Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais - PPGCA/IG
URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2854
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) integra o Instituto de Geocências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental) iniciou suas atividades em 2005 com o Mestrado Acadêmico e em 2011 com o Doutorado Acadêmico.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica do carbono em pequenas bacias de drenagem sob uso de agricultura familiar na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) ROSA, Maria Beatriz Silva da; FIGUEIREDO, Ricardo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2388049759708934This research was designed to evaluate carbon dynamics in Eastern Amazon, where the main land use is small holder farming, and was conducted in three small catchments. Carbon dynamics was evaluated considering hydrological and biogeochemical measurements in Cumaru, Pachibá and São João streams from June 2006 to May 2007. Aquatic environment and fluvial hydrogeochemistry were characterized through in situ measures of electrical conductivity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. Water samples were collected and analyzed to determine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2). Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were calculated from pCO2 values. Despite being calculated from pCO2 values, CO2 fluxes were also measured in situ. Instantaneous discharge was measured in each month field campaign and used to calculate DOC annual fluxes. Soil and land use characterization in the study watersheds, as well as precipitation and discharge rates, were considered for results interpretation. Main results were: 1) Stream water physic-chemical characteristics in the study catchments respond to the acid soils, riparian vegetation, and the hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and present some seasonal variation. 2) Dissolved carbon concentrations was correlated with pH and dissolved oxygen in stream water; 3) DOC fluxes weighted by area were higher than in other Amazonian watersheds and even higher during rainy season; 4) DOC fluxes and CO2 evasion seem to respond positively to riparian vegetation and mature forest, and negatively to agriculture; 5) CO2 evasion rates were higher than in other Amazonian rivers corroborating the hypothesis that small catchments are important sources of atmospheric CO2 in the region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diversidade no uso e manejo de fogo por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-08) SANTOS, Ian Paulo Monteiro; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341The indiscriminate use of fire has become a global problem due to the increase of the incidence and severity of fires, mainly related to climate change. The Brazilian Amazon was a fire-free biome, but it has experienced more frequent and intense fires. The use and management of fire is historical and quite variable, especially in the practice of agriculture. Therefore, it is proposed in this dissertation to evaluate the use and management of fire by different farmers (smallholders and large farmers) in two different regions in the Eastern Amazon. Data collection was carried out in 2010 by the Sustainable Amazon Network (RAS) and in 500 rural properties in the region, distributed in 18 watersheds in each region. To compare the diversity of fire use and management practices among producers and regions, the PERMANOVA analysis was used. In both regions, the use of fire predominated, and family farmers were those who had greater use. However, the use of fire was also carried out by larger farmers. The two main purposes were to prepare the land before implementing agriculture and to manage degraded pastures. Secondary forests or Capoeiras (<20 years) were the most commonly used vegetation type, although primary forests and older capoeiras were also used. Most farmers built firebreaks and burnt against the wind, but also used fire in the hottest period of the day (between 12h-15h) and before the first rains in the region. At the time of the burning, farmers in both regions received human assistance, which occurs predominantly by people from the property itself. This dominant use of fire in the Amazon reflects the pattern observed in different tropical regions, mainly related to shifting agriculture. There was also an incompatibility between the management carried out by the farmers and that recommended by specialists or by the law. The need to adapt Brazilian law regarding local burning practices is emerging, as it can make this practice unfeasible. This study is expected to contribute to the development of norms for the use and management of fire that are better adapted to the specific realities of each region and each producer.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diversidade no uso e manejo de fogo por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-08) SANTOS, Ian Paulo Monteiro; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904The indiscriminate use of fire has become a global problem due to the increase of the incidence and severity of fires, mainly related to climate change. The Brazilian Amazon was a fire-free biome, but it has experienced more frequent and intense fires. The use and management of fire is historical and quite variable, especially in the practice of agriculture. Therefore, it is proposed in this dissertation to evaluate the use and management of fire by different farmers (smallholders and large farmers) in two different regions in the Eastern Amazon. Data collection was carried out in 2010 by the Sustainable Amazon Network (RAS) and in 500 rural properties in the region, distributed in 18 watersheds in each region. To compare the diversity of fire use and management practices among producers and regions, the PERMANOVA analysis was used. In both regions, the use of fire predominated, and family farmers were those who had greater use. However, the use of fire was also carried out by larger farmers. The two main purposes were to prepare the land before implementing agriculture and to manage degraded pastures. Secondary forests or Capoeiras (<20 years) were the most commonly used vegetation type, although primary forests and older capoeiras were also used. Most farmers built firebreaks and burnt against the wind, but also used fire in the hottest period of the day (between 12h-15h) and before the first rains in the region. At the time of the burning, farmers in both regions received human assistance, which occurs predominantly by people from the property itself. This dominant use of fire in the Amazon reflects the pattern observed in different tropical regions, mainly related to shifting agriculture. There was also an incompatibility between the management carried out by the farmers and that recommended by specialists or by the law. The need to adapt Brazilian law regarding local burning practices is emerging, as it can make this practice unfeasible. This study is expected to contribute to the development of norms for the use and management of fire that are better adapted to the specific realities of each region and each producer.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos do processamento artesanal de raízes de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) e plantas de malva (Urena lobata L.) sobre a hidrobiogeoquímica de microbacias do Nordeste do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) PIRES, Camila da Silva; FIGUEIREDO, Ricardo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2388049759708934Cassava and caesar weed are among the mainly products of the familiar agriculture in the Northeast of the Pará State. To treat these products the small farmers used to sink amounts of cassava and caesar weed in small streams (regionally named as "igarapés"), to make peal softer and remove its toxic compounds, in the case of cassava, or to promote defibrating in the case of the caesar weed. The effects of these practices to the stream water quality are poor known. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the potential impacts of these practices to the fluvial hydrobiogeochemistry in the "igarapés" of these region. We adopted the strategy of collect stream water samples before the washing point of these products, in the washing point, and ten meters after this point. For a clearer understanding of the feasible alterations of the water chemistry due to cassava and caesar weed washing it was conducted besides the field monitoring a controlled input and output discharge tank experiment. In both approaches it was measured in the dissolved material the following hydrobiogeochemical: pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, as well as total nitrogen total and organic and inorganic carbon. Our results point out that these cassava and caesar weed washing processes contribute to alter the fluvial hydrobiogeochemistry of these small streams only locally. However, some of the observed local alterations remained along at least ten meters downstream the products washing points. In the tank experiments the alteration were observed clearer and a cluster analysis confirmed the hypotheses that these rude treatments of the studied agriculture products contributes to change the fluvial hydrogeochemistry of the monitored small streams. The study recommends some precautions regarding to the evaluated products treatments and also the adoption of some parameters measurements to monitor these impacts.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estrutura de comunidades de peixes de igarapés de três pequenas bacias de drenagem sob uso de Agricultura Familiar no Nordeste Paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-11-26) CORRÊA, Jean Michel; GERHARD, Pedro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5621269098705408; FIGUEIREDO, Ricardo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2388049759708934Stream fish species can be distributed in space and time and in an organized pattern, which can be observed on the association of groups of species and their relationship to certain habitats. The reduced number of studies and the scarce knowledge on the aquatic fauna in Amazon contribute to the under-estimation of the magnitude of impacts upon lotic habitats and stream fish fauna. The Bragantina Region, in the northeast portion of Pará, is an example of an old agricultural frontier in the Amazon. Smallholder farming in the area is expressive, the main cultures are corn, caupi, and cassava, and semi-perennial cultures, such as “maracujá” (passion fruit) and “pimenta-do-reino” (black pepper). The areas of familiar production are a dominant feature of the landscape, thus contributing to most of the soil and aquatic ecosystem degradation. Aiming at the description of stream fish communities and its relations to environmental variables, a two-year study was carried out in eight reaches of three streams located in this region: Cumaru, São João and Pachibá streams. After nine monthly collections, 2.117 fishes were collected, distributed in seven orders, 13 families, 27 genera and 43 species. The most abundant species in all samples was Hypessobrycon heterorhabudus, totalling 337 individuals, followed by Bryconops caudomaculatus, with 326 individuals. The species richness was highest in a Pachibá stream reach (IGPA-B), with 21 species. Simpson’s diversity index showed the highest species dominance in a Cumaru stream reach, while Shannon’s diversity index showed that the IGPA-B had the greatest diversity. Iguanodectes spirulus was the most constant species, occurring in 50% of samples. The similarity between the environments showed that the distribution of species followed a longitudinal pattern instead of a geographic pattern. Land use, specially small farms, did not affect the ichthyofauna, since the low intensification of this activity still permit some integrity to aquatic ecosystem. However, as agriculture system intensification increases in the future, we do not know what will be the ecosystem response.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estudo comparativo do uso da terra em unidades de produção familiar no Nordeste Paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) MOREIRA, Aninha Melo; VENTURIERI, Adriano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8968863324073508The historical context of territorial formation of the Paraense Northeast, is related with the several occupation periods that the Amazonian area suffered, from the origins of the colonization, going by the migratory flows, starting from the decade of 1950, until his/her current configuration. The Paraense Northeast is composed by Salgado's microrregiões, Bragantina, Cametá, Guamá and Tomé-Açu, occupying about 135 thousand squared kilometers, in other words, 10,6% of the state surface, including 49 municipal districts, possessing 1,8 million inhabitants, 27% of the state population. After almost a century of use the virgin forest areas are part of the past. The pattern of use of the earth bases on the handling of portions of secondary forest, in rotation with annual cultures and the implantation of perennial cultures and of pastures. In this context this work aimed at to understand the dynamics of the use of the earth in units of family production, for like this to subsidize alternatives for the planning of the properties. The research was accomplished in thirty three units, disposed in the municipal districts of Bragança (it presents an older occupation, with different occupation reports and use of the earth, approximately 300 years), Capitão Poço (it represents an occupation and use middlemen, 60 years) and Garrafão do Norte (with a process of more recent occupation about 20 years). the methodology based on the direct observation, in the application of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, photographic registrations, elaboration of mental maps and use of the System of Geographical Information, for construction of thematic maps and analysis of the satellite images. It can be observed that the use pattern if it doesn't differentiate in the three areas, because it is not the atmosphere only that it will influence in the established practices, but each farmer's culture, in other words, his/her cultural load that it is printed on the territory. It was verified that the landscape of a property will be more or less fragmented in function of the number of people that you/they make use of her. The secondary vegetation is an important element in this dynamics, because his/her presence or absence will contribute more or less to a property to be resilient the pressures of markets, in other words, the existence of this forest resource, together with other productive systems, they allow that property to have a variety of products to be made available in the sphere of the family and to the market. It is like this necessary that strategies of planning of the property are elaborated, to guarantee the social and environmental sustainability.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Indicadores de carbono do solo em sistemas agroflorestais com potencial de uso em processo de transição produtiva agroecológica(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-04-18) PANTOJA, Kelly Regina da Silva; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543Traditional production systems have proved to be unsustainable in the socioeconomic and environmental spheres. A less aggressive agriculture is an alternative for the conservation of ecosystems. The process of changing from a traditional management for an alternative one is called a productive transition. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon indicators in traditional and alternative production systems in areas of agroecological productive transition. The study was conducted in family farms located in Igarapé-Açu and Tomé-Açu, municipalities of the northeast of Pará. Traditional (slash-and-burn) and alternative (cut-and-grind and AFS) systems were selected, as well as secondary and primary forests (used as a reference area). The litter stocks, carbon stocks in the soil, densimetric fraction of soil organic matter and litter were analyzed. Also, an evaluation of the potential of the carbon stock as a subsidy to estimate environmental services was made. The cut-and-grind system presented the highest litter stock and carbon stock in the litter, while the AFS did not differ from reference areas. For the carbon stock in the soil and the densimetric fraction of soil organic matter no significant differences were found between the systems and the reference areas. Alternative systems had a large capacity to store carbon. The quantification of carbon stocks (soil and litter) and the stock of litter shows potential as an indicator to subsidize the provision of environmental services, as well as certify the quality of agroecosystems.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A influência do fomento florestal nos aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos em estabelecimentos rurais na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-01) FERREIRA, Amanda Estefânia de Melo; PARRY, Luke Thomas Wyn; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3567943056179690; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134Amazonia possesses some of the highest levels of biodiversity the planet, and has a population of 25.469.352 million inhabitants. It is threatened by agricultural expansion edge effects and logging, increasing its sensitivity to the forest fires. Investments in perennial agriculture, tree plantations, and fire sensitive products could diminish the use of fire and the risk of wildfires. In recent year, large companies have incentivized smallholders to plant trees on their land, in a practice known as fomento florestal. This could have both negative and positive effects for the establishments that get involved, influencing the quality of life of the families, changing income, and promoting the permanence of the producer’s agriculture, and incorporating technical assistance and the transfer of technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of fomento florestal based on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Urograndis), assessing the environmental and socioeconomics parameters in agricultural establishments in Amazonia. The implantation of perennial and fire-sensitive trees did not alter the use of the fire, and it even increased the fire use in the areas around the participating smallholdings. Another important aspect was the advance of forestry in the areas of secondary vegetation, culture and pastures, which in turn may have stimulated agricultural expansion in areas of forests. In socioeconomics terms, half of the interviewed particpants had presented per capita income less than half of the minimum wage. Fomento florestal offers low remuneration of manual labour and could even jeopardize future food security and agricultural income. However, it also appears to improve the social interactions in the between agriculturalists and increases capitalization by nine compared to not fomented. Overall, this study contributes to the debate about the politics of development in agricultural landscapes in AmazoniaItem Acesso aberto (Open Access) A percepção de tecnologias em agricultura orgânica por produtores familiares no Nordeste Paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) PIZATE, Ronei Juscelino Bianchi; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350Traditional agriculture in the Amazon is based on slash and burn agriculture, to clean the area and nutrient release. Organic agriculture in this context favors the strengthening of family agriculture, in addition to environmental services as concrete proposal for a production model, which does not exclude the preservation of the environment, improving the quality of farmer’s life, and improving the quality of produced food for the consumer market. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the empowerment of information on organic agriculture by small farmers, organized into different associations (APBVA and COOPAMABI) under technical support of a private Brazilian company (NATURA) and one international organization (ICCO), respectively, located in the northeast of Pará. The used methodology was a study of case with semi-structured questionnaires, consisting of open and closed questions, which can get evidence that provided an understanding of transition processes where these producers are located. The results show no significant differences related to the implementation of common practices between the analyzed associations. The producers with technical support funded by ICCO demonstrated a greater level of technologies adoption in relation to another farmers group. The results showed a complete absence of technical support, or it is ineffective, by the government agency for technical support. The generation of funding mechanisms and a systematization of agroecological technologies developed in the region, adapted to the farmers reality, and the intensification of training activities and awareness of technical EMATER, becomes necessary for an efficient training with greater appropriation of agroecological technologies by family farmers in this region.