logs of Hole C. This could be confirmed through superposition of the sections.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação dos métodos eletromagnéticos VLF e HLEM na prospecção hidrogeológica no município de São Domingos do Araguaia-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-04-25) FARIAS, Valcir João da Cunha; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
This work deals with the geological mapping using the electromagnetic methods VLF and HLEM to hidrogeological study of the county São Domingos do Araguaia in the southest of the State of Pará. It was carried out within the cooperation agreement between the Fundação Nacional de Saúde and the Universidade Federal do Pará, through the Geophysics Department and the Curso de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica. Also, we studied the quantitative performance of the VLF method, applied to ground water prospecting. First, we analysed the VLF response, by means of the parameters (tilt angle and ellipticity) of the ellipse of polarization of various geological situations likely to be found in the local under study, and for hidrogeological studies of other areal as well. Also, we evaluated the influence of different physical parameters of selected models using finite elements method. The quantitative analyse of the field data was carried out by trial and error using theoretical curves obtained by means of model simulation suggested by the qualitative interpretation using Fraser's filter and profiles of the HLEM method. The results showed the existence of structural features with trends N-S and NE-SW which correlated with the regional geology are normal and transference faults, respectivily. Based on these results, it was selected several sites for drilling of well with maximum probability of sucess.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação dos métodos gravimétrico e magnetométrico para a definição do comportamento estrutural da faixa de dobramentos Araguaia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1988-04-25) CARVALHO, João da Silva; SAUCK, William August; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6655455534234531
Interpretation of gravimetric and aeromagnetometric informations of the northern region on the Araguaia Orogenic Belt covering an area of aproximately 129.000km2 is presented in this thesis. The area lies between is 47º50’W and 50º30’W longitudes and between 4º50’S and 9º00’S latitudes, over southeast Pará State, north-northwest of Goiás State and west of Maranhão State. The gravimetric and altimetric measurements were carried out along highways and roads in the region. The gravity data, after corrections and reductions are presented in the form of Bouguer anomalies map on scale 1:500.000. The gravimetric pattern of Araguaia Orogenic Belt shows features principally of longitudinal extension, with approximately meridional direction. These features are correlated with the known lithological and structural units in the area. In the central-meridional portion of the map, appears an extended zone of intensive negative anomaly (less than -100mgal). This zone suffers two inflexios, one in the northwest (NW) which correlates to Carajás Lineament, and the other along latitude 5°30’S. The higher gravimetric values, notably in the northwest portion (cratonic domain), are related to the influence of the metavulcanics Grão Pará Group, and those in the northeast portion are attribuited to the denser mass intruded in the crust. Notable, also a gravimetric peak on the eastern flank of the brachyanticlines. This peak could be linked to a denser mass placed under this region tectonially, creating elevations in crust base-level and consequently of the basement. Generally, the eastern flank of orogenic belt show a gradient more intensive than the western, due to principally the geometric configuration of structures. In the similar way there is a notable ascendent regional gradient from south to north. Through the analysis of magnetic intensity maps, of the Projeto Geofísico Brasil-Canadá (PGBC), diferent individual domains were identified. These domains correlate lithologically and structuraly with the geotectonics units that constitute the regional framework and their subunits. Analytical gravity and magnetic modelling were carried out for semi-quantitative interpretation with the objective to establish the basement geometric pattern of the Araguaia Orogenic Belt, and the vinculated structures. On the basis of gravimetric informations, we could verify a geometric higher pattern in the form of imbricated slices over the substratum. The higher negative anomaly in the center-meridional portion of the orogenic belt could be related with the deficiency of deeper mass (a depression in the crust bottom), or due to the presence of a low density mass in the supercrustal layers, in that zone. The gravity depression in the southwest of the area, between Guarai and Tupirama, could be attribuited to a depression in the basement, and in the similar way the negative anomaly associated with Carajás Lineament is related to a sinformal structure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos fundamentais das medidas e interpretação de registros paleomagnéticos em rochas sedimentares da Formação Longá-Bacia do Parnaíba
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1984-09-21) ALENCAR, Benaia Vieira de; PACCA, Igor Ivory Gil; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8172887185665918
Palaeomagnetic data for the upper Palaezoic and, in particular, the Devonian of South America are still very limited and therefore polar wandering curves cannot be established. We investigated the paleomagnetism of 43 stratigraphic horizons of the Upper Devonian Longá Formation. The results should make a contribution towards a better definition of that curve. Sampling was done according to the block method in profiles on highway PI-13 between Teresina, Barras and Batalha, and on highways PI-24 and BR-230 between Floriano, Nazaré do Piauí and Oeiras, all in the state of Piauí. Investigations were carried out at the "Laboratório de Paleomagnetismo" of the University of São Paulo and completed at the laboratory of the NCGG of the Federal University of Pará. In this study, we employed the technique of progressive demagnetization by alternate fields up to 700ºe and/or temperatures up to 670-700ºC. Interpretation of the data was done using vector diagrams of Zijderveld, curves type J-T/C of variation of magnetic intensity with variations of temperature or magnetic field and also by graphs of variation of the direction of the vectors of magnetization. Calculations of mean direction and poles were done following the statistical method of Fisher. Four directions of remanent magnetization were identified: 1. A secondary magnetization of chemical origin (CRM) and reverse polarity due to formation of hematite probably by deuteric alteration after magnetite. This magnetization (identified as B) shows palaeomagnetic Carboniferous - Permian age with pole coordinates: 80°S, 3°E; A95 = 13.6°. 2. A hard isotherm component (IRM) with spectre totally superimposed on the initial magnetization which was not affected by the treatment of the samples. This magnetization (identified as D) shows an almost constant direction around declination point 234.23º and inclination 41.94º. 3. A group of directions of soft magnetization of viscous origin (VRM), identified as C, with mean direction: declination= 15º and inclination = -20°. These were removed at temperatures between 300 and 600°C. 4. The principal magnetization, of normal polarity, identified as A, is probably of detrital origin (DRM). Its palaeomagnetic pole coordinates: 48°S, 331ºE; A95= 9.9° is consistent with the Upper Devonian age of the Formation. This magnetization is believed to be the original one. The palaeomagnetic poles relative to magnetizations A and B as well as other poles for South America were rotated to Africa following, the pre-drif configuration of Smith and Hallam (1970) and there is agreement when compared to the African and Australian poles of the same age. The measured polarities are consistent with the magnetostratigraphic scales of Irving and Pullaiah (1976) and Khramov and Rodionov (1981).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Decomposição em valores singulares aplicada a dados de campo magnético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1992-12-15) MOURA, Helyelson Paredes; O'BRIEN, Douglas Patrick
The singular value decomposition of a matrix A, n x m, which represents a magnetic anomaly, can be seen as a bidimensional coherence filtering method which separates the correlated information from noncorrelated information in a magnetic data matrix A. The filter is defined by expansion of matrix A into eigenimages and singular values. Each eigenimage is constructed by the scalar product of the base vectors and eigenvectors, which are associated with the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrices ATA and AAT. This filtering method is based on the fact that the eigenimages, which are associated with large singular values, concentrate the major part of the correlated information present in the data, while the noncorrelated part, including noise caused by external magnetic sources, compilation errors, and shallow magnetic sources comprise the remaining eigenimages. This method was employed on many examples of synthetic and real data from PETROBRÁS' Carauari-Norte project (Solimões Basin) in order to investigate the utility of the method in the identification, elimination and attenuation of noise present on magnetic data and as a possible method for enhancing certain features generated by anomalies of shallow and deep origin. This work suggests the desirability of introducing both static and dynamic shift on magnetic lines to enhance the correlation (coherence) between the magnetic lines. This shift concentrates the correlated signal in the first few eigenimages. Another important aspect of this decomposition into eigenimages and eigenvalues is the savings gained in storage of a matrix A of n x m units. Memory requerements can be diminished considerably by using p autoimages, i. e. p x (n + m + 1) units without altering the form of the anomaly. We conclude that an appropriate choice of eigenimages generated by SVD decomposition shows good promise as a processing method in magnetic data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Deconvolução de perfis de poço
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1992-10-20) ANDRADE, André José Neves; LUTHI, Stefan Moritz
Most wireline logs used for the petrophysical evaluation of reservoirs have a vertical resolution in the order of one meter. This poses a problem when the typical layer thickness is less than one meter, since no correct reading will be obtained. High-resolution logs like the electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT, Schlumberger) the dipmeters (SHDT, Schlumberger) or acoustic and electrical imaging devices have a resolution well below one meter, sometimes as high as one centimeter, but their application to petrophysical reservoir evaluation is limited. We present an approach which uses information from high-resolution logs to deconvolve low-resolution logs. From the high-resolution log we first identify a sharp bed boundary, on both sides of which the petrophysical properties assume a locally constant but different value (an interface, for instance). From this control interval we determine the tool response function under actual borehole conditions of the low-resolution log using the basic convolution theorem. It can be obtained at various sharp bed boundaries in order to obtain a more representative tool response. The low-resolution log is then deconvolved using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) over the entire interval of interest. Neither the invasion of mud filtrate or the presence of the mud cake affect this method adversely. We apply it to a number of synthetic and field data sets. Noise filtering prior to deconvolution is found to be important, as is correct depth shifting and a proper choice of the control interval.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Deconvolução de perfis de poços através do ajuste de energia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-04-14) GUERRA, Carlos Eduardo; LOVELL, Michael Anthony
Resistivity measurements are of fundamental importance for the calculation of oil saturation in potentially producing reservoirs. The combined measurement of shallow and deep resistivities enables the determination of the parameters Rt, Rxo and di. But in complex reservoirs we have difficulty in obtaining a confident reading of Rt, due to the low vertical resolution of deep reading tools. In laminated reservoirs, for example, the deep induction reading ILD can be interpreted erroneously with the belief that the measurement refers to one bed. This may be true for extreme case of thick beds, but more often is not. This problem can be partly resolved by enhancement of the vertical resolution of the deep reading log through comparison with the high resolution (shallow resistivity) log. One approach is to use a high resolution log where there is good correlation with the deep reading log. This correlation can be better evaluated if we apply a filter to the high resolution log such that theoretically the resultant log has the same vertical resolution as the low resolution log. However, this assumes that the vertical response of the high and low resolution tools are available, and in practice this is often not the case. In this study we attempt to demonstrate an alternative approach where the filter can be obtained from consideration of the frequency domain. The technique compares the spectral energy of the high and low resolution logs. It is shown that the vertical resolution depends fundamentally on the spectral energy of the actual log based on Parseval Theorem. Next a linear regression is applied to the filtered high resolution and low resolution logs and for each depth a minimisation routine is applied to determine the best correlation interval between the logs. Finally a correction factor is applied to each point on the low resolution log. This factor is considered by the correlation coefficients over the interval minimised for each point. The results obtained with induction logs are promising and the metodology shoud be aplyed on diferent logs techniques.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de técnicas de filtragem e sua aplicação a dados aeromagnéticos da Bacia Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1976-08) SILVA, João Batista Corrêa da; LOURENÇO, José Seixas
In this thesis two filtering methods were combined in order to enhance some features in an aeromagnetic map such as lineaments and anomalies caused by sources of large proportions. The visual filtering consisted of stereoscopic examination of pairs of maps. The numeric filtering involved the elimination of the undesirable spectral components (noise) and the enhancement of the desired spectral components (signal). Both methods were tested on aeromagnetic maps of the Middle Amazon Basin. All the numeric filtering operations were done in the space domain by convolving the aeromagnetic data with a 13x13 filter matrix. Special attention was paid to the preliminary analysis of the spectrum, as a guide in filter design. The results of the application of each filter was discussed in detail. A further topic also dealt with was basement fault models. The model analysis established a complementary interpretation method to the filtering methods. A structural interpretation of the Middle Amazon Basin's basement was provided. The dominant aeromagnetic trends were E-W, N60°W, N-S, N45°E and N60°E. Two grabens were quite evident. The younger one trends N-S, while the older one strikes N45°E. Two anomalies caused by sources of intermediate and large proportions (15-60km) exhibit remanent magnetization and high values of negative inclination, which shows that the Amazon Basin would be southernmost in the Paleozoic. In performing the integration of aeromagnetic data with other geophysical data avaiIable, the interpretation from other data proved consistent with the aeromagnetic interpretation, illustrating the reliability of the techniques employed in this thesis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de um magnetometro a precessão nuclear
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1983-12-22) ALVES, José Geraldo das Virgens; BISCHOFF, Jürgen H.
The objetive of this thesis was to develop a proton precession magnetometer for geophysical prospecting and base stations. The proton precession magnetometer measures the total magnetic field intensity. It operates on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance by determining the precession frequency of protons of a non vicous liquid in the terrestrial .magnetic field. The magnetometer consists of two parts: the sensor and the measuring instrument. The sensor is a solenoildal coil with the liquid as the core. Three different liquids were tested: water, n-propanol and a laboratory grade kerosene. The last one was selected because it offers more high precession signal amplitude and, consequently higer signal/noise ratio. The measuring system contains the tunning and amplifier circuits and the logical circuits for programming the measuring cycle and count on the precession frequency. Each cycle has a duration of 3 seconds; 2.3 seconds for the polarization and 0.7 seconds for the reception of the signal. The operation can be carried out manually, automatically or by remote control. The precession signal is amplified selectively in one of 14 different syntonized band-passes for measurements between 22000 and 95000 gammas. The precession frequency is multiplied by 64 and counted for a time of 0.36699 seconds, selected in consideration to the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton. The number of counted pulses is numerically equal to the value of the magnetic field in gammas. The reading is displaed digitally. For remote operation a BCD output is availabe. The precision of the measurements is 1 gamma. The instrument was tested in field to evaluate signal/noise ratio, supportable gradient and battery consuption. Application teste was carried out to take diurnal variation data and, reconnaissance and detail surveys data on an archaeological site in the Marajó Island-Pa. The test results were confronted with two commercial magnetometers-GP-70, McPhar e G-816, Geometrics - and, with data from Observatório Magnetico Ilha de Tatuoca as well. For all cases, the data comparison showed a good performance of the magnetometer tested.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do manto de intemperismo sobre anomalias eletromagnéticas provocadas por corpos tabulares inclinados: um estudo através de modelamento reduzido
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1981-09-18) SILVA, Lúcia Maria da Costa e; VERMA, Om Prakash; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2723609019309173
Electromagnetic methods have been extensively applied in the prospecting of sulphide bodies and other conducting materials. The interpretation of e. m. data is based on the results obtained either with reduced scale or analytical modelling. In most models, the host rocks, the overburden as well as the halo of disseminated sulphides are considered highly resistive although in nature they are often weakly conductive. Presence of a well-developed conducting overburden in tropical and sub-tropical regions and a saline rich crustal layer in semi-arid regions have been found to modify significantly the e. m. anomalies in practice. Therefore, the parameters of the target, determined on the basis of simple models where the presence of the conducting environment is neglected, are found to be in considerable error. The effects of the overburden on the e. m. anomalies of a dipping tabular ore body were studied with reduced scale models for varying response parameters of both the overburden and the orebody, and also for different depths and dips of the target. The overburden and the orebody were represented by metallic sheets of varying thickness in the scale model developed in accordance with the law of electromagnetic similitude. The results of these investigations show that the overburden affects the anomaly by causing: a) phase rotation; b) amplitude reduction; c) base level displacement; d) reversion of the quadrature; and e) appearance of an extra peak in the quadrature in the case of low dipping models. The last two effects complicate the quantification of the anomalies but, on the other hand, provide a qualitative indication of the response parameters of both the ore body and the overburden. The results were assembled in the form of Argand diagrams and, finally, an interpretation scheme is suggested for the e. m. field data on the basis of these diagrams.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do strike das estruturas geológicas de duas dimensões nas pseudos-seções de IP resistividade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1983-12-22) GUIMARÃES, Paulo Buarque de Macedo; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
The IP-resistivity surveys carried out in the Carajás mineral district were not orthogonal to the geological structures because they were executed on lines already opened by the geochemistry crews. This fact motivated us to study theoretically the influence of the direction of the IP-resistivity survey lines with respect to the strike of the structure. We used Rijo's finite element program (1977), developed for surveys perpendicular to the structures, with the necessary adaptations. The main modification was in the inverse Fourier transform routine. For the simple case of the perpendicular surveys, the inverse transform is an easy discrete integral with seven points. However, for oblique surveys the integrand is oscillatory and therefore the integral to be evaluated is more complex. We adapted a method presented by Ting and Luke (1981) using eighteen points in each integration. It was found that the effect of the direction of the line with respect to the strike is negligible for angles greater than 60 degrees. For smaller angles the effect is to "open" the anomaly with minor changes in its center. There is no obvious way to compensate this effect with changes in the model parameters.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Eletroresistividade aplicada à caracterização hidrogeológica para o abastecimento da cidade de São Domingos do Araguaia-Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-02-13) SILVA, Arnaldo de Queiroz da; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
The use of geophysical methods (electrical, eletromagnetics and well logging) for groundwater exploration in many areas in the State of Pará has been possible due to a program of cooperation between the Fundação Nacional de Saúde and the Universidade Federal do Pará, in which the Department of Geophysics and the Graduate Programe in Geophysics are respossible for the research and techinical work. This thesis has been conducted under such program. Our objective in this work is to find geoelectrical criterious for caracterization of the subsurface geology for hydrogeological exploration, based on apparent resistivity, data observed in cristaline rock environment. First, we analysed the influence of some 2D structures on resistivity data using vertical electrical sounding with Schlumberger array. This study was carried out with the computer program SEV2D, developed in the Departament of Geophysics, based on the finites elements technique. The results show clearly the ambiguities which are obtained when 1D interpretation is used for two-dimentional geological environment. The pratical aspect of the thesis is concerned with the processing and interpretation of resistivity data obtained in São Domingos do Araguaia in the southeset of the State of Pará. The Schlumberger array was used in the vertical electrical sounding survey. By correlating the geophysical results with geological informations it was possible to define the best zones for groundwater exploration in the prospected area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Eletroresistividade aplicada ao estudo de água subterrânea no município de Salvaterra-Marajó-Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1979-08-14) BEZERRA, Cesar Augusto Campos de Alencar; SAUCK, William August; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6655455534234531
A pilot area of 200 Km2 in Salvaterra county along the east edge of Marajo island was selected to make a study of groundwater using electrical resistivity methods. Sixty-five Schlumberger vertical electric soundings and six horizontal Wenner resistivity profiles were made. The sounding data were first interpreted individually with the auxiliary point method, and later reinterpreted in groups using an iterative curve-calculating routine. The results show the range of resistivities in this area vary between 5 and 40000 ohm-m. The aquifer appears to be defined by a sequence of layers with resistivities between 500 and 4000 ohm-m. In this pilot area three favorable sub-areas were delimited, covering about 40% of the area, where the interpreted aquifer thickness is in excess of 20 m and sometimes as great as 80 m. The depht to the top of this aquifer zone varies between 1.3 and 6.6 m in the three sub-areas. The geophysical interpretations were verified by four shallow drill holes (to 20 m). Two of these, located within the favorable sub-areas, showed dominantly sand sediments and the other two, drilled outside the favorable areas, showed much more clay and organic material, but limited amounts of fine sand. Analyses of water samples from many existing wells and of the new drill holes show that, in general, there are no problems with the quality of these shallow groundwaters. The only exceptions are several wells withing 100 m of Marajo Bay which show considerable increases in salinity during the height of the dry season, when the Bay waters also have maximum salinity. The ages and origin of the long oval belts of sand are not known with certaint, but they could be channel sands deposited by an ancient river or distributary of this deltaic region. The results of this research have outlined three large zones of good groundwater potential which will be very important for the agricultural and industrial development of this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Eletroresistividade na prospecção hidrogeológica no município de Ourilândia do Norte-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-05-22) SOUSA, José Antonio Ferreira de; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
Geophysical prospecting for groundwater in crystalline regions is a difficult task due to the presence of faults, fractures and lateral variations of resistivity in the overburden. To analyze the influence of bidimensional (2D) variation of resistivity on Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings several layer models were studied containing 2D vertical and dipping structures. These 2D structures are located in the alteration mantle at varying distances from the sounding position. The numerical modeling was done employing the finite element method using an algorithm developed for this purpose (EGSLIB/SEV2D). The results of simulation show that the Sclumberger vertical electrical sounding technique over bidimensional media is not very effective as in sedimentry and alluvial regions due to the phenomenon of ambiguity which complicates the interpretation of the curves. Among the geophysical methods used for hydrogeological investigation, electroresistivity is simplest, economical and efficient. 32 Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings and several kms of dipole-dipole profiling were realized in the Ourilândia do Norte town in order to help locate sites for tube-wells. The apparent resistivity curves were treated and processed considering an isotropic, homogeneous, horizontal layers model, using algorithm EGSLIB/SEV1D and EGSLIB/SEV1DINV program. This permitted to establish approximate geoelectrical models for the subsurface geology of the town. Two distinct geological zones could be recognized based on interpreted geoelectric sections and available geological information. One of the zones is formed by soil/embankment followed by a soil horizon containing sandy sediments over a sandyclay layer and finally the bedrock. This geological sequence predominated in the town. The other zone is formed by soil/embankment overlying a sandyclay bed which is underlain by granitoids type Rio Maria. This second zone is limited in the central part of the town. The sand and sandyclay stratum posses good potential for water storing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Empilhamento pelo método superfície de reflexão comum 2-D com topografia e introdução ao caso 3-D
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-01-27) OLIVA, Pedro Andrés Chira; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023; HUBRAL, Peter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7703430139551941
The CRS stacking method simulates ZO seismic sections from multi-coverage data and does not dependente on a macro-velocity model. For 2-D medium the stacking traveltime depends on three parameters: the emergence angle of the normal ray (with respect to the measurement surface normal) and the wavefront curvatures of two hypothetical waves, called Normal-Incidence-Point (NIP) wave and Normal (N) wave. The CRS method consists of summing the amplitudes of the seismic traces in the multicoverage data along the surface defined by CRS stacking traveltime which that fits best the data set. The result of the CRS stack is assigned to points of a grid pre-defined in the ZO section. As the result obtain a simulated ZO section. This means that for each point of the ZO section must be estimated the three optimal parameters that yield the maximum coherence between the events of seismic reflection. In this Thesis I present formulae for the 2-D CRS method and for the NMO velocity that consider the topography of the measurement surface. The algorithm is based on the optimization strategy divided into three steps: 1) To search for the emergence angle and the curvature of the NIP wave, by applying a global optimization, 2) to search for the curvature of the N wave, by applying global optimization, and 3) to refine the initial parameters estimated in first two steps by applying local optimization. In the first two steps is used the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and in the third step the Variable Metric (VM) algorithm. For the case of a measurement surface with smooth topography the curvature of this surface is included in the 2-D CRS stack formalism. This CRS algorithm implemented was applied to synthetic data set. The result is a simulated ZO section of high quality, with a high signal-to-noise ratio, and the estimative of the parameter triplet. It is performed a sensibility analysis for the new CRS stacking traveltime with respect to the curvature in several points of the curved measurement surface. This study showed that the CRS traveltime is more sensitive for fast midpoints of the central points and larger offsets. The expressions for the NMO velocities presented here is applied to estimate the interval velocities and the depth of the reflectors for 2-D model with a smooth topography. For the inversion of the velocities and the depth of the reflectors is considered the Dix-type inversion algorithm. The NMO velocity for a curved measurement surface deserves to best estimate the velocities and the depths of the reflectors than NMO velocities referred to planar surfaces. Also, I present an introduction to 3-D stack. In this case, the stacking traveltime depends on eight parameters. These parameters can be obtained by using some parameter-search strategies that I have showed in this Thesis. The combination of the strategy of the Traveltime Approximations and the strategy of Arbitrary Curvatures is used to apply 3-D CRS stack successful in synthetic and real data sets, respectively.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espalhamento elástico em meios anisotrópicos estratificados
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-06-09) PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; SCHOENBERG, Michael
AVO analysis is an importante tool for extracting lithological information from seismic data using the contrast in acoustic impedance at the lithological boundaries. The isotropic assumption behind this analysis does not hold in many cases. The advent of large offset surveys and multi-component data has revealed the presence of subsurface anisotropy. To interpret such data, the AVO analysis must include anisotropy. This work presents an AVO theory and numerical results for an anisotropic layered medium. This thesis contains three contributions. First, a new approach to the study of reflection-transmission at a plane interface between anisotropic media with a horizontal mirror plane is presented. The Zoeppritz equations are generalized to include anisotropy by the introduction of impedance matrices which greatly simplifies the previous formalisms. Second, the study of the P-wave reflection at an interface between an isotropic and a transversally isotropic medium is described and it is show that the reflected P-wave does not have information about the underlying anisotropic subspace for pre-critical incidence. Finally, the behavior of post-critical reflected and transmitted pulses through a stack of anisotropic layers is discussed. The post-critical pulses are show to carry valuable information on the anisotropy of the structure through which the waves propagate.