Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca - PPGEAP/NEAP
URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3478
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca (PPGEAP) integra o Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia (NEAP) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Focaliza os problemas relacionados com a conservação e com a gestão dos ecossistemas aquáticos amazônicos, decorrentes do uso dos seus recursos naturais pelo homem, em particular os recursos pesqueiros, para atividades de desenvolvimento econômico e regional.Tem como objetivo geral capacitar recursos humanos capazes de compreender de forma integrada a complexa dinâmica dos ecossistemas aquáticos da Amazônia, visando o uso racional dos seus recursos e sua conservação.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Abordagem multicriterial e indicadores ecológicos e econômicos utilizados na identificação de áreas prioritárias para a conservação da ictiofauna no Estuário Amazônico, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) MOURÃO, Keila Renata Moreira; FRÉDOU, Flávia Lucena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4779271407117528This study was divided into three steps: (1) description of spatial and temporal distribution of fish fauna in the area of transition from marine and freshwater environments (Chapter 1), (b) use of descriptors of community as a way to determine the community structure and use of the habitat for fish fauna (Chapter 2) and (3) use of community descriptors studied in Chapters 1 and 2, as a criteria to development indicators (integrated in GIS environment) to define priority areas and scenarios for the conservation of the fish fauna (Chapter 3). The collections of the fish fauna in the main channel and tidal creek occurred from 2004 to 2011 during the dry period (July- December) and rainy period (January-June), using gill net, trawl and block net as fishing gears, and in three important areas of the Amazon estuary: the bays of Guajará and Marajó and Guamá River. A total of 41,516 specimens of 136 species, 38 families and 12 orders were captured. The spatial and temporal distribution of fish fauna in the area of transition from mesohaline and freshwater environments showed that species richness increases from the Guamá River towards the Marajó Bay, along with the increasing salinity. In relation to trophic functional groups, piscivores (PV) and zoobentívoros (ZB) were dominant in all areas. The community descriptors obtained in the main channel, showed the highest values of biomass and relative abundance in number in Marajó Bay. In relation to the tidal channel, the abundance of biomass was greater in Guajará Bay. The main channel is used for breeding and nursery, and 90% of the individuals were immature. The indicators of diversity of the environment (DA), habitat use (UH), relative abundance (CPUE), environmental health (SA) and relation to fisheries (PR), showed conservation priorities considered medium and high, along the area study. This trend was also observed considering the ecological and economic scenarios, that showed medium-high and high-very high priority for conservation of the fish fauna in the northern portion Marajó Bay in the dry period, respectively. The methodologies used determined the ecological importance of the study area, emphasizing the heterogeneity between them and therefore cannot be considered as a single environment. The multicriteral approach adopted has no precedent for the Amazon estuary. This methodology proved to be effective in providing, through the different scenarios, a range of options that allows the decision maker to explore the issue as best as possible or use it as part of a process of decision making.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A atividade pesqueira nas ilhas do entorno de Belém(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) SCHALLENBERGER, Bárbara Heck; FRÉDOU, Flávia Lucena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4779271407117528The Amazonian estuary is a region with favorable conditions for productivity, and fishery is an important activity. The islands of Combu, Onças and Mosqueiro, focus of this study, are part of the Amazonian estuary and fishing is an important activity. Based on this information, the objective of this study was to describe and to compare the different types of fishing at Combu, Onças and Mosqueiro islands, identifying sustainability indicators, considering the economic, social, ecological and technological aspects, which results may help to assist to generate subsidies for the formulation of public policies to the fisheries sector. Descriptive and numeric variables considering the different dimensions were used in order to describe the systems of fish production to make comparisons including both the systems and also the islands studied. For comparative statistical analysis only the numerical variables (means and percentages) were used from data collected by researches and from secondary data. Multivariate analysis; Cluster analysis and ordination (MDS) comparing the systems were applied to identify groups and the possible causes of the similarity between the systems for each island. On Combu´s Island it was identified the following fishery systems: matapi, gill net for consumption, block net , longline hook medium and longline hook large. On Onças´s Island it was observed the fishery systems matapi, gill net for consumption, gill net for commercial purpose, block net , longline hook medium and longline hook large. On Mosqueiro´s Island it was identified the fishery systems matapi, gill net commercial, longline hook medium and longline hook large. The analysis of systems in all dimensions showed that the island of Mosqueiro differs to the other islands. When analyzed separately by dimension Matapi system, block net and gill net consumption of the islandes Combu and Onças were very similar. However, systems observed in Mosqueiro´s Island differ from the other islands mainly considering the economic dimension. Based on the results, it can be said that fishing in the islands of Onças and Combu is for subsistence and the main activity is the vegetable extraction while fishing in Mosqueiro´s Island is commercial. Although fishing in the islands of Combu and Onças is only for subsistence, it´s also an important source of food and extra money for the residents. In Mosqueiro´s Island fishing has high economic importance, but the fishing areas are also exploited by fishermen from other parts of the state without any management initiatives by the government.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Biodiversidade e variação espaço-temporal da abundância das populações de camarões e estrutura populacional de Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) (Penaeidae) em um estuário do litoral amazônico brasileiro(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-04-22) FERREIRA, Valdimere; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017This study investigated the biodiversity and spatial-temporal distribution of abundance of populations of shrimp and described the population structure of the Farfantepenaeus subtilis in an Amazonian Estuary. The shrimps were collected monthly from August 2006 to July 2007 in the rainy (January to June) and dry (July to December) season with bottom trawling and beach seine in the Middle-Upper (MU), Medium (M) and Low (L) sectors. In each sector two sites were sampled, of which two bottom trawling five minutes each and three beach seine of 150 m2 each were performed. The variables: temperature, pH and salinity of water and grain size and organic matter of the sediment were analyzed. For each shrimp were recorded the length Total - CT and cephalothorax - CC, total weight, sex and stage of gonadal maturation. The salinity differ between sectors I and MS (p <0.05) and M showed low organic matter content. The salinity differ significantly among sectors I and MS (p <0.05) and M showed low organic matter content. In all sectors the sand grains were prevalent on substrate, especially the fine sand in sector M. A total of 11,939 shrimps were collected, divided into twelve species and six families. Palaemonidae and Penaeidae had higher richness with five and three species, respectively. Penaeidae, Sergestidae and Palaemonidae had higher abundance, with Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, F. subtilis, Acetes marinus and Nematopalaemon schmitti, contributing 43, 31, 21 and 1.3% of the total catch, respectively. The species F. subtilis, X. kroyeri and Litopenaeus schmitti contributed 97% of the total biomass. The density and biomass from F. subtilis differ between the rainy and dry seasons (p <0.05) being higher in rainy season. In the rainy season, the density of X. kroyeri was higher in sectors M and I and dry season in sectors MS and M with higher biomass in sector I in both seasons. The density and biomass A. marinus was high in sector I (p <0.05). The salinity, sand, silt and clay significantly influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of abundance of shrimps (p <0.05). The CC of female F. subtilis was higher than males with 13.7 mm and 12.8 mm, respectively and differed in March (p <0.05). Females were more abundant and sex ratio was 0.8:1 especially in January, February, May and the total analysis (p <0.05). Developed shrimps occurred in rainy and abundance of juveniles was higher from January to June when it occurs the most intense peak spawning in the open sea.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Biologia e ecologia do camarão dulcícola Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948 (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) no estuário Guajará, Pará, costa norte do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-02-29) CAVALCANTE, Danielle Viveiros; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017Macrobrachium surinamicum é uma espécie de camarão do Atlântico cuja biologia ainda é pouco conhecida. Na Amazônia ele é frequentemente capturado como fauna associada à M. amazonicum, espécie predominantemente dulcícola amplamente comercializada na região amazônica pela pesca artesanal, atendendo as necessidades alimentícias e econômicas da comunidade ribeirinha. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a distribuição espaço-temporal do camarão dulcícola M. surinamicum na Baía do Guajará e Ilha de Mosqueiro, correlacionando a abundância desta espécie com fatores abióticos (temperatura e salinidade) e, além disso, investigar a estrutura populacional, as principais relações biométricas e elucidar alguns aspectos da reprodução desta espécie, foram realizadas expedições mensais na Baía do Guajará e na Ilha de Mosqueiro de maio/2006 a abril/2007. As amostragens foram realizadas com utilização de armadilhas conhecidas localmente como matapis. Um total de 361 camarões foram capturados sendo a maior abundância em dezembro e a menor em julho de 2006. A maior captura foi na Ilha de Arapiranga e menor na Ilha de Mosqueiro. A abundância diferiu significativamente em dezembro/06 e nenhuma variável estudada teve influência significativa na abundância de M. surinamicum. Os machos foram maiores que as fêmeas e a proporção sexual total não diferiu significativamente do esperado de 1:1. A frequência de fêmeas e machos entre locais e meses foi maior em dois períodos do ano, denotando dois prováveis períodos de recrutamento: um maior de novembro a fevereiro e outro menor, de abril a maio. As relações entre o comprimento do cefalotórax (CC) e as demais variáveis indicaram crescimento alométrico positivo. A maturidade sexual de M. surinamicum ocorreu em tamanhos diferentes para fêmeas e machos, sendo que o tamanho médio da primeira maturação (L50) de fêmeas foi 5,47 mm de CC e de machos 8,85 mm, sendo 6,08 mm para os sexos agrupados. A combinação das maiores freqüências de estágios maturos, ovígeras e desovadas de fêmeas, com os picos de fator de condição relativos (Kr) indicam que as desovas são intermitentes, apresentando, no entanto, um pico desova em janeiro e fevereiro, coincidindo com a maior pluviosidade na região. A Baía do Guajará, especialmente os locais mais abrigados como a Ilha de Arapiranga e do Combu, propiciam o desenvolvimento de M. surinamicum, o que indica que esta espécie tenha preferência para áreas menos antropizadas, se mantendo no estuário tanto nas etapas juvenis quanto adulta, que todos os estádios de maturação gonadal foram encontrados o que torna a Baía de Guajará e a Ilha de Mosqueiro locais importantes para a conservação desse crustáceo.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Biologia e ecologia trófica de Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) (Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) no Rio Araguari, na área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Coaracy Nunes, Amapá, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-25) TRINDADE, Paulo Arthur de Abreu; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724This research aims to contribute to the knowledge of biology and trophic ecology of the species H. unimaculatus in Araguari river, in the influence area hydropower Coaracy Nunes, Amapá, Brazil. The study region corresponds to a portion of the river basin Araguari. Samples were collected bimonthly from May 2009 to July 2010. Batteries were used for mesh networks (2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, cm between opposite knots with 10 m x 1.5 m in height) and casting net (15 and 20 mm). The gillnets were exposed during 17 h, with inspects every 3h. The specimens collected were kept on ice and preserved in 10% formalin. They were weighed (Total Weight) and measured (Total Length). Sex was identified from the macroscopic analysis of gonads, which were weighed and preserved in 10% formalin. The stomachs were weighed and preserved in 70% alcohol. The environment was characterized by the multivariate analyzes. The length structure of the population, length-weight relationship, sex ratio, relative abundance and biomass were evaluated. The location and time of reproduction, size at first maturation and spawning type, were also studied. The trophic ecology was evaluated by feeding activity and content organic matter. Food items were analyzed by the methods of frequency of occurrence, degree of food preference and the feendig index. The results showed that the area downstream of the dam and lake area was greater transparency of the water in the reservoir depth and predominant amount was larger values of pH. The average length was 193.74 mm (80-258 mm ± 22.71 mm) and mean weight was 70.90 g (10- 160 g ± 23.99 g). There were significant differences in length for the periods of the year. The increase of the species was negative allometric (b = 2.34). The sex ratio was 2:1 favoring females. The relative abundance and biomass were higher in the reservoir and lake area. Spawning occurred between the months of November 2009 and January 2010, individuals preferentially spawn in the reservoir and the lake. The total spawning type and size at first maturity is from 157.5 mm. The species has iliófaga-detritivorous feeding habit with a tendency to omnivory. The feeding strategy is general, but dominant for items phytoplankton and detritus. The species H. unimaculatus, has adapted successfully to the dams and their diet may have been altered before the changes caused by the environment.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Caracterização da ictiofauna durante o período seco, na Baía do Guajará e Baía do Marajó(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) MELO, Ylana Priscila da Costa; FRÉDOU, Thierry; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8119220407894290The Bay of Guajará and Bay of Marajó coverage area of search and inserted into the context of the estuary Paraense, are characterized by receiving the majority of freshwater discharge and submit macrotidal area. The fishing in this region is of great importance to the economy of several municipalities in the state of Pará, including the capture of several species and different fishing gear and two fleets and technologically distinct (artisanal and industrial). As part of the research study in the Bay of Guajará and Bay of Marajó, it was necessary to contribute with important information related to biology and ecology of the environment, where such information was used to perform the characterization of the fish fauna of the area during the dry period in order to survey the local diversity, since the majority of fish landed in Bethlehem is from these areas through fishing. The study included areas belonging to the state of Pará, covering the port terminals Bay of Guajará and Bay of Marajó. An extra collection was performed in the area of the island of Mosqueiro. The data available so far do not show differentiation in the composition of the fauna of the areas studied. It was estimated a total of 37 fish species, accounting for 4379 individuals in the Bay of Guajará Bay of Marajó and Mosqueiro island, where the family was more representative Scianidade grouping species that contributed the most, which were: Hake (Plagioscion squamosissimus) and Curuca (Stellifer rastrifer) (assumed to be constant, ie, effectively making up the fish fauna of the place in the bay of Guajará, as in the bay of Marajó and the island of Mosqueiro). Among the 37 species, 4 were considered constant, 26 were occasional white and 7 catches. Hake (Plagioscion squamossisimus) and Curuca (Stellifer microps) were the most important species for fisheries in terms of catch per unit effort (CPUE), frequency of occurrence, and relative contribution of Simper analysis (multivariate). Being only the island of Mosqueiro that stood out: Mackerel (Pellona flavipinis), because of marine influence in this area is higher, which thus characterizes the local biota and distinguish it from other regions. Overall diversity was low with greater variations, and the evenness remained free of major difference between the areas. The area had low species diversity compared to other estuaries, mainly explained by the high hydrodynamic of the area and high flow vessels, making the environment inhospitable to the emergence of some species. More emphasis has earned the bay of Guajará has great ecological importance because it is considered as the nursery, and therefore economical, as there are commercial species that spend part of their life cycle there.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Comunidade de meiofauna e associações de nematoda em praias arenosas Amazônicas de macromaré: variações espaciais e sazonais(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-27) MELO, Tatianne Pereira Gomes de; VENEKEY, Virág; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1106411624280455Considering benthic communities few studies are related to meiobenthic communities of tropical regions with macrotidal regime. This thesis is divided in two chapters. In chaper 1 the space temporal variations of meiofauna structure and Nematoda associations were analysed in beaches with different hydrodynamics at Algodoal Island. (Para). The samplings were made during one year (September/2011, December 2011, March/2012 and June/2012) in three beaches of the island: Caixa d’Agua, Farol and Princesa. The meiofauna was composed by 14 taxons, with Nematoda and Tardigrada as dominant groups. The mean density of meiofauna at Princesa beach was significantly different from Farol beach. The result was attributed to the higher disponibility of food in the intermediate beach (Farol) and the lower disponibility of food and higher waves action in the oceanic dissipative beach (Princesa). All Nematoda descripts (density, richness, eveness and diversity) presented higher values in the protected estuarine beach Caixa d’Agua and lower in the oceanic beach. Considering stations in the beaches, higher densities occured in the middle intertidal zone and lower values in the upper intertidal zone, however richness, eveness and diversity presented maximum values on the lower intertidal zone. 131 Nematoda genera were identified. The nematofauna was significantly different between months and stations in all beaches. Water content, subtrate temperature and proportion of sand were the enviromental variables more related to Nematoda genera. In chapter 2 was verified a taxonomic review and analysys were done to identify the diversity patterns of meiofauna and Nematoda from macrotidal sandy beaches, considering different morphodynamic states and different latitudes: a literature review. Until now 46 Nematoda genera were identified in dissipative beaches, 103 in beach dominated by semi-exposted tide, 82 in protected beach, 80 in beach modified by tide and 82 in ultradissipative beaches. Concerning latitudes, 139 genera were recorded in tropical region and 107 in temperate region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica espaço-temporal da pesca industrial de camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus subtilis na plataforma continental do Amazonas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-05-18) MARTINS, Déborah Elena Galvão; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252; CAMARGO-ZORRO, Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5423657235023988Knowledge of spatial distribution of fishing resources is essential to fisheries management. The southern brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Perez-Farfante, 1967) is an industrial fishing fleet target on the Amazon Continental Shelf. This study aimed to evaluate F. subtilis relative abundance spatial-temporal patterns from commercial fishery data, using Geographic Information System tools. Catch per unit effort (CPUE), used as index of relative abundance, was related to bathymetry, substrate characteristics, Amazon river flow and the oceanographic variables obtained by remote sensing: sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration. Analyzing substrate characteristics, the commercial shrimp trawls were concentrated at the mottled mud region, where the overlap of environmental factors was crucial for a higher incidence of F. subtilis. In this region, features such as substrate (mud), sedimentation rate (<1 cm.yr-1) and salinity (> 30) are the ideal habitat for F. subtilis. Higher CPUE values were associated with lower temperatures and higher values of chlorophyll-a concentration, which occur at the greatest flow of the Amazon river, during the first six months of the year. It was observed the occurrence of three periods with different levels of production along the year: from February to April, with higher CPUE of southern brown shrimp, from May to July, and August to September, with lower CPUE. The results showed that relative abundance of F. subtilis is not distributed uniformly in space nor in seasonal variation.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica populacional e distribuição espacial de Petrolisthes armatus Gibbes, 1850 (Crustacea; Porcellanidae) do estuário de Marapanim, litoral amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-11-16) SILVA, Dalila Costa; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Distribuição espaço-temporal das larvas de camarões (Decapoda) no estuário do Rio Marapanim, Pará, litoral norte do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) MARQUES, Adriana da Silva Pinto; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017Despite the ecological and economic importance larvae of shrimp, there is no knowledge on shrimp larvae in the Marapanim estuary (Pará, Brazil). With the aim of studying the species composition, abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of these larvae in the estuary in relation to season (dry, transition and rainy), estuary zone (1, 2 and 3), sampling site (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3) and profile (A and B), monthly collections were carried out between August 2006 and July 2007. Biological samples were obtained from two horizontal drags at each sampling site at 0.5 m from the surface of the water column with the aid of a conical plankton net (aperture = 0.5 m and mesh = 200 μm). Abiotic data were a lso gathered, such as temperature, salinity and pH of the water. A total of 4644 shrimp larvae from the infra-orders Penaeidea and Caridea were collected. Among the species and/or families encountered, the most abundant were Alpheus estuariensis (302.59 larvae/m3), Palaemonidae (97.05 larvae/m3) and elaphocaris stage of Sergestidae (90.47 larvae/m3), with A. estuariensis the most frequent (76.39%). Greater abundance, diversity and richness of the shrimp larvae occurred in the dry season. Cluster analysis of the monthly abundance of larvae led to the formation of three groups with 65% similarity, in which A. estuariensis was dominant and was the species that most contributed to the similarity in the groups. The main difference among groups was due to Sergestidae, Palaemonidae and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri larvae densities. Among the abiotic factors studied, the salinity was the factor that most influenced the spatial-temporal distribution of the shrimp larvae in the Marapanim estuary, important region for larval recruitment of shrimp species.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Distribuição espaço-temporal das larvas de peixe e sua relação à hidrodinâmica e à qualidade da água no entorno das ilhas do Combu e Murucutu, Belém - PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) WANDERLEY, Clarissa Maria da Silva; MENEZES, Maria Ozilea Bezerra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4537440664948152; SARPEDONTI, Valérie; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2358097649881792In order to compensate for the lack of information on fish larvae communities in the Amazonians region, this study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of larval density, diversity in relation to taxa and development stages. Data collected were related to water quality and hydrodynamic features at sample stations. Samples were taken in October/2008, January, April and July/2009 according to the pluviometric index. Samplings occurred in the Guama and Benedito Rivers bordering the Combu and Murucutu Islands as well as in the Paciência Canal which separates the two islands. The larvae were captured towing a conical plankton net with 330 μm mesh size, 0.5 m of diameter and 2.5 m in length. In parallel surface water were taken, for water quality analysis, and data hydrodynamic. Data were registered included univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PCA; RDA) approaches. Larval community included 4.983individuals distributed among the Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae, Carangidae, Tetraodontidae and Hemiramphidae families. The families Clupeidae and Engraulidae dominated, followed by the Sciaenidae family. The peak of larvae as well as the highest density of preflexion stage was registered in October/2008, during dry season pointing at a major spawning event. The Paciência Canal presented a higher larval abundance on its northern side, probably in relation to the strong water flow from the Guamá River. Moreover, the Paciência Canal presented differentiated larval densities for presenting more favorable environmental characteristics. In the area east of the Guamá River larvae were also abundant probably represent a less agitated than the area west. In the East side of the Guamá River larvae were also abundant, probably due to its quieter water when compared to the West side that received the ebbing waters of the Paciência Canal. Among all the parameters taken into considerations, the hydrodynamic were the only ones who showed the best associations to the larval communities. Distribution of larvae at different development stages remained constant over time. Taxa distribution only presented different in October/2008. Diversity and larval density was considered low, which may be related to huge input of freshwater. Water quality was not considered as a limiting factor for fish larvae growth and survival. Water dynamic in the Paciência Canal indicated that there is a restriction in the transport of fish larvae between Guamá and Benedito Rivers.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia da ictiofauna do estuário do rio Paciência, Ilha do Maranhão - Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-02-23) SILVA JÚNIOR, Milton Gonçalves da; CASTRO, Antonio Carlos Leal de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9450410023114396; SAINT-PAUL, Ulrich; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5897104750785224Estuarine systems constitute an important habitat for different species of fish. From the ecological standpoint, the ichthyofauna plays an important role in the energy balance between trophic levels in estuarine ecosystems. Thus, the following were aims of the present study: determine the spatiotemporal distribution of the ichtyofauna; explain behavioral and ecological characteristics; compare the composition of relative biomass, ecological and functional guilds in different estuarine systems in northern Brazil; investigate the influence of biotic and abiotic variables and correlations with the biological patterns of the ichthyofauna; and identify changes in the biotic integrity of the tidal creeks studied. Data were acquired through bimonthly sampling in the Iguaiba, Grande and Cristovao tidal creeks between January 2006 and September 2007, using gillnets and block nets. Samples were also taken of the surface water for the determination of physicochemical parameters and dissolved inorganic nutrients. Diversity, evenness and richness indices were employed for the ecological characterization of the species. The biotic integrity index was used to assess the effects of possible environmental changes on the ichthyofauna. Univariate (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis) and multivariate (Cluster, nMDS, SIMPER, COIA and ABC curves) statistical methods were used to compare species and capture sites. A total of 12,219 individuals distributed among 55 species and 27 families were caught. The families Sciaenidae, Ariidae, Carangidae, Engraulidae and Mugilidae had the greatest species richness. Ariopsis bonillai and Cetengraulis edentulus made the greatest contribution to the formation of similar groups. Stellifer naso and Cynoscion acoupa were responsible for the dissimilarity between the groups formed. Approximately 66% of the fish caught were juveniles, thereby confirming the use of estuarine systems as nurseries. The records between the Marajoara and Maranhao Gulfs indicate the occurrence of 140 species. Marine occasional visitors and freshwater species occurred occasionally. Marine estuarine-opportunists and estuarine dependents species made the largest contribution to the Maranhão Gulf, whereas estuarine residents species had high biomass values in all estuarine systems investigated. Detritivores occurred mainly in the state of Para and zoobenthivores were found mainly in the state of Maranhao. The occurrence of piscivores was inversely proportional to the abundance of juveniles. The co-structure formed between environment-fish parameters was significant. Salinity, pH, silicate, ammonium, phosphate and nitrate exerted an influence over the structure of the fish community. No species were associated with environments with high concentrations of inorganic nutrients. The ABC curves revealed that the estuarine environment is moderately disturbed and the integrity index characterized the environmental quality of the tidal creeks as very poor to fair. The presence of juveniles demonstrates the importance of tidal creeks to fish development. The ichthyofauna analyzed in the present study exhibits seasonality with regard to hydrological periods. The fish community in tidal creeks can serve as an indicator of the quality of ecosystems submitted to tidal pulses. Therefore, the protection of tidal creeks in mangroves is essential to the management of fishery resources, considering the strong association between ichthyofauna abundance and the structural composition of the habitat.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia da ictiofauna e análise ecossistêmica das áreas de influência direta da UHE Coaracy Nunes, Ferreira Gomes - AP(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-25) OLIVEIRA, Júlio Cesár Sá de; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724The reservoir of UHE Coaracy Nunes in Araguari is located between the cities of Porto Grande and Ferreira Gomes in the state of Amapá, Brazil, lying 200 km from the Atlantic Ocean. The Coaracy Nunes was the first dam to be built in the Brazilian Amazon, with its works started in 1967. The Araguari river is the main of the state of Amapá and represents a source of income generation through fishing, farming activities in their floodplain, navigation, mining, power generation and recreation. The present study aimed to assess the changes imposed by the construction of the reservoir of UHE Coaracy Nunes, through the fish assemblages of four areas of direct influence of this plant. For this, from May 2009 to July 2010, fish collections were made bimonthly, with standardized mesh networks ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 cm between knots and other technical aids. From these collections, in the Chapter 1 was investigates the composition, abundance (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEp) on the fish fauna, sampling efficiency (collector curve, rarefaction curves and Jacknife) and descriptors of ecological communities (richness, diversity, evenness and dominance) of the assemblages of the four areas. We conducted analyzes of variance (ANOVA: factorial), Kruskal-Wallis, t-test and Mann-Whitney test to see if there were significant differences between the descriptors of the areas and seasons. These analyzes were corroborated by multivariate analysis of grouping (cluster), spatial (MDS) and ANOSIM Simper. In chapter 2, the ecological status of the four areas were verified using as indicators: species abundance curves, curves and Kdominance curves ABC, as well as species-abundance models geometric series, log series, log normal and broken stick, and regression model linear size spectra. In chapter 3, the trophic structure was estimated from the categorization of species in each area five guilds: piscivorous, omnivorous, detritivorous, carnivorous and herbivorous. The abundance, biomass and ecological indexes of these guilds were estimated and verified their spatial and temporal variations, by analysis of variance (ANOVA: factorial and Kruskal-Wallis) and Student t test. In chapter 4, the diet of most abundant species assemblage of each area was checked and their spatial and temporal variations detected by analysis of variance (ANOVA: factorial and Kruskal-Wallis). Also estimated the breadth and niche overlap of the most abundant species, as well as the existence of competition between species through modeling zero. In chapter 5 was evaluated four areas of the ecosystem through flow models of biomass in the ecosystem food web, using as a tool for modeling software Ecopath. These analyzes were designed to describe the changes in ecological attributes that quantify the properties of maturity, stability and resilience ecosystem that could reflect the ecological status of these areas. The model included functional compartments from primary producers to top predators. In general, all analyzes indicated significant changes in fish fauna attributed to the implementation of UHE Coaracy Nunes, reflected in the three organizational levels: ecosystem, community (assembly) and guild. The results indicated the capture of 1977 fish divided into two classes, 9 orders, 23 families, 73 genera and 108 species. The species accumulation curves and rarefaction curves showed that samples areas were sufficient to Reservoir and Lacustrine areas. The results showed that the area downstream was more rich, diverse and equitable in relation to other areas and did not influence the seasonal variation in these rates. The relative abundance (CPUEn) was higher in areas Reservoir and Lacustrine and relative biomass (CPUEb) was higher in the downstream, with no seasonal differences for these descriptors in all areas. The cluster analysis (cluster) and spatial (MDS) of the fish fauna permitted to identify the formation of three distinct assemblies: Downstream, Upstream and an assembly comprising Reservoir and Lacustrine areas, confirming the similarity of these two areas. The results of the curves whitake-plot, ABC and K-dominance, as well as the satisfactory adjustment of the broken stick model and the patterns of currvas spectrum size to the assembly area downstream indicate that this area was the most balanced in terms of ecology. Reservoir and Lacustrine areas, the results of both the model adjust geometric series, as the results of the curves whitake-plot, ABC and K-spectrum dominance and size as well as the results of the curves and adjustments to the model spectrum and lower logserie size for the assembly of the reservoir area, reflect that fish these areas, most of them are little guys with high dominance and low evenness, featuring typical of communities impacted areas. The trophic structure of fish assemblages in areas dammed (Reservoir and Lacustrine) formatted according to the bus of the river, which was isolated and fragmented environment, determining their physical modification, requiring the establishment of a fish fauna species pre-adapted to environmental conditions impoundment, different, in part, the structure of the pre-river ichthyofauna bus, highlighting the piscivores, omnivores and detritivores that were the richest and most abundant in the availability in the two areas of food resources of your choice. The results showed that the diets of the assemblies of all areas were similar to the prevalence of consumption of fish and debris, followed by allochthonous plant food, revealing a pattern with a few large clusters and a higher concentration of species with narrower niches. However, the pattern of low amplitude was evidenced by trophic guild dominance of piscivores, added to the detritivore and herbivore guilds. Seasonality little influence on the supply of most species in all areas. The comparative patterns of diet among the areas upstream and downstream to the Reservoir and Lacustrine areas indicate that most species of impoundment areas belonged to guilds piscivorous, omnivorous and detritivorous bus before the river, which colonized these environments, influenced mainly by abundance of food resources on their preferences and physical conditions are favorable. Competitive interactions were evidenced by the null model, suggesting that competition was also an important factor in structuring assemblages. Ecossistemicamente, the four flow models represent ecosystems with high biomass production primári coming from the riparian forest and filamentous algae, which are partially used. The detritus-based food chain had to be more important than that is based on primary aprodução Reservoir and Lacustrine areas. Most flow occurs in compartments lower trophic levels. The properties area downstream ecosystem indicate that this environment is further developed and couple, characterized by a high resilience and entropy. The area presented Reservoir ecosystem attribute features that conferred less resilient and more stable, but less than the couple areas of the river. The Lacustrine area presented attributes characterizing an environment of intermediate resilience, stable immature and at the same time. The Upstream area showed a pattern intermediate amount of resilience, stability and maturity.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia e etnoecologia de Hypancistrus zebra (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) no rio Xingu, Amazônia brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-05) GONÇALVES, Alany Pedrosa; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724H. Zebra is a fish species of the Loricariidae family, Ancistrinae subfamily, endemic of the Xingu River, with distribution from Belo Monte to the confluence of the Xingu and Iriri rivers. Being a species with great market value aquarist ornamental his capture became rampant, making it an endangered species. Despite strong pressure on H. zebra, there are still few studies on the species. Thus, given the scarcity of basic information and the constant threats, knowing the biology and ecology of H. zebra, aggregating the results of scientific research, also the local ecological knowledge of fishermen ornamental trade about this species becomes an essential tool for the conservation of the species. The distribution of H. zebra is restricted to a small stretch of the Xingu River, between Gorgulho da Rita and Itaubinha, and does not occur evenly, it depends on the presence of boulders. A total of 283 individuals of H. zebra were visualized in the rocky outcrops of the study area, of which 232 were captured. The lowest average abundance was Gorgulho da Rita, as opposed to the site Jericoá with the greatest abundance. Between periods, there was a greater abundance in dry river and lowest value for the period of filling. Environmental factors had no significant influence on the abundance of H. zebra. H. zebra is a generalist species, feeding mainly of periphytic algae, debris, plant debris and sponges, while nematodes and millipedes were considered occasional items. Diet composition and abundance of H. zebra showed no significant differences for collection sites, periods of the year and ontogeny. Considering the composition and abundance of the diet, H. zebra can be considered an iliophagousomnivorous, and ability to adapt changes in food availability in the construction of the Hidroeletric Belo Monte. Ornamental trade fishermen demonstrate expert knowledge concerning the distribution and abundance, habitat, feeding, predation and reproduction of the H. zebra, which can be used to optimize work and to facilitate future management measures. The construction of the Hydroeltric Belo Monte Hydroelectric is a threat to the survival of H. zebra and future studies and monitoring of the species are needed, either as mitigation of impacts, either as to captive breeding as an alternative income coastal communities who depend on fishing on the Xingu river ornamental.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia, pesca e dinâmica populacional do camarão-da-Amazônia - Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda:Palaemonidae) – capturado na região das ilhas de Belém - Pará - Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) SILVA, Bianca Bentes da; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017; ISAAC, Victoria Judith; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724In monthly biological samples of M. amazonicum in Guajará Bay and Mosqueiro island, were studied reproduction, density, morphometric relationships and population dynamics. Two other sample designs was realized in two perennial the same estuary. Results indicate differences in capture of this species using different bait of meal, but is solely on the abundance and population structure does not change. The species is most abundant in the dry season, supporting the idea higher catchability of fishery resources. In Combu island was found species with larger sizes. Females are significantly larger and heavier than males, indicating the differentiation in metabolism due to reproduction. Sex ratio of males is higher in smaller size classes, which may indicate an increase in predation on smaller sizes of males due to their behavior more aggressive than the females or males simply because they reach lengths larger than females are more heavily preyed upon by fishing, with the recruitment of only the smaller males. First maturation length for both sexes resulted in 11.5 mm – carapace length - (11.5 mm in males and 11.2 mm in females). Reproduction in M. amazonicum is continuous or periodic a gradual increase during the months from October to March. The most common sites housed, as inner regions of tidal channels or holes (common in Amazon estuary) sites are preferentially sought by mature females for spawning and juvenile growth. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters obtained were very similar between the sexes, where L ∞ = 44.8 mm and K = 0.35 for males and L ∞ = 46.5 and K = 0.31 for females. Mortality and exploitation obtained was in maximum sustainability and the management should be treated fairly care. In this situation, any increase in effort may result a state of over-exploitation of growth. Allied to near commitment of the stocks of M. amazonicum of the socio economic fishing is no different from other systems of coastal fishery Para: poor education, poor performance of professional associations, chain productive complex and that its main underprivileged. We suggest the statistical monitoring of production, the delineation of the minimum capture length in 4.5cm; suppression of fishing with matapis in headwater areas of creeks and tidal channels, a census of users and the use of models bioeconomic that include major aspects of its biological and productive chain.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecomorfologia trófica de Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849), Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 e Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes:Cichlidae) nas reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável de Amanã e Mamirauá, Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-18) LINS, Paulo Marcelo de Oliveira; CAMARGO-ZORRO, Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5423657235023988The cichlids are one of the most diverse families of living freshwater fishes, about 1.900 species. A. heckelii, H. efasciatus and M. insignis are exploited at the Sustainable Development Reserves of Amanã and Mamirauá according to sustainable management plan. A free-size canonical variable analysis was made to investigate the ecomorphological patterns of variation among the three species from Amanã and Mamirauá Reserves. The three species formed different groups like species, ontogeny phase and habitat. Those groups were divided as result of characters like mouth width and head length. Differences among juveniles and adults were significant in relative area of eye and aspect-ratio of caudal fin. The diet composition indicated that three studied species have a converged feeding habit on insects in both black and white waters habitats.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito da alteração do hábitat sobre assembleias de peixes em igarapés afogados da Amazônia oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-26) SOUSA, Híngara Leão; FERREIRA, Cristiane de Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7804816854015308; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099The natural aquatic ecosystems are complex systems that are exposed to a variety of disturbances. In the Amazon region, for instance, land use and occupation have altered the physical structure of aquatic environments, especially regarding the small streams, influencing their communit structure and composition. This has led to research development and evaluation programs to see how the changes that are occurring in these environments affect biotic communities, through habitat characteristics that are more sensitive to disturbance. Thus, this study aimed to describe and measure physical attributes of drowned out streams and evaluate how fish assemblages respond to different levels of streams physical integrity. Our hypothesis is that structurally intact environments endure a more diverse ichthyofauna than altered environments, since their decreased environmental complexity limits the potential ecosystem, because they presented a decrease in environmental complexity. The study was conducted in 34 streams, 17 located within the territory of Caxiuanã National Forest, and 17 in its surroundings, located close to Portel and Melgaço cities (PA). The process of urbanization is expanding in the region, reaching areas of forests and streams that are still preserved. There is also an intense logging, because the area is included in the main timber pole of the estuary in the state of Pará. The physical habitat was evaluated according to a standardized protocol of stream environmental assessment. The samplings were conducted with hand nets passed along 150 meter long reaches during six hours (divided among segments and collectors). Although a set of metrics which responded to the local impact gradient has been detected these were not sufficient to reduce or increase the number of species across different levels of preservation, maintaining substantially constant the wealth and abundance for all three groups (altered, intermediate and preserved). However, the difference was significant for the composition, with eleven exclusive exclusive species of altered habitats and eight preserved environments. The degradation of the physical environment, even at smaller scales favors the occurrence and abundance of most tolerant species and phenotypic plasticity, in addition to the population increase of opportunistic species. Different effects can be exerted on the groups of species that make up a community, since they have different biological and ecological attributes that include your answers to the same ecological variables. Therefore, the possible deconstruction of community groups of species (taxonomic, functional, etc.) may show different responses to the changes of habitat, being a promising strategy for linking environmental standards of richness characteristics displayed by these communities. Assessment of biotic integrity is also an alternative to identify effects of habitat alteration on species, especially considering the region’s peculiarity and the lack of information about the local ichthyofauna.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito da monocultura de dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis JACQ.) na integridade física e nas assembleias de peixes de igarapés da Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-25) FERREIRA, Márcio Cunha; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of palm oil farming Elaeis guineenses JACQ. in the integrity of physical habitat and in the assemblages of fishes in upland streams of Eastern Amazonia. The sampling sites were established in sections (150 m) of 23 streams in the Acará-Mirim basin, northeastern of Pará state. According to the results of the index of physical integrity, all streams (n = 8) that drain forest areas were classified as preserved (IPI = 5.00 to 4.00), whereas the 15 streams that drain oil palm plantations have been classified as changed (IIF = 3.67 to 2.67). 9,734 specimens of fish belonging to six orders, 24 families, over 64 species were collected. The most abundant species during the study were Microcharacidium weitzmani, Apistogramma gr. regain, Trichomycterus hasemani, Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus and Copella arnoldi. The richness observed in streams that drain plantations was higher (S = 61) than found in the streams in forest fragments (S = 42). The results of PERMANOVA show that exist differences between sites (GL = 22; pseud – F = 2.44; P = 0.01), however the ordering produced by NMDS shows that this difference is subtle (stress = 0.19). a similar result was obtained using functional trophic groups abundance (stress = 0.18). the results of TITAN indicates that some species are adapted to persist in certain environmental conditions, such as Aequidens tetramerus, Apistogramma agassizii and Microcharacidium weitzmani are associated with lower physical habitat integrity (P < 0.05; purity > 0.95; reliability > 0.95), while the species Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus and Helogenes marmoratus shown to be indicative of more intact habitats (P < 0.05; purity > 0.95; reliability > 0.95). There was no correlation between the species richness and the index of physical integrity, while the only functional trophic groups that correlated with the index were the diggers and collectors browsers. These groups are composed by Cichlid fishes that have tolerant and generalist behaviors that may have explained his great contribution in the fish assemblage even in places where sedimentation was high compared to places with the nearest natural setting. This shows that even species richness was higher in altered streams there are strong evidences of loss of environmental quality in streams draining plantations generated by the cultivation of oil palm.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estrutura das assembléias de macroinvertebrados de substratos rochosos no litoral de Curuçá, nordeste do Pará, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-04-15) MORAIS, Gisele Cavalcante; LEE, James Tony; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1693070833836566Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estrutura populacional e maturidade sexual de Sylviocarcinus pictus (h. Milne-Eduards, 1853) e S. Devillei h. Milne-Eduards, 1853 (Brachyura, Trichodactylidae) das ilhas do estuário amazônico no entorno de Belém, Pará, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-06-08) SILVA, Leiliane Souza da; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017