Navegando por Assunto "Almeirim - PA"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fomento florestal e sua função socioeconômica: estudo de caso no município de Almeirim (PA)
(2014-06) FERREIRA, Amanda Estefânia de Melo; PARRY, Luke Thomas Wyn; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; MORELO, Thiago Fonseca
Forest out-grower schemes "fimento florestal' are expanding in Brazilian, including Amazonia. This study examined the socio-economic implications of smallholder-led fomento florestal for eucalyptus production in Almeirim (PA). We interviewed both participating and non-participating farming households (total = 39). The projects offered low remuneration for household labor input and appeared to be financially unviable when contracted labour was necessary. The implementation of smallholder-led fomento florestal in farms with low capacity can cause a net reduction in income. This study provides an important baseline from which to redefine government policies relevant to the on-going expansion of fomento and development in the Amazon region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os fragmentos de cerâmica arqueológica como fonte potencial de fertilidade dos solos TPA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-09-26) RODRIGUES, Suyanne Flavia Santos; KERN, Dirse Clara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8351785832221386; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Soils of the Amazon Dark Earth (ADE) type are known for their high fertility, which contrasts with the typically poor soils found throughout most of the Amazon. The fertility of these soils appears to persist even after their intensive use for agriculture. The ADE are usually rich in sherds, important evidence linking them to the occupation of the region by prehistoric populations. Many studies have focused on the stylistic characteristics of the vessels represented by these sherds, although less attention has been paid to the chemical and mineralogical features of this material, which are important for the identification of the raw material use to produce the artifacts, provenience, technology, and in particular the origin of their relatively high P content. These high levels of P are derived from aluminum phosphates, which are generally amorphous to variscite-strengite, and have been linked to the use of the pots for the preparation of food. While the possible role of the sherds in the maintenance of the fertility of ADE has been widely discussed, no experimental data have been presented to confirm this connection. This study presents systematic evidence that the sherds contribute to the fertility of the soils. For this, sherds were obtained from three archeological sites with distinct characteristics located in different parts of the Amazon: Monte Dourado 1 (Almeirim, Pará), Jabuti (Bragança, Pará), and Da Mata (São José de Ribamar, Maranhão). Initially, 325 sherds were first described mesoscopically and then their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined by XRD, optical microscopy, TGA/DTA, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Different parameters of fertility were then measured, followed by gaseous adsorption tests, and finally, P desorption assays. These data were used to identify the raw materials used in the fabrication of the vessels, details of the productive process, modifications occurring during the use of the utensils and after being discarded, with the aim of evaluating the potential contribution of these sherds to the fertility of the ADE soils. The hypothesis of contamination by nutrients from foods during the use of the vessels for the preparation of meals was confirmed by a laboratory experiment simulating cooking conditions using ceramic pots similar to the archeological artifacts, and measuring the incorporation of Ca and P during the cooking process. The results indicate that the ancient ceramicist peoples used raw materials available in the area surrounding their habitation sites. The composition of the sherds, all of which are made from a matrix of metakaolinite and quartz, and occasionally muscovite, indicating raw materials rich in kaolinite and quartz, which are fundamental to the production of ceramic artifacts. The presence of metakaolinite indicates that the pots were fired at approximately 550°C. However, the addition of different types of antiplastic contributed to chemical and mineralogical variation among sites in the overall composition of the sherds. At Da Mata, only cariapé was used, while at Monte Dourado 1, the cariapé was mixed with crushed rocks with a complex mineralogical content, and at Jabuti, shells were used in addition to cariapé. Amorphous phosphates are common to all the sites, albeit at distinct levels, with crystalline aluminum phosphates of the crandallite-goyazite type being found only at Jabuti, and Fe-Mg-Ca phosphates, segelerite, being exclusive to Monte Dourado 1. The amorphous phosphates and crandallite-goyazite were considered to be indicators of the use of the original pots (from which the sherds were derived) for the preparation of food, whereas the segelerite was interpreted as a neoformation following exposure of the fragments to the hydromorphic conditions that persist to the present day. The lowest phosphorus concentrations-1.04% of P2O5 on average- were recorded at Da Mata, and were similar to the majority of sherds studied up until now, whereas the highest concentrations (a mean of 7.75%) were recorded at Jabuti, the highest values yet reported. At Monte Dourado 1, the mean concentration was 2.23%. It seems likely that the high levels of P, Ca, and Sr are related to a diet rich in shellfish, as reflected in the diversity of shells fragments found in the sherds. The high levels of calcium recorded at Monte Dourado 1 reflect the presence of labradorite in the temper. The potential fertility of the sherds is clearly greater than that of the ADE soil when analyzed without the ceramics. It thus seems reasonable to assume that the sherds are the source of the macro- and micronutrients found in the soil. This was confirmed through desorption assays, which showed that P was desorbed at a slow rate, a characteristic which may be especially important for the persistence of fertility. This process is best described by the Freundlich model, which indicates the occurrence of interactions among the adsorbed ions. The experiment that simulated cooking conditions indicated that the Ca and P may be adsorbed into both the sides and lids of the ceramic pots, albeit with higher concentrations being accumulated in the sides. While calcium was adsorbed, no phase of this element was identified, either amorphous or crystalline, probably because the duration of the experiment was too short. By contrast, the chemical adsorption of the P did occur, and after 600 h of cooking, variscite, an aluminum phosphate, formed in the sides of the pots. Aluminum phosphates may thus form in the ceramic vessels during the cooking of food. These results indicate that the presence of aluminum phosphates in the matrix of the ceramic vessels represents a reliable indicator of their use as cooking vessels, and that the sherds of these utensils in the soil constitute a potentially important source of fertility.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A influência do fomento florestal nos aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos em estabelecimentos rurais na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-01) FERREIRA, Amanda Estefânia de Melo; PARRY, Luke Thomas Wyn; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3567943056179690; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
Amazonia possesses some of the highest levels of biodiversity the planet, and has a population of 25.469.352 million inhabitants. It is threatened by agricultural expansion edge effects and logging, increasing its sensitivity to the forest fires. Investments in perennial agriculture, tree plantations, and fire sensitive products could diminish the use of fire and the risk of wildfires. In recent year, large companies have incentivized smallholders to plant trees on their land, in a practice known as fomento florestal. This could have both negative and positive effects for the establishments that get involved, influencing the quality of life of the families, changing income, and promoting the permanence of the producer’s agriculture, and incorporating technical assistance and the transfer of technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of fomento florestal based on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Urograndis), assessing the environmental and socioeconomics parameters in agricultural establishments in Amazonia. The implantation of perennial and fire-sensitive trees did not alter the use of the fire, and it even increased the fire use in the areas around the participating smallholdings. Another important aspect was the advance of forestry in the areas of secondary vegetation, culture and pastures, which in turn may have stimulated agricultural expansion in areas of forests. In socioeconomics terms, half of the interviewed particpants had presented per capita income less than half of the minimum wage. Fomento florestal offers low remuneration of manual labour and could even jeopardize future food security and agricultural income. However, it also appears to improve the social interactions in the between agriculturalists and increases capitalization by nine compared to not fomented. Overall, this study contributes to the debate about the politics of development in agricultural landscapes in Amazonia
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A justiça ambiental e os grandes empreendimentos do setor elétrico na Amazônia paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-18) BITTENCOURT, Márcio Teixeira; VASCONCELLOS SOBRINHO, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7843288526039148; ROCHA, Gilberto de Miranda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2436176783315749
This research presents a critical and contemporary analysis of environmental justice and the large enterprises in the electricity sector of the Amazon-Pará. It discusses the environmental fair and unfair regarding the disproportionate imposition of environmental hazards in the context of local developments in opposition to the unequal distribution of access to essential energy and telecommunications services and to the justice itself. It contemplates the environmental, social and ethical of sustainability and local development and the right to ethical, balanced use of natural resources in opposition to social and environmental impacts supported by the judiciary system on the quantitative and qualitative increase in processes demand with direct and indirect relationships with the enterprise. Starting from an analysis of the Brazilian Electric Sector in national dimension contemplating the Brazilian territory, then a state approach related to the Pará Amazon, to deepen in the region of Northern Amazon (Calha Norte), with case studies of two large projects in the Brazilian Electricity Sector namely: Hydroelectric of Santo Antonio do Jari and Linhão Tucuruí-Macapá-Manaus, installed in the municipality of Almeirim – Pará. To this end, it was performed quantitative and qualitative surveys of lawsuits related mainly to the violation of human rights in under the Pará State Court in counties that are running large enterprises. In summary, the study aims to examine whether there is a direct relationship between the installation of the projects and the impacts on adjudication. It was also analyzed to what extent the impact on adjudication because of the electricity sector projects installation can be considered social and environmental impact, while a social variable assessment of environmental equity. It is proposed measures to overcome the environmental unfair and therefore perform the Environmental Justice. Among them: Consider the quantitative and qualitative increase in processes in municipalities where the enterprises as social and environmental impact are installed, including them as indicators of the Environmental Impact Study and Environmental Impact Report; To establish that the undertakings of the electricity sector include access to local communities regarding the immediate access to essential public energy services; And in the case of transmission lines where there is sharing with the transmission of optical fiber cables, it should contemplate local communities with access to basic telecommunications services.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Metodologia geofísica aplicada à pesquisa de salvamento arqueológico nos sítios Bittencourt, Jambuaçu e Jaburu, Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-02) ARAGÃO, Rigler da Costa; LUIZ, José Gouvêa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8676530374310847
We present the results obtained in the application of geophysical methods to help the archaeological rescue of remains in the three following sites in Pará, northern of Brazil: Bittencourt, located in Abaetetuba; Jambuaçu, located in Moju; and Jaburu, located in Almeirim. Magnetometry, scintillometry and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were used in the study. Magnetic measurements were taken as the main tool to indicate places for excavation. GPR was used to confirm the anomalies detected with the magnetic method and provided a restriction to the magnetic anomalies caused by non-archaeological artifacts. Scintillometry was used as an attempt to map the archaeological black earth (ABE) or Terra Preta Arqueológica (TPA) soil through the detection of natural gamma ray emitted by the ground. The excavations carried out on the indications of magnetometry and GPR yielded the recovery of ceramics, faience, lithics, and iron artifacts. The scintillometric data showed that exist a good correlation between low radiation and large thickness of ABE (TPA). The used geophysical methodology proved to be efficient and quick with no destructive impact to the sites.