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Navegando por Assunto "Autocontrole ético"

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    Efeito de consequências culturais de naturezas diferentes sobre um culturante
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-01-05) PAIXÃO JUNIOR, Francisco Denilson; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
    The concept of metacontingency describes functional relations between interlocking contingencies (with their aggregate products) and cultural contingencies. We call culturant the recurrent unit of interlocking behavioral contingencies and their aggregate products. For more than a decade ago, behavior analysts have been dedicated to make the experimental evaluation of metacontingency’s relations. Current studies verified that verbal cultural consequences correlated with non-verbal cultural consequences produce more rate of recurrence of culturants than just cultural consequences of one nature only. However, the differential effects of cultural consequences dependent of the changes in experimental condiction on a culturant are unknown. This study evaluated the differential effect of cultural consequences of different natures (correlated or not) on a target culturant from an experimental preparation that applied an analogous ABAB single-subject design in a task of choosing color lines in a matrix. The dates suggests that there are more favorable conditions for the selection and maintenance of culturants than others and that stereotyped patterns of choices emerge under conditions of high stability of culturant recurrence. This study also has light on possibilities of studies related to uncontrollable aversive conditions and their effects on culturante.
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    Efeitos da exposição a macrocontingências e metacontingências na produção e manutenção de respostas de autocontrole ético
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-01-24) VASCONCELOS NETO, Aécio de Borba; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
    A particular case of self-control happens when the conflict between immediate and delayed consequences are associated with consequences more favorable to the individual, or more favorable to the group. In such cases, responding under control of delayed consequences more favorable to the group can be called Ethical Self-Control. Literature on Behavior Analysis points out that the selection of self-control and ethical self-control depends on contingencies delivered by members of the group, which permits us to say that these phenomena are cultural products. This work investigated the selection, maintenance, and transmission of ethical self-control in two settings analogous to cultural contingencies: macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Six microcultures, two in each of the three studies, were exposed to a task in wich each participant had to choose a line in a colored 10x10 matrix. There were individual consequences according to which choices of odd lines produced three tokens that could be exchanged for money, and choices of even lines produced only one token. Cultural contingencies allowed the production of school items that would be donated to public schools. The production of such items depended up on the existence of macrocontingencies or metacontingencies. The first study evaluated the effect of the cumulative product of independent operant responses functionally over the behavior of participants in a laboratory microculture, when individual consequences that produce higher magnitude reinforcers are concurrent with the production of consequences more favorable to the culture, with individual consequences and cultural consequences different in nature. In this study, choices of even lines produced lower magnitude reinforcers and one school item. The results showed the effectiveness of the cumulative product in the installation and maintenance of self-control responses, but only after a long exposure to the macrocontingency. The changing in generations might have contributed as well to the necessity of a long exposure. The second analyzed if Interlocked Behavioral Contingencies (IBCs) and their associated Aggregate Products (AP) can be selected by cultural consequences different in nature from the individual consequences, in situations where the production of the cultural consequence is concurrent with the higher magnitude individual consequences. In this study, the production of school items was contingent to the occurrence of IBCs+APs that involved choices in three even lines with different colors. Results suggest that the cultural consequence was effective in the selection and maintenance of ethical selfcontrol responses. The data also suggests that the IBC’s+APs keep recurring for a large number of cycles even after suspending the metacontingency. Finally, the third study investigated the effect of cultural consequences and cumulative product on ethical self-control responses, in situations in wich the production of the cultural consequences and the cumulative product are concurrent with responses that produced a higher magnitude reinforcer, in alternate conditions of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. In this study, two microcultures were exposed to alternate conditions of macrocontingencies (as in Study 1) and metacontingencies (as in Study 2). Results suggest that both the cultural consequence and the cumulative product were effective in the selection of ethical self-control. When exposed in alternating conditions, though, it was not possible to replicate the same frequency of selfcontrol responses as in the conditions of Study 2 where there was no exposure to macrocontingencies. The data also suggest that macrocontingencies were not effective in the selections of IBCs+APs, but were effective in the maintenance after they were selected in metacontingency conditions. In macrocontingency conditions a larger number of school items were produced, but the probability of producing items in metacontingency conditions were lower than in macrocontingencies conditions, suggesting that the former was more effective in the production of cultural consequences.
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    Efeitos da Magnitude de Consequências Individuais e Culturais sobre a Seleção de Culturantes de Autocontrole Ético
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-17) SILVA, Bruno Rodrigues da; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
    Metacontingencies relate to the contingent relationship between culturants (which includes interlocking behavioral contingencies and their aggregate products) and cultural consequences. Among the studies that have recently given empirical support to the concept of metacontingencies, are those that investigate the concurrence between individual and cultural contingencies under the notion of ethical self-control. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of increasing the magnitude of cultural consequence or individual consequence separately on cultural selection in concurrence contexts. However, no study has manipulated the magnitude of individual and cultural consequences together. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous manipulation of the magnitude of the individual and cultural consequences on the selection of culturants and individual responses of the participants in two microcultures. For this, a task involving a colored matrix of 10 rows (numbered from 1 to 10) and 10 columns (tagged with letters from "A" to "J") was used. The data collection was carried out with 2 groups (microcultures) of 3 college students. During the data collection with each microculture, each participant at a time selected a row from the matrix and received feedback from the experimenter about his or her choice. Choices on odd (impulsive) rows produced greater consequences for the individual while choices on even (self-controlled) rows produced lesser individual consequences, which, however, were correlated with the possibility of producing cultural consequences, when all 3 participants chose different color rows. During the experiment, the consequences varied so that as the magnitude of the individual impulsive consequence increased, the magnitude of the cultural consequence diminished and vice versa. The results indicated little influence of the variation of the magnitude of the consequences programmed in the experiment on the acquisition and maintenance of the culturantes and on the alteration of the pattern of the participants' choices in favor of the cultural or operant selection. New studies, with changes in the procedure, could better assess the influence of magnitude of consequences on the behavior of individuals in a group.
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    Efeitos de Consequências Intermitentes (FR2 e FR3) Sobre a Seleção de Respostas de Autocontrole Ético em Arranjos de Macrocontingência
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-30) MOURA, Francisco Solano Maia; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
    Cultural environmental phenomena have been studied while considering at least two types of relations: metacontingency and macrocontigency relations. Macrocontingency describes the relation between a cultural practice and the cumulative product of macro behavior contingencies that constitute this practice. In macrocontigency, each individual behavior produces an operating consequence besides contributing for the cumulative product. The magnitude of this cumulative product varies with the number of individuals that share cultural practice. Recent studies about macrocontingencies addressed two variables considered relevant for cultural behavioral phenomena: the competition between behavioral and the cumulative effect (CE) of macrobehavior, on one hand, and cumulative effect intermittence on the other. Selection studies at cultural level have evaluated analogous process to operant process, also including intermittent schemes. In the proportion that macrocontingencies studies appear also to be important to the knowledge of relevant phenomena for culture, (even though they may be approached operant selection level, only) it appears to be relevant to add to this investigations the manipulation of the cumulative effect intermittency. Present study aimed to investigate the intermittent cumulative effect in FR 1, FR 2, E FR 3 schemes over macrobehavior, under conditions of competition between individual consequences of lesser magnitude associated to positive cumulative effect for culture, different in nature from individual consequences. Participants were 46 college students, that composed two groups and they made up three culturo-behavioral lineages, termed L1, L2 and L3. They were exposed to several generations, three participants being exposed simultaneously. The task required the participants, always individualizing, to chose one horizontal line in an 10X10 matrix. Each session includes one sequence of successive trials of lines choices by participants, and columns choices by computer, and consequences liberation by researcher. All through the experiment, older participants were replaced with new participants, compounding generations. The firs participant replaced was P1, after P2, and so on. Each one participant was replaced with 20 sessions. The experiment was composed by 7 conditions, in a ABACADA delineament. Each group was exposed to the same conditions sequence. Choices of odd rows produced individual consequences (points exchanged for money) of greater magnitudes not associated to CE production; choices of even produced individual consequences of smaller magnitudes and contributed to the production of the CE that consisted of school items for donation to a public school. The results showed the effectiveness of CE in the installation and maintenance of self-control responses, after a long exposition to the programmed macrocontigency. The intermittency of cultural consequence and change of generations may have contributed to the need of a longer exposition.
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