Navegando por Assunto "Biodiesel"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico da borra de neutralização do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) em escala piloto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-21) ABREU, Deise Hellen Soares de; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
The byproducts of oil refining industries and biodiesel, as the dregs of neutralization are quite extensive and due to their low economic value and purity are a problem for these industries in the culling and disposal, are of fundamental interest for the use of this research reject. Therefore, this work aims to investigate a viable, economic and environmental fate of this byproduct using Termocatalítico Cracking Process of Neutralization Sludge Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jaqc) pilot scale using 5, 10 and 15% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as catalyst and final temperatures of 440 ° C and 420 ° C. The sludge was obtained by the neutralization process and subjected to a dehydration and characterized as the catalyst was dried in an oven and characterized in relation to the X-ray diffraction, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (TDA). Five tests were performed in termocatalítico cracking Cracking Pilot Plant (THERMTEK / FEQ / UFPA) which consists in a reactor with mechanical agitation and capacity 125 liters, and the dynamics of the process and distillation of cracking. The organic liquid product (PLO), samples of the dynamics of the process and the distillation fractions were characterized according to each standard required by ANP N°65 and analyzed by IR and NMR. After analysis of the results showed that the efficiency of the process increases with temperature and catalyst and the feedstock provides products of low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel. By analyzing the thermodynamic realized that some of the process parameters such as viscosity, flash point and density decrease with increasing time and temperature, forming lighter hydrocarbons. Regarding distillation fractions in the heavier tracks resemble diesel oil in most of the parameters required by the ANP Nº 65.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Equilíbrio líquido-líquido dos sistemas biodiesel de castanha do Brasil + metanol + (glicerina ou água): determinação experimental e modelagem termodinâmica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-12-18) GONÇALVES, Jefferson Dias; AZNAR, Martín; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5798321645560791; SANTOS, Geormenny Rocha dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0844662601945669
Biodiesel is defined as being a mixture of fatty esters derived of animal fats or vegetable oils, obtained through the process of transesterification with short chain alcohols. During the production is used a quantity in excess of alcohol and a catalyst to propitiate the formation reaction of esters; in this way the output flow of the reactor contains the catalyst, the unreacted alcohol and products obtained by transesterification, biodiesel and glycerin, forming a biphasic system; depending on the solubility of these compounds, will may there be amounts of biodiesel and glycerin-rich phase and quantities of glycerin in biodiesel-rich phase. During the process of purification of biodiesel it is necessary to accomplish a washing with water, to promote removal of the catalyst and impurities of the product of interest. Due to the amount of compounds involved in the production and purification is essential to know the liquid-liquid equilibrium data in order to predict the proportions in which the compounds coexist and subsequently, to proceed with purification under suitable conditions for obtaining biodiesel with greatest efficiency and to assist in the design of the reactor and tanks. The objectives of this work were to produce biodiesel from oleaginous plants native to the region, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K.) and to establish liquid-liquid equilibrium data (ELL) to ternary systems: biodiesel of Brazil nut + methanol + glycerin and biodiesel of Brazil nut + methanol + water at temperatures of 30° C and 50° C. The biodiesel produced was initially characterized in accordance with the standards of the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) using physicochemical methods. The data obtained were afterward correlated with NRTL and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models for the calculation of the coefficient of activity of each component in the liquid phase, with new energetic interaction parameters obtained. The results obtained from the modeling were satisfactory, and was observed that the NRTL model represented better the experimental data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo comparativo dos processos de separação na obtenção do biodiesel de óleo de palma bruto (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-05-05) RIBEIRO, Haroldo Jorge da Silva; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This work investigated the influence of the separation processes on the yield and properties relating to the quality of biodiesel from crude palm oil ( Elaeis guineensis, Jacq ) obtained in laboratory scale , such as decantation , centrifugation , evaporation , washing and dehydration, where the following operating conditions are used : the settling time ( sludge/neutral oil ) - 120 minutes at 50 ° C; settling time used for washing the neutral oil 60, 90 and 120 minutes at 50 °C; H2O percentages used in washing the neutral oil 10%, 20% and 30% ( m./m.); temperatures centrifugation for separating the neutral/oil sludge and washings neutral oil 40, 50 and 60 °C; temperature and pressure range of dehydration of neutral oil and biodiesel and 80 °C from 480,0 to 80,0 mbar respectively; temperature and pressure in the evaporation of excess ethanol 75 °C and 213,3 and 146,6 respectively March; the settling time of biodiesel/glycerol system and washes 60, 90 and 180 minutes at 50 °C; operating temperature used in the centrifuge separation system biodiesel/glycerin 50 °C; H2O percentage of biodiesel used for washing by centrifugation 20% relative to the ester phase. The results found that neutralization in general was satisfactory as generated about 10% of blurs, highlighting the Experiment 1 that generated about 84,6% by weight of neutral oil. Washes in 90 minutes (Exp. 1) and 20% water (exp.2) showed the best performance for the separation by settling, while in the process of centrifugation and washing better separation occurred at 40 and 50 ° C respectively. In relation to the evaporation of ethanol, the best percentage in alcohol was obtained at 80 °C and 1466 mbar. Regarding the separation of phases rich in glycerol esters and the process of centrifugation at 50 °C led to a better quality biodiesel, however, the best yields were observed in the biodiesel from the settling process. The final evaluation of the biodiesel produced in this study was positive, because most of the analyzed parameters is according to the official specifications.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo das variáveis operacionais dos processos de separação na produção de biodiesel, a partir do óleo de palma bruto (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) em escala de laboratório
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-11-14) CASTRO, Douglas Alberto Rocha de; ARAUJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, the operational variables involved on the separation processes applied on the pre-treatment of crude palm oil (guineensis Elaeis, jacq) , as well as on the purification of biodiesel, produced by transesterification with ethanol and using NaOH as catalyst, have been investigated systematically in laboratory scale. In the pre-treatment step, the processes of Filtration and Decantation have been investigated, being the filtration of the product, carried out by neutralization at 40ºC, 50ºC and 60ºC, whereas by Decantation, it had been evaluated the temperatures of 40ºC and 60ºC in 120 minutes. After that, it was investigated the influence of the time of decantation by 60, 90 and 120 minutes on the water washing process of the neutralized oil at 40ºC and 60ºC, followed by dehydration under vacuum at 80ºC, having been investigated in this stage the influence of the pressure. After the production of biodiesel, it had been evaluated the process of Evaporation of ethanol in excess, whereas in a first step, it had been investigated the temperatures of 70 and 80 ºC, maintaining the evaporation time constant and equal to 20 minutes, within the interval of 613,30 and 80,0 mbar, and in a second step, it had been investigated the system pressures of 480,00 and 346,60 mbar. After that, it had been investigated the influence of time on the decantation process of the glycerol rich phase at 70ºC, for times of 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Afterwards, the ester rich phase has been submitted to water washing at 70ºC, for the times of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. After that, it was evaluated the efficiency of the process of centrifugation of the mixture biodiesel and glycerol at 60 and 70ºC, 2000 rpm, and a time of 15 minutes. After that, the ester rich phase has been washed with water at 60 and 70ºC, being the separation carried out by centrifugation at 60 and 70ºC. The ester rich phases, obtained by decantation and centrifugation have been submitted to dehydration under vacuum, and characterized according to the specifications of the ANP. In accordance with the experimental results, on the basis of the quality of neutral oil and process yield, it has been observed that the Filtration at 50ºC produced the best results. In relation to the evaporation of ethanol, the higher ethanol recovery was obtained by 80ºC and 346.6 mbar. In relation the separation of ester and glycerol rich phases, the process of centrifugation at 60ºC produced a biodiesel of better quality and higher yield. It was still observed, the necessity of one second step of centrifugation to minimize the losses of biodiesel in the rich phase in glycerol.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo do processo de craqueamento termocatalítico da borra de neutralização do óleo de palma para produção de biocombustível
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04-17) SANTOS, Marcelo Costa; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
The Soap phase residue derived from refining vegetable oils are agro-industrial residues obtained after the neutralization stage of vegetable oils, which are aggregate low-value material, in addition to being an environmental liability for agribusiness thus is becoming increasingly attractive the use of these residues as raw material for generation bio-fuels. This work studies the neutralization sludge of palm oil as an alternative raw material, from the point of view, economic and environmental to the process of catalytic and Thermic-catalytic cracking. Initially were carried experiments of Thermic and catalytic cracking of the neutralization sludge and palm oil (in one reactor) and catalytic tests (the second reactor coupled in the first decarboxylation) both in bench scale; experiments were perfomed of the thermic-catalytic and catalytic (only in semi-pilot scale) of the neutralization sludge in the semi-pilot and pilot scale using different types of catalysts (Na2CO3, CaCO3, activated alumina, zeolite HY, HZSM-5, and FCC). The organic liquid product (OLP) obtained and the fractions obtained from the distillation in bench and pilot scale were characterized and compared with the current standard. The results obtained in laboratory scale have shown that the activated alumina catalyst provided the highest yield in wet basis (83.70%), with palm oil as raw material, however, the bio-fuel obtained Na2CO3 had a better quality how much the physicochemical characteristics. . In the semi-pilot scale, the highest yield was the thermal experiment of the sludge (78.36%), followed by the experiment with 5% activated alumina (71.47%), but the use of Na2CO3 showed better quality in the how much the physicochemical characteristics.The experiments in the pilot scale showed the highest yield (71%) obtained with 15% Na2CO3 at a temperature of 440 ° C. The results of the chromatographic analysis of this OLP obtained in the pilot scale confirmed that the percentage increase in the catalyst enabled the formation of a OLP rich in hydrocarbonate (91.22%) containing aliphatic, olefinic, naphthenic, aromatic and low amounts of oxygenates (8 , 78%). While in the distillation of PLO of the Experiment 5 makes possible to get fractions rich in hydrocarbons and without oxygenates compounds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ethanolysis optimisation of Jupati (Raphia taedigera Mart.) oil to biodiesel using response surface methodology
(2015-07) CONCEIÇÃO, Leyvison Rafael Vieira da; COSTA, Carlos Emmerson Ferreira da; ROCHA FILHO, Geraldo Narciso da; PEREIRA FILHO, Edenir Rodrigues; ZAMIAN, José Roberto
In this work, the transesterification of jupati (Raphia taedigera Mart.) oil using ethanol and acid catalyst was examined. The production of biodiesel was performed using a central composite design (CCD). A range of values for catalyst concentration (1 to 4.21%), temperature (70-80 °C), and the molar ratio of alcohol to oil (6:1-13.83:1) were tested, and ester content, viscosity, and yield were the response variables. The synthesis process was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in the following optimal conditions for the production of jupati ethyl esters: a catalyst concentration of 3.85% at 80 °C and an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 10:1.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Extração e transesterificação do óleo de resíduo industrial de palmiste usando metanol supercrítico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-11-23) COSTA, Wanessa Almeida da; CARVALHO JÚNIOR, Raul Nunes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5544305606838748
Palm kernel is an oleaginous seed found in fruits of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. and which represents one of the main oils consumed in the world, with an mean production of 18,59 million tons. Its main process is the extraction by mechanical pressing that generates, in the world, approximately 9.6 x 109 tons of residue also called residual cake. Since this residue can still present about 12% of remaining oil, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is presented as an alternative to the recovery of this oil. Soxhlet extraction was also performed to be compared to the SFE. Pressures of 150, 250 and 350 bar and temperatures of 40, 60 and 80 °C were used in the experiments. The raw material was characterized before and after the SFE by moisture, ash, fibers, proteins and lipids contents and the extracts were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The kinetic data were compared to the Sovová (2012) model and the condition of highest yield was used in the transesterification experiments. Molar ratios of 1:24 and 1:42 (oil: methanol), temperatures of 250, 300 and 350 °C, constant pressure of 200 bar and reaction times of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes were used. The products were also analyzed by GC/MS to verify the transformation of triacylglycerols into methyl esters. The main results of this study were: SFE does not alter the centesimal composition of the raw material; the condition of highest yield was 350 bar and 80 °C; Sovová's model had the best fit to the kinetic data; the condition 1:42, 350 ºC was the one that obtained the highest content of esters (99.81%) in only 5 minutes of reaction. The transesterification of palm kernel oil in a supercritical medium is a valid alternative and presents advantages over the conventional method, however a more in-depth analysis considering the technical and economic limitations of this method is necessary.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
. Predição das propriedades termodinâmicas do biodiesel e diesel comum, suas blendas e efeitos de aditivos via teoria do funcional da densidade e ensemble canônico.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-11-08) ROCHA, Adriano Santos da; CHAVES NETO, Antonio Maia de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3507474637884699
In this study, we analyzed the thermodynamic properties of soy biodiesel, the most widely used biodiesel source among the world's largest consumers, and rapeseed biodiesel, a source with significant employment in the European Union and biodiesel additives. Also, the study of ordinary diesel was carried out to simulate the situations in which this fuel is in mixtures with different concentrations of biodiesel blends. The objective of this work is to study the thermodynamic properties of the fuels mentioned. Based, where possible, on experimental results to validate the expansion of theoretical results and point out the most appropriate methodology for this type of approach. To this end, computational simulations were carried out with theoretical support in the Density Functional Theory combined with the canonical ensemble model. The functional used in the simulations was type B3LYP with bases 6-31 + (d) and 6-311 + g (d), in addition to the composite method CBS-QB3. The calculated enthalpy values are higher in the biofuels in relation to diesel and the same happened with Entropy. When we analyze the change of Gibbs Free Energy, the largest variations were noted for biofuels. The coefficient of adiabatic expansion revealed lower degrees of freedom until 400 K temperature in both types of biodiesel, from that point all fuels have the same behavior for this property. The lowest relative error was found with the B3LYP/6-311 +g(d) method, with a value of 0.15% for the combustion of ordinary diesel. In relation to biofuels, the same method provided 0.48% relative error in the combustion of rapeseed biodiesel as the best result. Regarding the effects of temperature on these fuels, the results showed that both types of biodiesel are less susceptible to heating than ordinary diesel at all calculated points, always requiring more energy to raise their temperature. The results in the additives showed that the antioxidant pyrogallol that most interferes in the biodiesel properties.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Preparação e avaliação de catalisador heterogêneo ácido baseado em óxido de grafeno funcionalizado para síntese de biodiesel
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-09-24) SILVA, Paula Maria Melo da; CONCEIÇÃO, Leyvison Rafael Vieira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7467898936995220
The present study aims at the synthesis of a heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from graphene oxide, applied in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to obtain biodiesel. The graphene oxide catalytic support was synthesized from graphite oxidation and the catalyst was functionalized by impregnation of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) as the active phase. The synthesis of the support and the catalyst was confirmed through the characterization techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG/DTG), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and XRay Diffraction (DRX). The catalytic tests optimization of the transesterification reactions had as parameters evaluated the temperature in the range of 120–160 °C, the time between 1–5 h, the catalyst concentration comprised in 10% (m/m) and molar ratio oil/ alcohol in the range of 25:1–45:1. The reaction studies evidenced as an optimum point the temperature of 140 °C, time of 5 h, catalyst concentration 6% (m/m) and molar ratio of 35:1, leading to the obtainment of a biodiesel with an ester content above 90%. The catalyst also maintained its catalytic activity even in the seventh reaction cycle. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate that the graphene oxide catalyst supported by MoO3 is a new and promising heterogeneous acid catalyst with high catalytic efficiency in the transesterification reaction for the biodiesel synthesis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biodiesel a partir do processamento das oleaginosas amazônicas compadre-do-azeite (Plukenethia polyadenia) e comadre-do-azeite (Onphalea diandra)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06) FURTADO, Matheus Braga; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505; FARIA, Lênio José Guerreiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7428609361678173
Analyse experimentally the production of biodiesel from oilseeds processing compadre of Amazonian oil (plukenethia polyadenia) and Ruth-of-oil (Aubrey onphalea), as a potentially viable alternative to compose the energy matrix. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, the world energy matrix has always been based on fossil fuels. With the scarcity of such fuels, the rise of prices caused with the constant conflicts in major producing regions, has become the research into renewable sources increasingly attractive. The study of new sources of vegetable oils as alternative energy is important for the Country, particularly for the Amazon; enabling structure of oilseeds production chains in the region, generating employment in the field, distributional effects on regional economy and a vector of sustainable development in the Amazon, no aggression to the environment. The purpose of this work is to study two species of the family euphorbiaceae, lianas and polyadenia Onphalea Plukenethia diandra, better known as compadre of the olive oil and the olive oil Cummer respectively, oil-producing; extract and characterize them, suggesting possible applications and using them for the production of biodiesel through Transesterification using methyl potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, in the case the process based on statistical tests planned. The influence of input variables: oil/alcohol concentration, temperature and concentration of catalyst on biodiesel yield response by response surface methodology (RSM) employing the Box-Behenken planning. The aim is thus to add value to a tailing kaolin processing industry, using zeolites produced this material as a catalyst to KOH, comparing the efficiencies of the two treatments. The Box-planning Benhken proved efficient to optimize the homogeneous catalysis of the biodieseis, concluding that the concentration of the catalyst was the variable controlling the production process of biodieseis, and the increase of its concentration cause negative and undesirable influence the yield of the product.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biodiesel através da hidroesterificação do óleo de andiroba (Carapa guianensis, Aubl.) via Catalise Heterogenea Acida
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-06-30) TEIXEIRA, Evilácio Luz; SOUZA, Mariana de Mattos Vieira Mello; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8882084525542926; FRANÇA, Luiz Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6545345391702172
The process of hidroesterification (hydrolysis followed by esterification) is constituted as an alternative to the conventional process for producing biodiesel, because it allows the use of raw materials of any content of fatty acids and moisture. Biodiesel is derived from the esterification of Andiroba oil with high content of fatty acids being used niobium oxide powder (HY-340) from Brazilian Company of Metallurgy and Mining - CBMM – as a catalyst. For the execution of experiments was used an autoclave reactor (batch). The hydrolysis reaction was conducted at 300oC, 1200 psi and molar ratio water/oil equal 20. In the esterification reactions were observed the effects of molar ratio methanol/fatty acid (1,2; 2,1 an 3,0), temperature (150, 175 and 200oC) and the concentration of catalyst (0, 10 and 20%) on conversion and initial rate of reaction. The data were conducted according to experimental design (factorial with 23 and adding 3 plants points) analyzed by the program Statistica. The conversion of esterification reaction was monitored from measurements of titrimetric acidity of aliquots removed at times of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. In the experiments of esterification the highest conversion obtained was 96.1% with temperature of 200 o C, 20% m / m of catalyst and molar ratio methanol / acid equal to 3.0. Eliminating the catalyst and recital the same levels for the other two analyzed variables (temperature and molar ratio), was obtained a conversion of 95.3%, however was observed a conversion rate child, taking-if an increase of 35 minutes in the time of compared with the reaction catalyzed reaction.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biodiesel da gordura de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) via catálise heterogênea
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-09-24) TEIXEIRA, Louise Carolina Gonçalves; FRANÇA, Luiz Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6545345391702172; CORRÊA, Nádia Cristina Fernandes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5763999772352165
This work investigated the feasibility of Murumuru oilseed (Astrocaryum murumuru) as raw material for biodiesel production through the use of heterogeneous catalysis in the basic transesterification. Murumuru is a fruit composed of pulp and kernel, producing about 50% of white fat, odorless, with the advantage of not be tasteless easily because it is rich in saturated fatty acids of short-chain such as for lauric and myristic. The biodiesel is conventionally production through the basic homogeneous catalysis. However this catalysis presents a few inconvenients, such as saponification of esters and the difficulty of removing the catalyst. On the otter hand, the heterogeneous catalytic route avoids the drawbacks of homogeneous catalysis, reducing the amount of aqueous effluent generated during the process and reuse of catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst hydrotalcite, was synthesized and evidenced by analysis of X-ray fluorescence, X – ray diffraction, thermal analysis, textural analysis (BET method) and electronic scanning microscopy. A complete factorial planning was conducted using methanol as reacting product. Independent variables were temperature, molar ratio and catalyst concentration and the response variable was the conversion, measured through spectrophotometric method. These reactions were conducted in to a pressurized batch reactor. The best conversion found through factorial planning was 88,97% for molar ratio of methanol/oil worth 12, temperature of 200ºC and catalyst concentration equaling 6% in 1 hour of reaction. For this condition, kinetic studies were performed and tested the use of ethanol; through the kinetic study a good correlation can be achieved between the kinetic constants and conversion when using the model that considers reversible reaction, chemical reaction as controlling stage following the Eley Rideal mechanism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biodiesel metílico e etílico de oleaginosas Amazônicas: caracterização físico-química e estudos térmico e cinético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-29) LIMA, Rogério Pereira; ROCHA FILHO, Geraldo Narciso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7580236895339455
This study aimed to synthesize methyl and ethyl biodiesel from six amazonian species of vegetable oils and fat through the transesterification reaction process using alkaline homogeneous catalysis, determine the heat capacity values of oils and methyl and ethyl biodiesel by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range of 55 to 195°C, and correlate with information estimated by the group contribution method, to investigate the thermal stability of oils and biodiesel produced by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and perform kinetic study of the decomposition thermal of biodiesels using the Ozawa method. Classic physicochemical analysis for the characterization the vegetable oils and the biodiesel synthesized samples were used. The results for the physicochemical properties of methyl biodiesel samples were consistent with the values specified by the Resolution No. 45 of 2014 of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (RANP 45/14). The results of heat capacity determined by DSC showed that the methyl biodiesel pracaxi showed the highest values, while for ethyl, it was observed for the biodiesel buriti, andiroba and pracaxi. Most heat capacity data obtained for the methyl and ethyl biodiesel determined by DSC and by the group contribution method were satisfactory, as they showed smaller relative deviations or equal to 15% and showed good correlation coefficients ranged from 0, 8617 to 0.9947. The studies on the thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the oils and fat were stable in the temperature range of 110 to 220°C, in inert atmosphere and, in an oxidizing atmosphere, were thermally stable to 130 at 165°C. All the synthesized biodiesel samples is degraded at temperatures up to 150°C, which is highly volatile, a very important feature for the application in diesel engines. The kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of the methyl and ethyl biodiesel met activation energy values ranging from the 46.23 124.93 kJ.mol-1 and showed that the ethyl biodiesel were more stable than the methyl biodiesel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de ésteres etílicos utilizando rejeito da neutralização do processo do refino dos óleos de buriti, maracujá e castanha-do-pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-11-27) BRITO, Rogerio da Cunha; NASCIMENTO, Luis Adriano Santos do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3720461233595226
This study deals with ethyl esters obtainment by using three neutralization soapstock generated from the refining process of Buriti oil, Passion fruit and Brazilian nut (Pará nut). At first, acidification of blots was performed to obtain fatty acids concentration, in order to do so it was used a reagent sulfuric acid leaving to react for 50 min at a temperature of around 85 ° C. Moreover, there was formation of three phases: oil component, fat emulsion and phase acidic water, the supernatant phase (oil component) of interest in the possible presence of fatty acids. Characterization by gas chromatography lees of three samples was performed to quantify the fatty acids present therein, the molar masses were determined and also the acid value. The oil components resulting from the acidification reaction were characterized by a saponification number, acid number and the conversion ratios which have the following values: for burity 96.5%, 94.2% for passion fruit and 90.4% and for Brazilian nut. The acidification of the product (oil component) of burity, passion fruit and Brazilian nut were subjected to esterification reaction, in which ethanol was used as a reactant molar ratio 1:30 (oil: ethanol) and 5% catalyst (in relation to the mass of the oil component). The reaction occurred for 60 minutes at a temperature of about 90 ° C. The same parameters were applied for the three reactions. The characterization of ethyl esters was determined by some quality parameters required by ANP, as acidity index, bulk density, kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C and also the content of ethyl esters present in the sample. The rates of conversion of oil components to ethyl esters showed the following percentage: 93.42% (buriti), 91.71% (passion fruit) and 89.38% (Brazilian nut). Despite the higher conversion into ethyl esters have been observed for the Buriti, samples of passion fruit and Brazilian nutt, also had satisfactory results, as those values revealed that the samples have high potential for reuse serving as raw material for production biodiesel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB) - possibilidades e limites do desenvolvimento econômico e da inclusão social para a agricultura familiar na Amazônia: o assentamento Calmaria II, Moju (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-09-08) ANDRADE, Lucia Cristina Gama de; HURTIENNE, Thomas Peter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7133222063843073
The concern with the environment from 70 years shows the necessity of replacing fossil fuels, and Brazil, as a world reference in the production and use of renewable sources of energy launched the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) in 2004 with the distinction of the stimulus to generate income through production and marketing of raw materials on family farms through the “Social Seal”, with will be granted to producers of biodiesel to acquire raw material from these farmers. The research addresses the production of oilseeds, namely the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). From the work of family farmers settled via the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) in the settlement Project (PA) Calmaria II, the municipally of Moju with continuous area to plantations Agropalma Company, organized in an association, have focused on the production and marketing of palm oil as a vector of income and also social inclusion. These fall through funding PRONAF from the Bank of Amazonian savis so check how it gives its inclusion and its consequent contribution to the development of the region, which still is far removed from the modernization of the field found in other regions of the country.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Síntese de biodiesel utilizando catalisador bifuncional baseado em ferrita com óxido metálico suportado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-07-23) GONÇALVES, Matheus Arrais; CONCEIÇÃO, Leyvison Rafael Vieira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7467898936995220
In this study, a solid magnetic acid catalyst MoO3/SrFe2O4, composed of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) supported on strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4), was synthesized and applied in the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalyst was characterized by acid-base titration method in order to determine Surface acidity, Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. A central composite design of centered face 24 (FCCD) and a mathematical model was developed in order to describe the behavior of the ester content as a function of the independent variables temperature, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage and time reaction. The mathematical model (R2=0.9900) was validated and showed a relative error below 5% between the experimental and predicted values. Using linear regression methods and response surface methodology (RSM) the conditions of biodiesel synthesis reaction were optimized and 95.4% conversion into esters was obtained from the use of the reaction temperature of 164 °C, alcohol:oil molar ratio of 40:1, catalyst dosage of 10% and reaction time of 4 h . The catalyst showed high reusability, since it was possible to use it in 8 reaction cycles which it is an indication of its good prospectus for development and application as bifunctional catalyst.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sustentabilidade e gestão ambiental no município de Moju/PA: desafios para a produção do biodiesel
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-26) CARDOSO, Andreza Soares; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986
The concept of sustainable development and its further management emerge as a need to think of new ways to measure economic growth. The concept of "Sustainability Indicators”, designed to measure the level of sustainability of a system, based on indices from economic, social and environmental sector, can help in the evaluation to point out to the accomplishment of sustainable development of a specific municipality, region or county. The public policy of biofuels executed under the National Policy on Production of Biodiesel – PNPB, was created to be applied in the Amazon Region, including the State of Pará, through the program "Poles of Biodiesel Production ". In this context, one of the main targets was the municipality of Moju figured as one of the largest producers of palm oil in the northern region of Brazil. Despite the huge expansion of oil palm cultivation in this county, there are strong concerns about the ability of Moju to receive this governmental incentive and development program as an effective public policy for sustainability. The potential for strongs impacts in the territoriality configuration and social menace are high. In addition, due to the expected economic and environmental dynamics in a municipality there has not been a preparation phase through environmental management programs to minimize potential hazards in the different sectors that may be targeted by such program. This Study focused in the understanding and measure of the sustainability level of the municipality of Moju and evaluated its environmental management capacity. Interviews were performed and secondary data were incorporated into a sustainability analysis framework of the Barometer of Sustainability. It was observed that the municipality tends to a low sustainability trend with few socioeconomic and environmental advances, which demonstrates the fragility of this political district in environmental issues. In general, the city has license to exercise full environmental management, i.e., presents a desirable or efficient administrative structure but its operational structure is poor or ineffective, which will certainly show problems to couple with the PNPB economic dynamics.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Técnicas voltamétricas com eletrodo de filme de bismuto modificado com edta e ebt para determinação de Ca2+ e Mg2+ em biodiesel
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-08-19) MULLER, Renata Medeiros Lobo; MARQUES, Aldalea Lopes Brandes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0121030502015990; MÜLLER, Regina Celi Sarkis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/654941494386147
This study presents the development of alternative electrochemical methods for the determination of Mg2+ and Ca2+ through voltammetry technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry (VAdR) with anodic scan. Bismuth film electrode modified with eriochrome black-T (EBT) was used for modification of the electrode in the determination of Mg2+ in the pulse differential mode (DPAdSV), while EDTA has been used for determination of Ca2+ in wave mode square (SWAdSV). The determination of Mg2+ was performed using acetate buffer (0.1 mol L-1) at pH = 4.5, EBT as supporting electrolyte and 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 as a binder. Successive additions of aliquots of the stock solution were made Mg2+ 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 so that the ion was pre-concentrated on the sensor surface under the following conditions optimized voltammetric: deposition potential (EDEP) = - 1.0 V; Pre time - concentration (Tpre) = 120 s; scan speed (v) = 0.050 V s-1; pulse amplitude (Amp) = 0.1 V. The complex formed Mg2+ EBT showed a peak current of about - 0.6 V. The determination of Ca2+ was made using ammonium buffer (0.01 mol L-1) at pH 9.4, as supporting electrolyte and EDTA 1.0 x 10-2 mol L-1 as a binder under the following optimum conditions: deposition potential (EDEP) = -1.0 V; preconcentration time (Tpre) = 90 sec; frequency (freq.) = 15 Hz; width = 0,075V and Step E) = 0.004 V. The complex formed Ca2+ EDTA showed a peak current of approximately - 0.2 V. The result was consistent statistically considering t -test for a 95% confidence level. The levels were lower CV of 11.0% (Mg2+ and Ca2+), recoveries were in the range 95.0 to 108.0% (Mg2+) and from 97.8 to 105.0% (Ca2+) and the values of detection limits were 1.05 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Mg2+) and 2.8 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Ca2+), and quantitation 3.51 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Mg2+) and 9.46 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Ca2+) for the samples analyzed, showing good accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed method. The values obtained for the samples ranged from 1.47 x 10-5 ± 1.28 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Mg2+) and 5.57 x 10-6 ± 3.77 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Ca2+) on samples of biodiesel. The determination of metals such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ by electrochemical techniques with chemically modified electrodes has as main advantages its detectability and the selectivity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Vulnerabilidade de agricultores familiares da cadeia de produção de biodiesel de dendê à extremos de precipitação na comunidade Águas Pretas, Moju (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-14) BARRETO, Adriana Gisely Tavares; SZLAFSZTEIN, Claudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555
The climate extremes have a negative impact in the Brazilian agribusiness and threaten the development of the rural communities that are mainly of the natural resources. That’s why it’s necessary to study the productive chain of oil palm (Elais guineensis Jacq.) based on future climatic risks, because the state of Pará is the largest domestical producer of oil plam and the structured chain with the integration of the family agriculture to the agricultural chain. The objective of this research was to analyze the vulnerabilities of family farmers of the “Aguas Pretas” community in the city of Moju, state of Pará, inserted in the production chain of biodiesel of oil palm, facing the precipitation extremes. The research was made in two steps: the first analyzed the climatic extremes of the precipitation series from 1981 to 2009 applying the descriptive method and the quantis, and the second step analyzed the vulnerability of the farmers through the variable/indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, technological and of perception, that represented a vulnerable situation. To identify farmers’ vulnerability, the factorial analyses for main components was used, the index elaboration of climatic vulnerability and the group analyses, where 22 farmers were placed in five categories of predefined classification. The results have shown that the occurrence of very dry extremes and very rainy in the data series in the years of 1981 to 2009 in the city of Moju (PA). The identified climatic risk in the city represents a great threat to oil palm production, because the extreme impacts of precipitation over the plant are not only development stages but also the partial and total reduction of oil palm bunches. Those impacts in long term, directly affects the family farmers that are dependants of the exclusive selling of palm oil bunches to the industry, as well as it compromises the inclusion objectives of social inclusion and renewable energy production of the biodiesel Program. The family farmers from “Águas Pretas” community in the production chain of palm oil biodiesel reacted in different ways, considering the socioeconomic factors, technological and of perception factors, being distributed in five different categories of vulnerability (high, middle high, middle low and low). The groups of vulnerability of higher interest in the research were of high and low vulnerability, corresponding to 14% (3 farmers) and 18% (farmers), respectively, of the total interviewed farmers. The group of high vulnerability was characterized by farmers that used with low efficiency the highest part of the variables of disadvantages, indicating difficulties to compete and adapt, in case of climate extremes. The group of low vulnerability was characterized by farmers that uses with efficiency all the macro variables studied, showing socioeconomics advantages, technological and of perception. This group appeared to be more adapted in case of climate extremes, in the biodiesel chain, with the possibility to be a parameter to strategies elaboration of local adaptation. The risk perception and the raised factors have appeared to be a strong resource to analyze the vulnerability situation of local farmers. The farmer perception is oriented based on his convictions and daily experiences, being of great importance to the adaptable strategies elaboration to face climate extremes.