Dissertações em Geofísica (Mestrado) - CPGF/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/4993
O Mestrado Acadêmico pertente a o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica (CPGF) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
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Navegando Dissertações em Geofísica (Mestrado) - CPGF/IG por Assunto "Algoritmos"
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Melhoramento da resolução para camadas delgadas de perfilagens existentes em áreas específicas de produção-exploração(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1990-11-28) AIZMAN, Luiz; EVANS, Hilton BernardIn well Iogging, there is a great interest in techniques that enhance the vertical resolution of the tool responses. In this work we develop a technique that enhances the vertical resolution of the logs obtained with the induction logging tool named in the bibliography 6FF40, by means of an algorithm that makes use of estimative methods through the least square technique. This method makes possible the processing of a set of recorded data in a computationaly efficient way. This algorithm requires only the values assumed as tool coeficients and an estimative for the noise present in the recorded data. As an ilustration we used intervals of a log run in an area where the 6FF40 tool is known to have poor vertical resolution. In order to verify the efficiency of the used algorithm, the processed logs were correlated with the gamma-ray and with the spherically focused log of the well 7-LOR-18-RN, which have a better vertical resolution, confirming the enhanced resolution in thin layers that could not be easily recognized on the previously log. The algorithm was also tested with synthetic data demonstrating its efficiency in calculating more representative values for Rt.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Métodos de otimização global aplicados na busca dos parâmetros SRC(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-06-21) CARMO, Klaus Mairan Laurido do; GARABITO CALLAPINO, German; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6064981270181319The Common Reflection Surface Stack (CRS) method provides the simulation of zerooffset (ZO) sections by means of the summing seismic events of the multicoverage data contained in the stacking surface. This method does not depend on the velocity macro-model of medium; it only requires a priori knowledge of the near-surface velocity. The simulation of ZO sections for this stacking method uses a hyperbolic second-order traveltime approximation of the paraxial rays to define the CRS stacking surface or CRS stack operator. For 2D media, this operator depends on three kinematic attributes of two hypothetical waves (NIP and N waves), observed in the point of emergency of the central ray with normal incidence, namely, the angle of emergency of the central ZO ray (β0), the radius of curvature of the Normal Incidence Point Wave (RNIP) and the radius of curvature of the Normal Wave (RN). Therefore, the optimization problem in the CRS method consists in the determination, from the seismic data, of the three optimal parameters (β0, RNIP, RN) associated to each sample point of ZO section to be simulated. The simultaneous determination of these parameters can be made by means of multidimensional global search process (or global optimization), using as objective function some coherence criterion. The optimization problem in CRS method is very important for the good performance with respect to quality of the results and mainly to computational cost, compared with the methods traditionally used in the seismic industry. There are several search strategies to determine these parameters, based on systematic searches and using optimization algorithms, where only one parameter at each time can be estimated, or the two or three parameters simultaneously. Taking in to account the search strategy by means of the application of global optimization, these three parameters can be estimated through of procedures: in the first case the three parameters can be simultaneously estimated and in second case initially two parameters can be determined simultaneously (β0, RNIP), and subsequently the third parameter (RN), using the values of the two parameters already known. In this work it is presented the application and comparison of four algorithms of global optimization to find the CRS optimal parameters: Simulated Annealing (SA), Very Fast Simulated Annealing (VFSA), Differential Evolution (DE) and Controlled Random Search – 2 (CRS2). As importants results of the application of each optimization method, as well as between the methods regarding the effectiveness, efficiency and reliability to determine the best CRS parameters are presented. Subsequently, applying the global search strategies for the determination of these parameters, by means of the optimization method VFSA that presented the best performance, the CRS stacking was applied to the Marmousi dataset, one stacking using two parameters (β0, RNIP), estimated by global search, and another CRS stacking using the three parameters (β0, RNIP, RN), also estimated by global search.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Migração em profundidade usando a solução numérica da equação da eiconal(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-06-12) LUZ, Samuel Levi Freitas da; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023In the last years we have seen an increasing interest in seismic imaging algorithms in order to obtain better informations about the earth interior. The Kirchhoff migration method is very useful for determining the position of seismic reflectors, if is known the seismic wave velocity model and the traveltimes are well determined through the earth model. The traveltime calculation is a necessary step for stacking the seismic data by means of the Kirchhoff migration operator. In this work the traveltimes are obtained by solving the eiconal equation of the ray theory. At first, the theory of Kirchhoff migration is reviewed, by considering depth migration in heterogeneous media with arbitrary curved reflectors. Secondly, the numerical solution of the eiconal equation is presented for transmited, diffracted and head waves. There offer, the depth migration algorithm is presented, must makes use of traveltimes obtained by the eiconal equation. Finally, the developed migration algorithm is applied to synthetic models, providing a very good image resolution in comparison with the conventional ray tracing migration methods, even in the presence of random or coherent (multiple reflections) noise.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Migração FD 3D em profundidade usando aproximação de Padé complexa(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-06-21) COSTA, Carlos Alexandre Nascimento da; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739Conventional implementations of 3D finite-difference (FD) migration use splitting techniques to accelerate performace and save computational cost. However, such techniques are plagued with numerical anisotropy that jeopardizes correct positioning of dipping reflectors in the directions not used for the splitted operators. We implement 3D downward continuation migration without splitting in the space coordinates using a complex Padé approximation and implicit finite differences. In this way, the numerical anisotropy is eliminated at the expense of a computationally more intensive solution of a large banded linear system. We compare the performance of the iterative stabilized biconjugate gradient (Bi-CGSTAB) and the multifrontal massively parallel direct solver (MUMPS). It turns out that the use of the complex Padé approximation provides an effective preconditioner for the Bi-CGSTAB, reducing the number of iterations relative to the real Padé expansion of the FD operator. As a consequence, the iterative Bi-CGSTABmethod ismore efficient than the directMUMPSmethodwhen solving for a single termin the Padé expansion. Forwide angle approximations direct methods are required. These algorithms are validated and the properties evaluated computing themigration impulse response in the SEG/EAGE salt model.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Migração FD e FFD com aproximações de grande abertura angular(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) AMAZONAS, Daniela Rêgo; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739Seismic Migration by downward continuation using the unidirectional wave equation approximations has two shortcomings: imaging steep dip reflectors and handling evanescent waves. Complex Padé approximations allow a better treatment of evanescent modes stabilizing the finite difference migration, and does not require special treatment for domain boundaries. Imaging of steep dip reflectors can be improved using several terms in the Padé expansion. This dissertation discuss the implementation and evaluation of complex Padé approximation for finite difference migration and Fourier finite difference migration. The study of the dispersion relation and impulsive response associated to the migration operator is used to select the number of terms and coefficients in the Padé expansion which assures stability for a prescribed maximum reflector dip. The implementations are validated in the Marmousi and SEG/EAGE salt model datasets, and compared to other wave equation migration methods. The results of FD and FFD complex Padé migrations can handle steeper dips, and present a much lower signal to noise ratio than their real valued counterparts.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Migração FFD 3D em profundidade usando aproximação de Padé complexa(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) CAMPOS, Itamara do Socorro da Silveira; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739Fourier finite-difference (FFD) migration implementations use splitting techniques to accelerate performace and save computational cost. However, such techniques introduce numerical anisotropy which leads to mispositioning of dipping reflectors along directions not used for splitting the migration operator. We implement 3D FFD continuation migration without splitting in the frequency-space domain using the complex Padé approximation and implicit finite differences. This approach eliminates numerical anisotropy at the expense of a computationally more intensive solution of a large banded linear system. Numerical experiments in homogeneous and heterogeneous models show that splitting techniques produce noticiable positioning erros for models with strong lateral velocity variation. We compare the performance of the iterative stabilized biconjugate gradient (BICGSTAB) and the multifrontal massively parallel direct solver (MUMPS). It turns out that the use of the complex Padé approximation provides an effective preconditioner for the BICGSTAB, reducing the number of iterations relative to the real Padé expansion. The iterative BICGSTAB method is more efficient than the direct MUMPS method when solving for a single term in the Padé expansion. For wide angle approximations more terms are required to represent the migration operator, in this case direct methods are required. The algorithm is validated and the properties evaluated computing the migration impulse response in the SEG/EAGE salt model.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Modelagem acústica por diferenças finitas e elementos finitos em 2-D e 2,5-D(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-10-26) SILVA NETO, Francisco de Assis; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739Acoustic modeling provides useful synthetic data for evaluating seismic processing and imaging in complex geological settings. High order finite difference (FD) and finite elements (FE) was implemented and evaluated in homogeneous and inhomogeneous model. The FD algorithm are estended to 2,5-D for variable density models. Seismic modeling of oil reservoirs targets somewhat similar to those occuring at Paleozoic Basins in the Amazon are presented. Long period multiples produced between the free-surface and the Cretaceous- Paleozoic interface, the low resolution of the seismic waves near the reservoir and the week reflections at the interface between the reservoir rocks and the cap rock are the main features of the synthetics which presents a challenge to seismic imaging.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Modelamento de perfis de indução(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1990-12-28) VIEIRA, André Luiz da Costa; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676This thesis applies an algorithm that allows modeling induction sondes (2C40-6FF40-ILD) responses in multi layered configuration. The algorithm is based on the exact solution of the Green's problem to obtain the electromagnetic field in layered configuration with the source located in the layers. The code, developed for horizontal layers, can be used to develop advanced codes, because there are not codes available for research. The codes available are commercial, but these are very expensive and primarily useful for production processing. The code was applied to obtain ILD sonde response in laminated reservoirs, where the sonde resolution is reduced. Using this code, the conductivity from the sonde response, can be expressed by the sum of the conductivities of the lithologic constituints of the reservoirs, weighed by their volume contribution. This relation was defined for reservoir type not yet analyzed. The models are for reservoirs of silicified sandstone/sandstone/shale where the resistivity of the layer of interest is superior to the resistivity of one layer and inferior to the resistivity of another layer, and for reservoirs of silidfied sandstone/sandstone where the layer of interest has the lower resistivity. These models allow the establishment of better estimates of resistivity (Rt) in layered reservoirs, and consequently, to the hydrocarbon saturation and producibility.