Navegando por Assunto "Ansiedade"

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 22

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Adaptação da Escala de Ansiedade de Beck para avaliação de surdos e cegos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-05) SANCHEZ, Cintia Nazare Madeira; GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
This study met three articles concerning the adaptation of psychological instruments to evaluate the population of deaf and blind. Considering that these instruments are not adapted to evaluate people with special educational needs, complicating diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore the need to adapt these instruments for this population is indisputable. This situation also occurs in the area of deafness and blindness, in which there is a shortage of jobs in Brazil. In the first article was conducted a literature review of instruments adapted for this population. It is concluded that the area of hearing assessment scales are adapted to various factors as psychometric for measuring depression, anxiety and intelligence, but the area of blindness instruments are suited for the assessment of cognitive functioning. The aim of the second study was to adapt the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) to sign language and alphabet digital generating a scale to assess anxiety in deaf users of Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS). The sample consisted of 25 deaf users LIBRAS (experimental group) and 25 listeners (control group), aged between 18 and 25 years of age of both sexes, matched for age and sex. The application was made in a group. Following the guidelines, the subjects completed the scale, the scale pattern control group and the experimental group the adapted scale. The results of the study showed that the BAI adapted not statistically significant compared to the standard scale and total anxiety subscales: subjective, neurophysiological, autonomic, and panic. Therefore BAI adapted showed validity equivalent to BAI standard to assess anxiety in deaf, the items appear to have adapted the modified factor structure of the instrument, thus allowing its use in the assessment of anxiety in deaf users of LIBRAS. The third study was conducted with visually impaired, this deficiency is most prevalent in the population reaching 35.8 million people with difficulty seeing even with corrective lenses, and 506,3 thousand are blind. Despite the significant number of blind in the literature there are few studies of adapting assessment tools for the blind, as they are evaluated on the parameters of the seers. Given this reality, the objective of this study was to adapt the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) for Braille generating a scale to assess anxiety in blind Braille users. The sample consisted of 25 blind Braille users (experimental group) and 25 seers (control group), aged between 18 and 25 years of age of both sexes, matched for age and sex. The application was made in a group. Following the guidelines, the subjects completed the scale, the scale pattern control group and the experimental group the adapted scale. The results of the study showed that the BAI adapted not statistically significant compared to the standard scale and total anxiety subscales: subjective, neurophysiological, autonomic. Subscale panic in this difference was statistically significant at the limit. Therefore BAI adapted showed equivalent BAI validity standard for evaluating anxiety blind, adapted items seem to have modified the factor structures of the instrument, allowing their use in the evaluation of anxiety in users blind Braille.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise comparativa da ansiedade relatada em surdos e ouvintes
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-01) COSTA, Edilane Lourenço da; GOUVEIA JR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
The group of deaf people in Brazil is considered significant. Deafness can lead to emotional disorders, among them anxiety. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure anxiety reported among deaf and hearing people, with application of the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) standard and adapted to Brazilian sign language. The sample consisted of 62 participants were divided into hearing group (n = 31) and deaf group (n = 31) mean age of 31 (±7.53) and 31 (±7.69) years, respectively, of both sexes, paired for age, sex, income and education level . The application of VAMS were individually and data were analyzed for factors: anxiety, physical sedation, mental sedation, other feelings and the total index scale. The data was preceded by the application of the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and equal variance test. For data that obeyed these tests, we used the Student t test to compare the factors of VAMS; between groups, between male and female, within groups and between groups; at different income levels, within the groups and between groups; in different years of study, within groups and between groups. When it was not possible to satisfy the criteria of normality and homogeneity of variance test was used non-parametric Mann-Whitney (U). It was adopted a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. We analyzed the correlation in the variables, income, education level and age with each of the scale factors, in the hearing group and the deaf group. The results showed statistically significant difference between groups in the index of physical sedation, being lower in deaf than in the hearing group. In the analysis between groups, hearing and deaf, distributed by sex, was expressed statistically significant in the factor other feelings, being higher in the deaf, both females and males in relation to the male hearing group. In the variables income and education level were statistically significant differences in the components of VAMS, anxiety, mental sedation and physical sedation, between and within groups. In the correlation analysis, the hearing group, positive correlation was found in the variable income and education level versus physical sedation and positive correlation in the variable age versus anxiety. In the deaf group was a positive correlation in the variable age versus physical sedation. We conclude that the use of scales to assess anxiety is important and valuable for field research, and VAMS adapted to Brazilian sign language was sensitive to evaluate anxiety in deaf, it facilitates the inclusion diagnosis of this specific population, which is sometimes sub diagnosed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de conteúdo verbal na solução de dificuldades de portadores de transtornos ansiosos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-06-15) MOREIRA, Sandra Bernadete da Silva; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Verbal behavior comprehension is crucial to the analysis of dysfunctional behaviors attended in behavior analytic therapy. Studies of verbal report studies on clinical context, have showed the importance of the use of verbal behavior and have generated intervention procedures to solve problems. Self-reports reinforcement, as a function of reinforcement contingencies, indicates that changing verbal behavior is an effective way to change non verbal behavior outside the therapeutic setting. The goal of this study is to show the utility of a procedure of managing verbal contingencies by a therapist through the systematization of a client verbal contents and its written devolution to solve problems of individuals with anxious disorders in a therapeutic setting. After being exposed to their own verbal behavior, it was possible to two participants of this study to characterize their difficulties, identifying and describing ambient contingencies related to their undesirable behavior and consequently to describe proposes of solution of these difficulties. It is discussed how the exposition to systematized verbal report changes further the verbal reports and the problem behavior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Analise paramétrica do comportamento do zebrafish no labirinto em cruz com rampa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-03-20) MOTTA, Carla Mendes da; JUNIOR, Amauri Gouveia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
Animal models have been a useful tool in the study and treatment of anxiety. Parametric studies are important to ensure these models validity since they help to identify witch parameters of the model are relevant to produce anxiety-like behaviors. The Plus-maze with Ramp is an anxiety model for fishes, adapted from the Elevated Plus-maze with Ramp. The present study consists of a parametric analysis of the zebrafish’s response in the Plus-Maze with Ramp, evaluating the effects of sex, ramp inclination, light level and arms width. Results showed that, regardless of any manipulation in the evaluated parameters, the animals preferred the flat arms instead of arms with ramp, that the light level of 700 lux increased the animal’s general exploratory behavior and that the ramp inclination of 34,43º increased the total number of entries in the flat arms. The plusmaze with Ramp seems to be a valid model for the study of anxiety in fish and the standard measures of the apparatus seems adequate.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ansiedades: relatos e sentidos da experiência ansiosa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-30) ARAÚJO, Beatriz Evangelista de; SEIBT, Cezar Luis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7464213317216078; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-0919
Anxiety is a phenomenon inherent to the human experience, being a primary emotion that serves the function of self-preservation. Nowadays, anxiety has become increasingly prominent due to different relational demands that trigger intense emotional suffering, as well as exposure to stressors such as the proliferation of diseases, natural disasters, and/or those caused by human actions, etc. However, there is a predominance of viewing anxiety primarily through the hegemonic biomedical lens, categorizing it at a nosological level and conferring upon it the status of an "unbearable" illness. As a result, there is a perception that anxiety is something negative and must be cured/eliminated as quickly as possible. From this perspective, the subjective experience, the meanings attributed, the way the person recognizes themselves in this process, and even the historical and social context are disregarded, so the person is not understood in their complexity. In light of this, this research aimed to describe how people understand their own anxious experiences and to explore the outcomes resulting from different ways of experiencing and assigning meaning to anxiety. Additionally, it sought to expand the view of the anxious experience from the perspective of Laura Perls. To achieve these goals, we conducted qualitative-phenomenological research, in which Amedeo Giorgi's phenomenological method was applied, and the discussion was grounded in the phenomenological perspective and the Gestalt approach. During the identification of meaning units, nine constituents were identified, including: anxiety related to negative sensations, anxiety related to performance, anxious experiences affecting how one relates to others and the world, ambivalent feelings towards medication, and broadening the understanding of anxiety. We concluded that the research objectives were met, supporting the understanding that the anxious experience can manifest in different ways, considering that anxiety is configured as a relational phenomenon, manifesting as a response to environmental demands. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the complexity of situations that make up the human experience. In this sense, we emphasize the relevance of considering the intersectional dimensions that permeate a person's experience and modify their way of perceiving themselves and relating to the world. Furthermore, it was possible to deepen some concepts of the Gestalt approach from Laura Perls' point of view, also highlighting her importance for the consolidation of Gestalt therapy, despite having written few materials, and also having undergone a process of invisibilization within the approach.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos no sistema nervoso central e estresse oxidativo do extrato hidroalcoólico de Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolacaceae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) ANDRADE, Thaís Montenegro de; MONTEIRO, Marta Chagas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6710783324317390; MAIA, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4835820645258101
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação neurocomportamental, antinociceptiva e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico de Eupatorium ayapana Vent (Asteraceae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-30) MELO, Ademar Soares; SOUSA, Pergentino José da Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9909053957915090; MAIA, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4835820645258101
The Eupatorium ayapana Vent., Family Asteraceae, popularly known as japana is used in infusions, decoctions, baths and tea, with sedative, febrifuge, stimulant and tonic, also used to combat insomnia, headache, sore throat, diarrhea, etc.., commonly used by the Amazonian population. This study evaluated the effect of different doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Eupatorium ayapana Vent (EHAEA) on the behavior of Wistar rats, aged 2 months. We used eight groups of rats (n = 7-10) that were divided into control, standard drug action anxiolytic (diazepam), standard drug action antidepressant (fluoxetine) and five doses of the extract (100, 200, 400, 600, 800 mg/kg) which were solubilized with 1% tween 80. The administration of the extract was performed acutely by gavage. In oral toxicity test, it was found that the extract is not toxic. The behavioral tests were used: the open field, the elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming. After the behavioral tests was performed to collect blood in the retro-orbital plexus of rats to assess the levels of oxidative stress such as Total Antioxidant Capacity, MDA and NO, and also the total antioxidant EHAEA. The results obtained in the open field test showed anxiolytic-like activity, a result confirmed in the LCE. In the forced swimming test, the EHAEA showed antidepressant action of any kind. In tests of nociception, which was used mice occurred in antinociceptive abdominal writhing test in doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg. In evaluating the biochemical oxidation, it was observed that there was no oxidative damage in the treated groups EHAEA, NO levels were unchanged at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg total antioxidant capacity was shown to be increased. With these results, this paper aims to contribute to future work, have seen, are few studies in the behavioral area, in nociception and oxidative stress in this plant species, and that further studies may enhance the use of the extract in folk medicine japana.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O conceito de ansiedade na análise do comportamento
(2008) COÊLHO, Nilzabeth Leite; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury
The concept of anxiety has been used in Behavior Analysis under the control of different events or relations. In this article, we offer a theoretical and conceptual review of behavior-analytic approaches for anxiety, and of the behavioral relations that are highlighted in the literature. We start with a description of the current usages of the concept of anxiety. We point out that such usages vary from the role assigned to physiological changes, to the definition of respondent and operant relations (verbal and non-verbal) and to the implications for verbal therapy. We, then, discuss such variations as complementary explanations for a complex phenomenon, in which events acquire several functions, through processes of direct and indirect conditioning. Finally, we summarize some defining characteristics of anxiety from a behavior-analytic standpoint, and we argue that, as a clinical disorder, anxiety may be related to self-control.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Construct validity of behavioral models of anxiety: where experimental psychopathology meets ecology and evolution
(2010-06) OLIVEIRA, Caio Maximino de; BRITO, Thiago Marques de; GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri
In experimental psychopathology, construct validity is usually enhanced by addressing theories from other fields in its nomological network. In the field of anxiety research, this construct is related to antipredator behavior, conserved across phylogeny in its functions and neural basis, but not necessarily on its topography. Even though the relations between behavioral models of anxiety and statements from behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology are commonly made in anxiety research, these are rarely tested, at least explicitly. However, in order to increase construct validity in experimental anxiety, testing predictions from those theories is highly desirable. This article discusses these questions, suggesting a few ways in which behavioral ecological and evolutionary hypotheses of anxiety-like behavior may be tested.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desempenho do Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) em modelos de ansiedade: campo aberto, preferência claro-escuro e labirinto em cruz com rampa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-23) MONTEIRO, André Luiz Viard Walsh; GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
The use of animal models in experimental research in the last decades has shown to be more diversified than the classical model through the use of rodent or primate. This is mainly by advances in molecular, morphological and functional studies that revealed a big homology between the vertebrates. On this perspective, the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has shown to be the non-mammal animal with biggest ascension as a study model in biological sciences in the latest decades. However, other species of fish also show to be promising as alternatives of use as animal model. This study used Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) as model for the research in behavior through different experimental approaches. In study I, guppies were exposed and re-exposed in different shifts (morning, afternoon, evening and night) in the open field test and light-dark preference. The found results show that in both tests, male and female present behavioral differences, being sensitive to re-exposure, with capacity of learning e controlling of the circadian cycle. In study II, was developed a plus-maze with ramp where it was verified the sensibility of the specie to the apparatus, the profile of response upon re-exposure and the drug effect. The results revealed sensibility to the apparatus with a height of water column at 8 cm and 5 minutes of session and differences between sex and learning by habituation along the re-expositions. The pharmacological study indicates that in this apparatus, the specie is sensitive to anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Finally, we can conclude that Guppy presents similar behavior and drug responses compatible with the data described to the Zebrafish. These similarities reinforce the use of fishes as an alternative to the use of mammals in animal experimentation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do ganhar ou perder nos niveis de raiva e ansiedade em lutadores de judô
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-02-17) ARDILA, Héctor Andrés Páez; GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
Aggression is a behavior that involves a simultaneous activation of physiological, biochemical, neurological and behavioral components and emotions, such as anxiety and anger. In humans, sports can be considered as a form of display because they allow aggression to be expressed with a low probability of permanent damage to subjects. The competitions have been used as models to evaluate the activation produced by the different stages of competition, such as the outcome of the combat. Judo has been used as a model of competitive aggression to evaluate the different body responses in agonistic behaviors in humans, since it offers a context like those studied in animal fights. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of win / lose in the levels of anger and anxiety in regional judo fighters, male, linked to the Para Federation of Judo, Using the STAXI and IDATE psychometric scales, as well as comparing these results with the Brazilian general population and a correlation analysis to know the differences between the different components with the number of strokes, using a pre/post fight evaluation and the filming of the fights. Differences were found between winners and losers, as well as between fighters and the Brazilian population; The losers presented higher levels of anger, while the anxiety was greater for the winners.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do tratamento subcrônico com fluoxetina sobre os comportamentos e parâmetros oxidativos de ratos submetidos ao exercício físico exaustivo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-08-25) LEAL, Jerusa de Carvalho; MAIA, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4835820645258101; MONTEIRO, Marta Chagas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6710783324317390
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class, its use may be a therapeutic alternative in reversing or reducing the changes caused by low serotonergic activity. The increase in serotonergic levels can also be induced by regular physical exercise, in that sense, the health benefits and the prevention of diseases that this type of exercise are promoted are already well reported. However, when exercise is practiced exhaustively it may induce increased oxidative stress and changes in emotional behavior in humans and experimental animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic treatment with fluoxetine on the behavior and oxidative parameters in rats submitted to exhaustive physical exercise in forced swimming. Therefore, adult male rats of Wistar strain were divided into sedentary animals and exposed to exhaustive exercise subcronically that were treated with fluoxetine 10 mg / kg / day (NaCl 0.9%) and saline either via i.p. for 7 days. After 30 minutes of intoxication the animals were individually exposed to exhaustive physical exercise for 20 minutes. On the eighth day of the experiment, the open field test (TCA) and the high cross labyrinth (LCE) were performed to evaluate spontaneous locomotion and anxiety - like behavior, respectively. The animals were then authanized and blood, liver and brain were collected for determination of GSH, TEAC, NO, and MDA levels. The results obtained, the animals treated with fluoxetine associated to exhaustive physical exercise showed reduction in the locomotion caused by the emotional stress in the ACT and reduction in the behavior similar to the anxiety in the LCE. Regarding the parameters of oxidative stress, fluoxetine associated with the practice of exhaustive physical exercise, in general, induced oxidative stress in the organism, mainly in the blood and liver of these animals, with reduction of the levels of GSH and TEAC and increase of levels of NO and MDA. On the other hand, in the brain, treatment with fluoxetine showed protective effect on oxidative stress, with reduction in NO and MDA levels and increase in antioxidant factors. On the data, it is concluded that fluoxetine associated with exhaustive exercise has dual effect of activity in relation to neurobehavioral and oxidative balance, reducing movement and increasing the anxiolytic effect, demonstrating antioxidant or pro-oxidant depending on the tissue or organ evaluated.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A intensificação do comportamento tipo ansiedade induzido por cafeína em Daniorerio(zebrafish) é prevenida pelo tratamento com α-Tocoferol e L-NAME
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-01-23) CARVALHO, Tayana Silva de; OLIVEIRA, Karen Renata Matos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3032008039259369; SILVA, Anderson Manoel Herculano Oliveira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8407177208423247
The growing consumption of beverages with high caffeine content can result in the appearance of symptoms from anxiety disorder induced by this drug. Currently, it has been used as a pharmacological caffeine inductor anxiety-like behavior and this induction may help facilitate better understanding of the relationship between behavioral changes and the mechanisms involved in this effect. Therefore, this study proposed that the nitrergic pathway could be a key mechanism to explain the behavioral effects produced by caffeine and that these effects could be reversed by an antioxidant, hence, the present work we had to evaluate the possible effect of L –NAME and - tocopherol expanded in anxiety-like behavior by caffeine in light/dark preference (LDP) test and novel tank dividing (NTD) test in Daniorerio. Zebrafish fish species (N=178) used were divided into the following experimental groups: SAL - 0.9% saline; CAF - Caffeine 100 mg/kg; DMSO - dimethylsulfoxide 0.1% ; L-NAME - (N -nitro -L - arginine methyl ester hydrochloride) 10 mg/kg; TF - -tocopherol 1 mg/kg (received only one injection by i.p.); SAL + SAL; DMSO + SAL; SAL + CAF , L-NAME + SALT , L-NAME + CAF ; TF + CAF, received two followed injections, one injection of each substance in the form of co-treatment, by i.p. The animals were submitted to the light/dark preference test and novel tank dividing test. All tests were filmed and the videos were evaluated using X-PLO-RAT. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The normality test was applied using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the ANOVA parametric test one-way with Tukey post-hoc, with the significance level set at p<0.05. The - tocopherol at a dose of 1 mg/kg, reversed all anxiety-like behavior parameters expanded by caffeine in LDP and NTD tests and this effect was similar to that observed when given one inhibitor of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L- NAME. Therefore, this study first demonstrated that the behavioral effect magnified by caffeine in scotaxis test and DVN test can be modulated by the nitrergic pathway and that the -tocopherol reverses completely this anxiety-like behavioral effect induced by caffeine.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modulation of nociceptive-like behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by environmental stressors
(2011-06) OLIVEIRA, Caio Maximino de
Zebrafish have been demonstrated to react consistently to noxious chemical stimuli and present reliable phenotypes of stress, fear, and anxiety. In this article, we describe the modulation of nociceptive-like responses of zebrafish to fear-, stress-, and anxiety-eliciting situations. Animals were exposed to an alarm substance, confinement stress, or a novel environment before being injected with 1% acetic acid in the tail. The alarm substance and confinement stress reduced the display of erratic movements and tail-beating behavior elicited by acetic acid. The novelty of the environment, in contrast, increased the frequency of tail-beating behavior. The results suggest that descending modulatory control of nociception exists in zebrafish, with apparent fear- and stress-induced analgesia and anxiety-induced hyperalgesia.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Música no palco: ansiedade de performance musical em estudantes de música em Belém do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-21) MIRANDA, Jonathan Guimarães e; CHADA, Sonia Maria Moraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1004865944722134; ROCHA, Sérgio de Figueiredo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4236379426483362
Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) is recognized as an anxiety disorder classifiable as a variant of social phobia according to the DSM-IV (APA, 1994). It is characterized by physical, cognitive and behavioral manifestations linked to performance that can impact musicians of all ages and levels. Few studies have investigated MPA in Brazilian music students and none of them were carried out in Northern Brazil. The present study investigated the occurrence of MPA among students from the secondary level music schools Carlos Gomes State Institute (IECG) and Music School of the Federal University of Pará (EMUFPA), and from the tertiary level Bachelor in Music Course of the State of Pará University/Carlos Gomes Foundation, all situated in Belém. The data was collected using the K-MPAI scale properly validated to Portuguese, which is composed by 40 questions giving a maximum score of 240. Higher scores correspond to higher anxiety level. A total of 128 students, 89 males and 39 females, age 18-47 years, were included in the final sample. An additional survey investigated the most frequent manifestations associated with performance anxiety and other questions related to local opportunities for public performances for musicians. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The results showed that the minimum score in the K-MPAI was 26 and the maximum was 208. Females had significantly higher mean score (124.4±33.8) than males (98.5+32.3) and there were no differences in the K-MPAI mean scores when comparing different classes of instruments (woods, metals, strings, guitar, singing, piano and percussion) or age brackets (<20, 21-30, 31-40, >40 years). Comparison between students from the three different music courses showed that the mean KMPAI score of students from EMUFPA was lower than those from the IECG, indicating that the latter group might presents more anxiety problems. The cognitive manifestation most frequently cited (by 49.2% of the students) was “the concern of what people are thinking about me”. The large majority of students (96.1%) expressed the desire to give more public performances; they (86%) also think that this practice helps to decrease their anxiety. This is the first study about the theme carried out locally. The survey showed that many students from music schools in Belém suffer from considerable anxiety associated with music performance, and that females tend to be more anxious than males. The causes underlying their anxiety need to be investigated and the results provide initial data for the development of new teaching methodologies, to encourage the discussion about the problem and to stimulate the search for effective measures that could minimize the manifestations of anxiety in music students.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O conceito de ansiedade na análise do comportamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-08) COÊLHO, Nilzabeth Leite; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Issues concerning to anxiety have been discussed in Psychology focusing several different aspects, but definitions of anxiety are far from consensual. The difficulty is due to several reasons, among which is the lack of a precise reference to behavioral relations. Divergence is also found in behavior-analytic literature. Some accounts stress the role of direct contingencies in controlling patterns of anxiety responses. Other definitions approach verbal aspects as possible sources of additional control. In the late accounts, the multiple functions of ones self-descriptive reports and also the semantic conditioning have been pointed out as possible explanations. In the present work, 47 papers were examined in the behavior-analytic literature in order to identify the types of behavioral relationships that are being suggested in the different uses of the concept of anxiety in the Behavior Analysis and the (in)compatibility of those approaches. The study took as reference categories of register that refer to what each author says in terms of respondent, not verbal operant, verbal operant components, and intervention perspectives. A more qualitative analysis was carried out with the use of analytical categories that refer to (1) the role performed by the physiologic alterations in the definition of anxiety; (2) the verbal and nonverbal operant relations involved in the phenomenon, and (3) the implications of each one of those analyses to a face-to-face verbal therapy. This exam made possible the identification of variations in the definitions concerning to (1) the type of behavioral relations involved; (2) the arrangement of contingencies that produce those relations; (3) the corporeal conditions produced concomitantly by the same contingencies; (4) to the functions of those corporeal conditions in the behavioral relations, and (5) the processes through which verbal stimuli participate in those relations. However, those variations in the definition can be understood as complementary analyses not incompatible with each other. The explanation of behavioral phenomenon based on a complexity continuum can be a model capable of joining those variations, making possible an understanding of (1) the relational network that can take place in an instance of anxiety, as well as (2) the function carried out by each one of the components in the anxiety.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Papel da serotonina no comportamento defensivo do paulistinha (Danio rerio Hamilton 1822) adulto: Diferenças entre modelos comportamentais, linhagens, e efeitos do estresse predatório agudo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-11-14) OLIVEIRA, Caio Maximino de; HERCULANO, Anderson Manoel
Anxiety disorders present the highest incidence in the world population among psychiatric disorders, and the clinical efficacy of anxiolytic drugs is low, partially due to lack of knowledge on the neurochemical bases of these disorders. To reach a more ample and evolutionarily grounded comprehension of these phenomena, the use of phylogenetically older species can be an interesting approach in the field of behavioral modeling; thus, we suggest the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton 1822) in the attempt to understand the modulation of these behaviors by the serotonergic system. We demonstrate that extracellular serotonin levels in the brains of adult zebrafish exposed to the light/dark preference test [LDT] (but not to the novel tank test [NTT]) are increased in relation to animals which are handled, but not exposed to the apparatuses. Moreover, serotonin tissue levels levels in the hindbrain and forebrain are elevated by the exposure to the LDT, while tissue levels in the midbrain are elevated by exposure to the NTT. Extracellular serotonin levels correlate positively with scototaxis, thigmotaxis and risk assessment in the LDT and negatively with geotaxis in the NTT. Acute treatment with a low dose of fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg) increases scototaxis, thigmotaxis, and risk assessment in the LDT, and decreases geotaxis and freezing and facilitates habituation in the NTT. Treatment with buspirone decreases scototaxis, thigmotaxis and freezing at 25 and 50 mg/kg in the LDT and decreases risk assessment at 50 mg/kg; in the NTT, both doses decrease geotaxis, while the highest dose decreases freezing and facilitates habituation. Treatment with WAY 100635 decreases scototaxis at 0.003 and 0.03 mg/kg, while only the highest dose decreases thigmotaxis and risk assessment in the LDT. In the NTT, both doses decrease geotaxis, while only the lower dose facilitates habituation and increases homebase time. Treatment with SB 224289 did not alter scototaxis, but increased risk assessment at 2.5 mg/kg; in the NTT, this drug decreased geotaxis and decreased erratic swimming at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, while at 2.5 mg/kg it increased homebase time. Treatment with DL-para-clorophenylalanine (2 x 300 mg/kg injections, separated by 24 h) decreased scototaxis, thigmotaxis and risk assessment in the LDT, and increased geotaxis and homebase time and decreased habituation in the NTT. When animals were pre-exposed to a conspecific “alarm substance”, extracellular serotonin levels were raised in association with an increase in scototaxis, freezing and erratic swimming in the LDT; both behavioral and neurochemical effects were blocked by pre-treatment with fluoxetine (2,5 mg/kg), but not with WAY 100,635 (0,003 mg/kg). Animals from the leopard strain show increased scototaxis and risk assessment in the LDT, as well as increased 5-HT tissue levels in the encephalon; the behavioral phenotype is rescued by treatment with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg). These data suggest that the serotonergic system of zebrafish modulates behavior in the LDT and NTT in opposite ways; that the fright response produced by alarm substance seems to increase serotonergic activity, an effect which is possibly mediated by serotonin transporters; and that at least one high-anxiety mutant phenotype is associated with serotonin uptake. It is thus suggested that from a functional point of view serotonin increases anxiety and decreases fear in zebrafish.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Parâmetros da escototaxia como modelo comportamental de ansiedade no paulistinha (danio rerio, cyprinidae, pisces)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-02-24) OLIVEIRA, Caio Maximino de; GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
Certain teleost fishes present a behavioral trait of scototaxis, the preference for dark environ- ments and not bright ones. The present work tried to evaluate some parameters of the explora- tory behavior of the zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton 1822) in the black/white tank, aiming to establish the reliability of measures in different contexts. White compartment avoidance presents a biphasic pattern, with an increase in avoidance preceding a decrease (Experiment 1). This same avoidance does not habituate to repeated exposure, independently of the inter- session interval, on the contrary of total locomotion (Experiments 2 and 3); forced exposure to the white compartment does not alter the subsequent exploratory behavior (Experiment 4). These results suggest that novelty is not the controlling dimension of scototaxis; besides, these results also suggest that the preference for the Black compartment is not caused simply by avoidance of the white compartment, although this certainly has an important role. The role of the aversiveness of the white compartment was assessed in a second series of experi- ments. The illumination above the white compartment is an anxiogenic factor, since increas- ing it decreases the time spent in the white compartment without affecting total locomotion (Experiment 5). This phenomenon seems to be due to a decrease in the capacity to camouf- lage with the substrate (crypsis), since altering the color of the white compartment to grey increases its exploration, while altering the color of the black compartment to grey increases the time spent in the white compartment (Experiment 6). Besides, the increase in the propor- tion of the apparatus occupied by the white compartment (from 50% to 75%) decreases the time spent in it (Experiment 7). These results suggest that the white compartment is aversive, and therefore the preference for darkness is not caused simply by positive reinforcing proper- ties of the black compartment. Taken together, the results of both series of experiments sug- gest that scototaxis results from an approach-avoidance conflict. Experiment 8 represents a common environmental manipulation which alters anxiety in rodents, environmental enrich- ment; here, animals raised in an enriched aquarium for two weeks present less white avoid- ance. It is concluded that scototaxis has good construct validity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Supressão condicionada com diferentes estímulos aversivos: choque elétrico e jato de ar quente
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-07-23) NASCIMENTO, Gabriela Souza do; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
A neutral stimulus, once paired to an aversive unconditional stimulus, acquires aversive function of (conditional) and, indirectly, is also able to suppress operant response. This phenomenon was called of "conditioned suppression" and is connected to certain emotional states such as anxiety. The literature shows that, in general, aversive unconditional stimulus used is limited to electric shock: few alternative aversive stimuli tested have been proven effective. However, independently of shock when an aversive unconditional there are other variables that can directly influence the appearance of the phenomenon. In the present study, we examined and compared the production of conditioned suppression with two different aversive stimuli: hot air puff (HAP) and electric shock. Four albino rats were used (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar). The apparatus was two rodent operant conditioning chambers, one for the electric shock and another for a HAP. The subjects were divided into pairs and exposed to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with different aversive stimuli: sound + HAP (J1 and J2 Subject) and sound + electric shock (C1 and C2 Subject). The main results indicated that: when aversive stimulus was electric shock, the suppression was total (suppression ratio equals to 0.0) after 2(C1) or 3(C2) pairings. When aversive stimulus was HAP, the suppression was partial, and were necessary 8 (J1) and 7 (J2) parings to produce suppression ratio equals to 0.5, for one subject, and 0.2 to another. The analysis of other responses showed that on average there was an increase of 83.3% (J1) and 275% (J2) on the frequency of exploratory responses during the presentation of sound, in sessions of pairing with HAP, compared with the presentation of sound in the sessions of habituation, whereas for the subjects exposed to the shock was paired with a deletion of 44.2% (C1) and 57.1% (C2) in such responses. These data show that the suppression caused by the pairing of sound + shock to affect other classes of responses, different from the sound paired with HAP. The suppression produced by HAP seems to have been a result of the increase the in the frequency of exploratory responses. It is possible that the parameter intensity of HAP used in this experiment, was responsible for results. Future researchs are suggested to elucidate this aspect.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
The effects of diazepam on the elevated T-maze are dependent on the estrous cycle of rats
(2009-12) GOUVEIA JUNIOR, Amauri; ANTUNES, Gabriela; OLIVEIRA, Caio Maximino de; CARVALHO, Silvio Morato de
In order to determine the modulation of anxiolytic and panicolytic-like effects of diazepam by the hormonal cycle of female rats, male and female rats – the latter divided per estrous cycle phase (estrus, diestrus, metaestrus and proestrus) – were tested in the elevated T-maze, a behavioral model of panic and anxiety. Diazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) or saline solution was injected in individual animals that were submitted to one session in the elevated T-maze 25 min after drug/saline administration. The test consisted of three avoidance trials and one escape trial, separated by a 30 s interval, during which the animals were isolated in individual cages. The avoidance trials began with the animal being placed at the end of the maze's enclosed arm. The time necessary for the animal to leave the central square was considered as the response's latency. The trials that exceeded 300 s were considered as failures. Results demonstrate a decrease in the effects of diazepam in inhibitory avoidance (anxiety) trials in females in diestrus and proestrus, but no relation of gender or estrous cycle on diazepam effects on escape trials (fear). The results support the hypothesis that down-regulation of GABAA receptors by activation of nuclear estrogen receptors and induction of PKC-mediated GABAA receptor phosphorylation by activation of surface estrogen receptors in raphe neurons underlie the modulation of diazepam sensitivity by estrogen.