Teses em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca (Doutorado) - PPGEAP/NEAP

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3501

O Doutorado Acadêmico iniciou em 2007 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca (PPGEAP) do Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia (NEAP) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Abordagem multicriterial e indicadores ecológicos e econômicos utilizados na identificação de áreas prioritárias para a conservação da ictiofauna no Estuário Amazônico, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) MOURÃO, Keila Renata Moreira; FRÉDOU, Flávia Lucena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4779271407117528
This study was divided into three steps: (1) description of spatial and temporal distribution of fish fauna in the area of transition from marine and freshwater environments (Chapter 1), (b) use of descriptors of community as a way to determine the community structure and use of the habitat for fish fauna (Chapter 2) and (3) use of community descriptors studied in Chapters 1 and 2, as a criteria to development indicators (integrated in GIS environment) to define priority areas and scenarios for the conservation of the fish fauna (Chapter 3). The collections of the fish fauna in the main channel and tidal creek occurred from 2004 to 2011 during the dry period (July- December) and rainy period (January-June), using gill net, trawl and block net as fishing gears, and in three important areas of the Amazon estuary: the bays of Guajará and Marajó and Guamá River. A total of 41,516 specimens of 136 species, 38 families and 12 orders were captured. The spatial and temporal distribution of fish fauna in the area of transition from mesohaline and freshwater environments showed that species richness increases from the Guamá River towards the Marajó Bay, along with the increasing salinity. In relation to trophic functional groups, piscivores (PV) and zoobentívoros (ZB) were dominant in all areas. The community descriptors obtained in the main channel, showed the highest values of biomass and relative abundance in number in Marajó Bay. In relation to the tidal channel, the abundance of biomass was greater in Guajará Bay. The main channel is used for breeding and nursery, and 90% of the individuals were immature. The indicators of diversity of the environment (DA), habitat use (UH), relative abundance (CPUE), environmental health (SA) and relation to fisheries (PR), showed conservation priorities considered medium and high, along the area study. This trend was also observed considering the ecological and economic scenarios, that showed medium-high and high-very high priority for conservation of the fish fauna in the northern portion Marajó Bay in the dry period, respectively. The methodologies used determined the ecological importance of the study area, emphasizing the heterogeneity between them and therefore cannot be considered as a single environment. The multicriteral approach adopted has no precedent for the Amazon estuary. This methodology proved to be effective in providing, through the different scenarios, a range of options that allows the decision maker to explore the issue as best as possible or use it as part of a process of decision making.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comunidade de meiofauna e associações de nematoda em praias arenosas Amazônicas de macromaré: variações espaciais e sazonais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-27) MELO, Tatianne Pereira Gomes de; VENEKEY, Virág; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1106411624280455
Considering benthic communities few studies are related to meiobenthic communities of tropical regions with macrotidal regime. This thesis is divided in two chapters. In chaper 1 the space temporal variations of meiofauna structure and Nematoda associations were analysed in beaches with different hydrodynamics at Algodoal Island. (Para). The samplings were made during one year (September/2011, December 2011, March/2012 and June/2012) in three beaches of the island: Caixa d’Agua, Farol and Princesa. The meiofauna was composed by 14 taxons, with Nematoda and Tardigrada as dominant groups. The mean density of meiofauna at Princesa beach was significantly different from Farol beach. The result was attributed to the higher disponibility of food in the intermediate beach (Farol) and the lower disponibility of food and higher waves action in the oceanic dissipative beach (Princesa). All Nematoda descripts (density, richness, eveness and diversity) presented higher values in the protected estuarine beach Caixa d’Agua and lower in the oceanic beach. Considering stations in the beaches, higher densities occured in the middle intertidal zone and lower values in the upper intertidal zone, however richness, eveness and diversity presented maximum values on the lower intertidal zone. 131 Nematoda genera were identified. The nematofauna was significantly different between months and stations in all beaches. Water content, subtrate temperature and proportion of sand were the enviromental variables more related to Nematoda genera. In chapter 2 was verified a taxonomic review and analysys were done to identify the diversity patterns of meiofauna and Nematoda from macrotidal sandy beaches, considering different morphodynamic states and different latitudes: a literature review. Until now 46 Nematoda genera were identified in dissipative beaches, 103 in beach dominated by semi-exposted tide, 82 in protected beach, 80 in beach modified by tide and 82 in ultradissipative beaches. Concerning latitudes, 139 genera were recorded in tropical region and 107 in temperate region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia da ictiofauna do estuário do rio Paciência, Ilha do Maranhão - Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-02-23) SILVA JÚNIOR, Milton Gonçalves da; CASTRO, Antonio Carlos Leal de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9450410023114396; SAINT-PAUL, Ulrich; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5897104750785224
Estuarine systems constitute an important habitat for different species of fish. From the ecological standpoint, the ichthyofauna plays an important role in the energy balance between trophic levels in estuarine ecosystems. Thus, the following were aims of the present study: determine the spatiotemporal distribution of the ichtyofauna; explain behavioral and ecological characteristics; compare the composition of relative biomass, ecological and functional guilds in different estuarine systems in northern Brazil; investigate the influence of biotic and abiotic variables and correlations with the biological patterns of the ichthyofauna; and identify changes in the biotic integrity of the tidal creeks studied. Data were acquired through bimonthly sampling in the Iguaiba, Grande and Cristovao tidal creeks between January 2006 and September 2007, using gillnets and block nets. Samples were also taken of the surface water for the determination of physicochemical parameters and dissolved inorganic nutrients. Diversity, evenness and richness indices were employed for the ecological characterization of the species. The biotic integrity index was used to assess the effects of possible environmental changes on the ichthyofauna. Univariate (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis) and multivariate (Cluster, nMDS, SIMPER, COIA and ABC curves) statistical methods were used to compare species and capture sites. A total of 12,219 individuals distributed among 55 species and 27 families were caught. The families Sciaenidae, Ariidae, Carangidae, Engraulidae and Mugilidae had the greatest species richness. Ariopsis bonillai and Cetengraulis edentulus made the greatest contribution to the formation of similar groups. Stellifer naso and Cynoscion acoupa were responsible for the dissimilarity between the groups formed. Approximately 66% of the fish caught were juveniles, thereby confirming the use of estuarine systems as nurseries. The records between the Marajoara and Maranhao Gulfs indicate the occurrence of 140 species. Marine occasional visitors and freshwater species occurred occasionally. Marine estuarine-opportunists and estuarine dependents species made the largest contribution to the Maranhão Gulf, whereas estuarine residents species had high biomass values in all estuarine systems investigated. Detritivores occurred mainly in the state of Para and zoobenthivores were found mainly in the state of Maranhao. The occurrence of piscivores was inversely proportional to the abundance of juveniles. The co-structure formed between environment-fish parameters was significant. Salinity, pH, silicate, ammonium, phosphate and nitrate exerted an influence over the structure of the fish community. No species were associated with environments with high concentrations of inorganic nutrients. The ABC curves revealed that the estuarine environment is moderately disturbed and the integrity index characterized the environmental quality of the tidal creeks as very poor to fair. The presence of juveniles demonstrates the importance of tidal creeks to fish development. The ichthyofauna analyzed in the present study exhibits seasonality with regard to hydrological periods. The fish community in tidal creeks can serve as an indicator of the quality of ecosystems submitted to tidal pulses. Therefore, the protection of tidal creeks in mangroves is essential to the management of fishery resources, considering the strong association between ichthyofauna abundance and the structural composition of the habitat.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia da ictiofauna e análise ecossistêmica das áreas de influência direta da UHE Coaracy Nunes, Ferreira Gomes - AP
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-25) OLIVEIRA, Júlio Cesár Sá de; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724
The reservoir of UHE Coaracy Nunes in Araguari is located between the cities of Porto Grande and Ferreira Gomes in the state of Amapá, Brazil, lying 200 km from the Atlantic Ocean. The Coaracy Nunes was the first dam to be built in the Brazilian Amazon, with its works started in 1967. The Araguari river is the main of the state of Amapá and represents a source of income generation through fishing, farming activities in their floodplain, navigation, mining, power generation and recreation. The present study aimed to assess the changes imposed by the construction of the reservoir of UHE Coaracy Nunes, through the fish assemblages of four areas of direct influence of this plant. For this, from May 2009 to July 2010, fish collections were made bimonthly, with standardized mesh networks ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 cm between knots and other technical aids. From these collections, in the Chapter 1 was investigates the composition, abundance (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEp) on the fish fauna, sampling efficiency (collector curve, rarefaction curves and Jacknife) and descriptors of ecological communities (richness, diversity, evenness and dominance) of the assemblages of the four areas. We conducted analyzes of variance (ANOVA: factorial), Kruskal-Wallis, t-test and Mann-Whitney test to see if there were significant differences between the descriptors of the areas and seasons. These analyzes were corroborated by multivariate analysis of grouping (cluster), spatial (MDS) and ANOSIM Simper. In chapter 2, the ecological status of the four areas were verified using as indicators: species abundance curves, curves and Kdominance curves ABC, as well as species-abundance models geometric series, log series, log normal and broken stick, and regression model linear size spectra. In chapter 3, the trophic structure was estimated from the categorization of species in each area five guilds: piscivorous, omnivorous, detritivorous, carnivorous and herbivorous. The abundance, biomass and ecological indexes of these guilds were estimated and verified their spatial and temporal variations, by analysis of variance (ANOVA: factorial and Kruskal-Wallis) and Student t test. In chapter 4, the diet of most abundant species assemblage of each area was checked and their spatial and temporal variations detected by analysis of variance (ANOVA: factorial and Kruskal-Wallis). Also estimated the breadth and niche overlap of the most abundant species, as well as the existence of competition between species through modeling zero. In chapter 5 was evaluated four areas of the ecosystem through flow models of biomass in the ecosystem food web, using as a tool for modeling software Ecopath. These analyzes were designed to describe the changes in ecological attributes that quantify the properties of maturity, stability and resilience ecosystem that could reflect the ecological status of these areas. The model included functional compartments from primary producers to top predators. In general, all analyzes indicated significant changes in fish fauna attributed to the implementation of UHE Coaracy Nunes, reflected in the three organizational levels: ecosystem, community (assembly) and guild. The results indicated the capture of 1977 fish divided into two classes, 9 orders, 23 families, 73 genera and 108 species. The species accumulation curves and rarefaction curves showed that samples areas were sufficient to Reservoir and Lacustrine areas. The results showed that the area downstream was more rich, diverse and equitable in relation to other areas and did not influence the seasonal variation in these rates. The relative abundance (CPUEn) was higher in areas Reservoir and Lacustrine and relative biomass (CPUEb) was higher in the downstream, with no seasonal differences for these descriptors in all areas. The cluster analysis (cluster) and spatial (MDS) of the fish fauna permitted to identify the formation of three distinct assemblies: Downstream, Upstream and an assembly comprising Reservoir and Lacustrine areas, confirming the similarity of these two areas. The results of the curves whitake-plot, ABC and K-dominance, as well as the satisfactory adjustment of the broken stick model and the patterns of currvas spectrum size to the assembly area downstream indicate that this area was the most balanced in terms of ecology. Reservoir and Lacustrine areas, the results of both the model adjust geometric series, as the results of the curves whitake-plot, ABC and K-spectrum dominance and size as well as the results of the curves and adjustments to the model spectrum and lower logserie size for the assembly of the reservoir area, reflect that fish these areas, most of them are little guys with high dominance and low evenness, featuring typical of communities impacted areas. The trophic structure of fish assemblages in areas dammed (Reservoir and Lacustrine) formatted according to the bus of the river, which was isolated and fragmented environment, determining their physical modification, requiring the establishment of a fish fauna species pre-adapted to environmental conditions impoundment, different, in part, the structure of the pre-river ichthyofauna bus, highlighting the piscivores, omnivores and detritivores that were the richest and most abundant in the availability in the two areas of food resources of your choice. The results showed that the diets of the assemblies of all areas were similar to the prevalence of consumption of fish and debris, followed by allochthonous plant food, revealing a pattern with a few large clusters and a higher concentration of species with narrower niches. However, the pattern of low amplitude was evidenced by trophic guild dominance of piscivores, added to the detritivore and herbivore guilds. Seasonality little influence on the supply of most species in all areas. The comparative patterns of diet among the areas upstream and downstream to the Reservoir and Lacustrine areas indicate that most species of impoundment areas belonged to guilds piscivorous, omnivorous and detritivorous bus before the river, which colonized these environments, influenced mainly by abundance of food resources on their preferences and physical conditions are favorable. Competitive interactions were evidenced by the null model, suggesting that competition was also an important factor in structuring assemblages. Ecossistemicamente, the four flow models represent ecosystems with high biomass production primári coming from the riparian forest and filamentous algae, which are partially used. The detritus-based food chain had to be more important than that is based on primary aprodução Reservoir and Lacustrine areas. Most flow occurs in compartments lower trophic levels. The properties area downstream ecosystem indicate that this environment is further developed and couple, characterized by a high resilience and entropy. The area presented Reservoir ecosystem attribute features that conferred less resilient and more stable, but less than the couple areas of the river. The Lacustrine area presented attributes characterizing an environment of intermediate resilience, stable immature and at the same time. The Upstream area showed a pattern intermediate amount of resilience, stability and maturity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia, pesca e dinâmica populacional do camarão-da-Amazônia - Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda:Palaemonidae) – capturado na região das ilhas de Belém - Pará - Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) SILVA, Bianca Bentes da; MARTINELLI-LEMOS, Jussara Moretto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5264841936875017; ISAAC, Victoria Judith; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724
In monthly biological samples of M. amazonicum in Guajará Bay and Mosqueiro island, were studied reproduction, density, morphometric relationships and population dynamics. Two other sample designs was realized in two perennial the same estuary. Results indicate differences in capture of this species using different bait of meal, but is solely on the abundance and population structure does not change. The species is most abundant in the dry season, supporting the idea higher catchability of fishery resources. In Combu island was found species with larger sizes. Females are significantly larger and heavier than males, indicating the differentiation in metabolism due to reproduction. Sex ratio of males is higher in smaller size classes, which may indicate an increase in predation on smaller sizes of males due to their behavior more aggressive than the females or males simply because they reach lengths larger than females are more heavily preyed upon by fishing, with the recruitment of only the smaller males. First maturation length for both sexes resulted in 11.5 mm – carapace length - (11.5 mm in males and 11.2 mm in females). Reproduction in M. amazonicum is continuous or periodic a gradual increase during the months from October to March. The most common sites housed, as inner regions of tidal channels or holes (common in Amazon estuary) sites are preferentially sought by mature females for spawning and juvenile growth. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters obtained were very similar between the sexes, where L ∞ = 44.8 mm and K = 0.35 for males and L ∞ = 46.5 and K = 0.31 for females. Mortality and exploitation obtained was in maximum sustainability and the management should be treated fairly care. In this situation, any increase in effort may result a state of over-exploitation of growth. Allied to near commitment of the stocks of M. amazonicum of the socio economic fishing is no different from other systems of coastal fishery Para: poor education, poor performance of professional associations, chain productive complex and that its main underprivileged. We suggest the statistical monitoring of production, the delineation of the minimum capture length in 4.5cm; suppression of fishing with matapis in headwater areas of creeks and tidal channels, a census of users and the use of models bioeconomic that include major aspects of its biological and productive chain.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Etnoecologia, pesca e manejo comunitário de quelônios aquáticos na várzea do Baixo rio Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-11-13) BARBOZA, Roberta Sá Leitão; MCGRATH, David Gibbs; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4373475491613670; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862
The aim of the present study was to describe, record and compare community management strategies for aquatic turtles in three communities of the Santarém floodplains, in the north of Brazil. Turtle consumption was also assessed in terms of preferences, rejections, food taboos and their use in popular medicine as a therapeutic resource. The turtle fishing techniques used were described, including seasonal and spatial variations, as were the species captured and the technique selection process, based on local knowledge. The income from fishing and the association between investment and return were assessed. The data were collected between June 2007 and July 2008. Informal conversations, monitoring of fishing activity and participant observation were carried out in the communities. Semistructured interviews, based on the dietary recall method (recall history), were also performed. These interviews recorded annual turtle consumption as well as memories of turtle fishing in the past. The first reports of turtle management in the Amazon region were made at the time of the first contact between Amerindians and Europeans. During the 1970’s, the Brazilian government implemented reforms based on centralized management controlled by the State. Currently, co-management exists in various locations of the Amazon region, such as the communities of Ilha de São Miguel, Costa do Aritapera and Água Preta. Although guided by community demand, the management of these three communities differs due to different levels of experience with management systems. On Ilha de São Miguel, turtle management has been present for almost 40 years, with a certain degree of success and vigor. Management techniques were established in Água Preta 22 years ago in a less rigorous manner. The recent implementation in Costa do Aritapera was not successful. In general, the inclusion of the main users of a natural resource in its management is difficult to execute. The great challenge for turtle management, as well as other wildlife resources in the Amazon region, is legal recognition of their use. Turtle consumption is a tradition rooted in Amazonian culture. However, it has been criminalized and as such, the majority of the population is constrained from doing so. As it is considered an illegal activity, there are no estimates of the quantity of animals exploited. This causes problems to those who want to implement sustainable methods of community management. Studies have shown that fish constitutes the main source of animal protein for the people of the Amazon region, whereas records of turtle consumption are relatively low. Differences were found in terms of the species of turtle consumed. In general, tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) (meat and eggs) was the most commonly consumed species in the three communities, followed by pitiu (Podocnemis sextuberculata) (meat and eggs), which was mainly consumed in Costa do Aritapera. Turtles (Podocnemis expansa) are rarely consumed and there were no records of their eggs being collected. This meat is mainly consumed on Ilha de São Miguel. These differences could be associated with a combination of ecological factors and the management history of each community. No cultural differences were found between the communities in terms of the use of turtles. Podocnemis expansa, which is principally used in popular medicine, is the most rejected species whereas tracajá and pitiu are generally preferred. All three are considered to be “reimoso”. The most captured species was tracajá, followed by pitiu and tartaruga in lesser proportions. Tracajá can be found in different environments and collected at any time of the year in the three communities. Pitiu are mainly captured around Costa do Aritapera in periods of low water season. At this time, they are migrating from flooded forests areas in the direction of rivers and nesting beaches. Tartaruga are caught in the protected lakes of Ilha de São Miguel in times of flood. The fishing techniques employed vary depending on the level of the river. The fishermen recognize seasonal variations and, combined with local knowledge, use this information when selecting the technique to be used to catch turtles. Turtle fishing is usually carried out in a timely manner, during fishing expeditions. The yield of turtle fishing is greater when fish are not included and fishing by hand. Fishing by hand was more fruitful. Selective fishing aimed at capturing larger animals produced greater returns in terms of biomass. The yield based on CPUEN differed between the communities and the fishing periods in the present study, although there were no significant differences when biomass was calculated (CPUEB). The fishermen, in general, are not concerned with maximizing their income, because most fisheries are not for marketing. The yield reflects more the wisdom of a good fishing spot than the effort of displacement.When the patch was good fishermen spent little time while in less productive patches they spent more time. The present study suggests a number of ideas that could be adopted in order to facilitate the success of fauna community management. In the specific case of turtles, it is recommended that protected areas extend beyond the nesting areas and a quota system is introduced to take advantage of eggs that will be lost. There is a possibility of breeding commercialization.
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A ictiofauna no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental em um distrito industrial do estuário amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) VIANA, Andréa Pontes; ROCHA, Rossineide Martins da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371300451793081; FRÉDOU, Flávia Lucena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4779271407117528
The district of Vila do Conde, in the municipality of Barcarena, is a prominent industrial hub, constituting a risk factor for water quality. Given this, the present study focused on the environmental quality of the aquatic habitats adjacent to this site, using the fish community as a bioindicator and liver two species of fish as a biomarker histopathological. The collection of abiotic data (water samples) and fish specimens was organized in three distinct zones, representing different levels of impact. Zone 1 was located in the vicinity of the Vila do Conde cargo terminal, where the risk of contamination was highest. Zone 2 was in the Capim Island, located on the border between the municipalities of Bacarena and Abaetetuba, classified as a median risk area due to its relative proximity to the port. Zone 3 was in Onças Island, which was classified as minimum risk, due to its distance from the industrial district of Vila do Conde. Two different types of environment – the main river channel and marginal tidal creek were sampled in all three zones. Samples were collected every two months, covering the region’s principal climatic periods - rainy-dry transition (June 2009), dry season (September 2009), dry-rainy transition (January 2010), rainy season (April 2010), in one year collection. Data was collected using monofilament gillnets and block net. Aiming to evaluate the water quality considering different tools, this study was divided into three parts. In the the first part, the icthyofauna was used as an bioindicator of water quality (Chapter 1). In the second part, two species abundant with different feeding habits, Plagioscion squamosissimus and Lithodoras dorsalis, to assess the health of the environment through the use of liver as a biomarker histopathological (Chapter 2). Finally, all families of descriptors (chapters 1 and 2), were combined into biological integrity indexes in chapter 3. The analysis of the icthyofauna as an bioindicator showed differences in the composition between zones and environments (main channel and tidal creek), for the different groups of descriptors. Considering the 77 species captured, only 23 species were recorded in comparison with the less impacted areas. Also, large fish were least common in zone 1. In the present study, the smaller proportion of larger-sized fish recorded in the impacted areas may reflect an ecological response to anthropogenic disturbance. Biomarker analysis, carried out through the liver histopatologic study, was efficient to detect the influence of antropogenic factors in the heatlh of P. squamosissimus e L. dorsalis. The MAV (Mean Assessment Values), HAI (Histological Alteration Index) e o MDS (multidimensional scaling) analysis all indicated clear differences between the areas surveyed. The alterations were more severe (in some cases, irreversible) in zone 1, which was closest to the port and the industrial district. The principal alterations observed in the tissue of both species included an increase in the number of melanomacrophagous centers, fatty degeneration, inflammation, congestion, hepatitis, and focal necrosis. The hepatic alterations observed in the present study were generally more intense in the carnivorous P. squamosissimus, which feeds mainly on shrimp in the region of the study area. Though integrity indexes, all community information were combined into metrics. In the present study, considering the ABC curve, in the main channel and creek, the zones 1 and 2 were classified as moderately disturbed, which predicts an increase in the relative abundance of opportunistic species. The BHI (Estuarine biological health index), EFCI (Estuarine fish community índex), TFCI (Transitional fish classification índex) e EBI (Estuarine biotic integrity index) were considered to be excellent indicators of the ecological integrity of the different sectors of the study area, and were especially effective for the demonstration of the critical alterations of the fish community of zone 1. It was also possible to identify alterations to the environment of zone 2. The procedures adopted in the present study were nevertheless adequate for the detection of the alterations to the environment which have occurred in the vicinity of the town’s industrial district and cargo terminal and are able to be replicted in others estuarine areas. However, more reliable information on the bio-accumulation of heavy metals in these species will be necessary. This is especially important due to the prominence of both species in the diet of the local communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produtividade e rentabilidade da frota artesanal que captura serra, (Scomberomorus brasiliensis, Collette, Russo & Zavalla-Camin, 1978), na costa norte do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-25) ESPÍRITO SANTO, Roberto Vilhena do; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724
The fisheries on the Brazil north coast, as well as the S. brasiliensis, has a great economic importance to the local fisheries communities. This resource have a seasonal production variation associated at the changes of the precipitation, with migrations to the northern hemisphere and to the Brazilian Northeast too. Your fishing is shared by many fleets of different Brazilian states and several countries, with no one management policies, for this stock. The Amapá state coast is comparatively more productive than that of Pará and Maranhão, but the fishing on the Pará coastline promotes a better economic return for small boats. Larger boats have a better economic income when their fishing are on the Amapá coast. Financing to a boat acquisition must be accompanied by a trained professional to guiding the fisherman, with a economic and technical information, to straight at a fishing activity with a better financial returns. The middleman, at this time, have a fundamental importance in the serra capture, capitalizing the fishing activity and are the major marketing agents of the production. A change in the economic profile of production and in the marketing chain is required, changing from a disorganized activity, artisanal and unprofitable to the fishermen, to a scale economy with less overhead and greater income. This only will happen with formation of associations and/or cooperatives. The professional training only will increase with the grow of the formal education level, because the education is a limiting factor for the technical learning of fishermen.

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