Navegando por Assunto "Biomassa"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Alternativas para o abastecimento energético dos fornos de indústrias cerâmicas localizadas no município de São Miguel do Guamá-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-08-14) ROCHA, Alexander Lobo; NEVES, Renato Martins das; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6538317425557058
Economic and environmental differentials incorporated biomass energy has driven the spread of supply and use of biofuels in developed and developing countries. In the state of Pará (Brazil), the growing demand for biomass like acai lump and legalized firewood, specially related to the performance of the ceramic industry in the São Miguel do Guamá county and other industrial segments, pints to a possible shortage of these energy resources. Thus, initiative is needed to search for alternative fuels that are capable of not only ensuring the energy supply necessary for the current and future ceramic production of these industries, but also to ensure the continuation and conservation of renewable natural resources in the region. This work consolidates research among member companies of the Association of Ceramics Industries of São Miguel do Guamá, which are located in this municipality, using as a sample the ceramic companies seeking alternative bioenergy, along with the research among the agro-industries and farmers present in other municipalities of the state of Pará. The objective is to identify alternatives for energy supply in ceramic kilns, considering the use of renewable energy sources and opportunities for reducing the cost of its acquisition through the practice of return shipping. It was used as a research strategy case study in five moments of semi-structured interviews guided by questionnaires. The results obtained indicate that there is opportunity to supply biomass matched with the needs of the surveyed ceramic companies, with the potential to meet repressed energy demands and allowing the continuation of strategic business in Pará, as at this time, the growing civil construction industry.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de um modelo energético baseado no uso da biomassa residual local em comunidades isoladas no entorno da UHE de Tucuruí, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-16) BRASILEIRO, Bruna Chaves; ROCHA, Brigida Ramati Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943372249006341
The Amazon region, although its great environmental and economic importance, still has a low capacity for an effective implementation of inclusive energy actions to provide greater economic and social development directed mainly to traditional Amazonian populations. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the potential of the existing resources in favor of isolated communities through of the Integrated Resource Planning, since locally available energy resources do not receive enough attention and investments because they are considered low-profit markets making it dependent on fossil fuels. The research analyzed a case study performed in Tucuruí municipality, Pará State, where the second largest Brazil hydropower plant (with an installed capacity of 8.370 MW) is located, which creates a scenario of social-spatial conflicts involving many groups, including traditional populations that are affected by the construction of the power plant. The studied area is located on islands around the lake of the Hydroelectric Plant of Tucuruí, forming the Alcobaça Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). Resident populations in these islands face difficulties on accessing electricity, as well as precariousness of public services in health, sanitation, infrastructure and education. Most of the region's families survive on even minimum wages monthly and often rely on local trade for the outflow of production, especially fish. A research study was conducted to examine a feasible model for the region, focused on the use of the local potential of biomass (açaí lumps) for electric power generation in isolated residences.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aproveitamento da biomassa flutuante do Rio Madeira para geração de energia elétrica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-05-24) BACELLAR, Atlas Augusto; ROCHA, Brigida Ramati Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943372249006341
The universal provision of electricity remains far from achieved in the Brazilian Amazon, given the geographical obstacles, the dispersion of its inhabitants, the indistinctness of appropriate technologies, and the economic obstacles. Governmental action was taken in 2003 with the creation of the Light for All Program (PLpT), with the goal of bringing electricity to all rural consumers by 2010. In addition, the National Electric Power Agency, ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), which is responsible in Brazil for the electrical sector regulation, has issued a determination of compulsory access to electricity by 2015. This study describes research conducted on the Madeira River, in the Brazilian Amazon, where the electric needs of the communities and small towns along the river can be satisfied through the gasification system, using as a renewable feedstock the wood-fuel biomass deposited on the riverbed, derived from natural processes, which the Ministry of Transport is already legally obligated to remove in order to provide safe navigation along the river. The first part of the study was dedicated to review Brazilian power system, Universal access to electricity in Brazil, renewable sources of energy in the Amazon region, technologies to produce electricity using biomass as source, Brazilian power sector subsidies, the Madeira River, its characteristics and economic importance and investment analysis tools. Next, quality and quantity information of the biomass collected from the river along the years was taken from AHIMOC, the Federal Organization responsible for the Madeira River navigability. Then a physical-chemical analysis was made at the UFAM’s laboratories, using biomass collected in a field trip. The biomass power potential and the technological power production routes using biomass were evaluated with these data after comparing the results with available literature. Subsequently information about householders and communities located at the Madeira River was obtained with the State Utility. Once the available biomass, the technology routes and the possible consumers were characterized, the study evaluated technology, economy, environment, social and legal aspects. The study results show the competitiveness of gasification comparing to diesel thermoelectric plants, along with its advantages in helping Brazilian universal electrification program, which implementation depends on public policies with the obligatory participation of the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Ministry of Transports and The Ministry of Environment, and also the attractiveness potential private capital participation which could contribute to reduce public investment. The results should help future studies in others areas with similar phenomena and the opportunity to use another types of local biomass in Gasifier systems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Atendimento de energia elétrica domiciliar para comunidades isoladas de baixa potência do interior do estado do Pará através de um gaseificador de 1kw
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-12-11) BRITO NETO, Osmundo Batista de; ROCHA, Brigida Ramati Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943372249006341
In Pará State, almost 21% of its population has no access to use of electric energy in their residence. To this universe belongs the target audience from this report, that are the isolated communities. Due the large territorial extension and hydrographic basin in Pará State, this communities will have many difficulties to be served by the extension of distribution network. The proposal of this report consists in the use of the Açaí seed as biomass to an Indian co-current and open top gasifier of 1 Kg/hour, adapted and adjusted to the specifications of this region; the gasification system is connected to a generator of 2 KVA (Diesel or Gas), to supply with electric energy for the isolated communities where already exists the biomass as a result of the Açaí seed processing that is been considered as garbage. In this context, the governmental programs were examined in order to support this proposal, using the proposed system as one of many options to serve with electric energy by alternative source.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento silvicultural e dinâmica de serapilheira em plantios de duas espécies florestais na Amazônia oriental brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) SOUSA, Vanesa Gomes de; BRIENZA JÚNIOR, Silvio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1750852376922258
The deforestation in the Brazilian Amazonia has already altered about 750 million hectares and of this total, 20% are found with some level of degradation. The reincorporation to the productive process of the areas altered with the reforestation of tropical species of commercial value, it is an alternative to minimize the environmental impacts, with ecological benefits, increase of the wood offer and decrease of the pressure on the remaining natural forests. However, one of the great difficulties for the reforestation is the lack of scientific knowledge on the growth of native and exotic species. This work had as objective evaluates the efficiency of different systems of plantings with native and exotic forest species for recovery of altered land. The work was accomplished in Dom Eliseu city, state of the Pará, in three systems of land use: pure planting (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum and Khaya ivorensis), mix of two forests species (S. parahyba var. amazonicum and K. ivorensis) and agroforestry system (S. amazonicum and Musa sp). To The forty months of age, in planting pure, S. parahyba var. amazonicum showed larger growth in height and dbh in the spacing 4 m x 3 m and K. ivorensis in the spacing 4 m x 4 m. However, the S. parahyba var. amazonicum presented better performance in the system mixed planting and agroforest system. The best performance of K. ivorensis was in the mixed system of species. Among the planting systems studied (mix of species and agroforest system), the litterfall was more in the mix of species with 3.737,5 kg ha-1, and the largest contribution of biomass was of the S. parahyba var. amazonicum. The largest biomass reduction was observed in the agroforest systems. Was evidence correlation negative between litterfall and rainfall to S. parahyba var. amazonicum and positive for K. ivorensis. The obtained results showed that the forest model of consortium of species was shown promising and it can be an alternative for recovery of altered areas, in way to offer different wood options and at the same time, to join positive factors in relation to biomass production and physicchemistry aspects of the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desafios e oportunidades para o acesso universal à energia elétrica na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-02-20) MUNIZ, Rafael Ninno; ROCHA, Brigida Ramati Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943372249006341
The Brazilian energy planning has been progressively emphasizing the use of renewable energy sources, however for some initiatives such as the Light for All Program, these energy alternatives are being treated as a secondary activity and difficult to implement. This work aims to analyze how the Brazilian government has been adapting its institutional structure, technology and funding to provide universal access to electricity in remote areas. According to official information, this initiative has proven effective in its first phase, which was developed by the extension of conventional network. However, the study concludes that the program is currently not converges to full compliance with the access to electricity in remote areas in the Amazon and three main challenges were identified. There is a need for adjustment of current institutional structures, harmonize technologies to the regional context and use government funds more effectively. The research points out ways and alternatives to what is being done in isolated systems, and presents two case studies which have been applied to decentralized power generation with renewable sources of biomass in isolated community, and the energy utilization of municipal solid waste in the municipality belonging to the isolated system. These practical examples are proposed to contribute to the results of the study for the development of public policies, research projects, meet technology providers and promote energy and residuary solutions for municipalities and communities belonging to national isolated system, aiming to achieve universal access to energy electricity in remote areas in the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de sistema computacional para avaliação de lodo de esgoto sanitário como biomassa na geração de energia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-06) SANTOS, Yvelyne Bianca Iunes; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
Development of a computational system to assess sewage sludge sanitary as biomass to generate energy in combustion processes, taking into account Brazilian technical and environmental norms. Classes were created and implemented in the system to assess sewage sludge as energy potential and considered limits established in the norms NBR 10004/04, NBR 10004/87 and CONAMA Resolution nº 316/2002 for adverse environmental impacts, damages or risks to public health , identifying the feasibility of use of this residual as biomass to generate energy in combustion processes. The system was developed using a Model-View-Controller (MVC) software considered an architectural pattern, with method represented by logical rules, whose input data were the results from laboratory determination of sewage sludge samples, test processing and logical sequence of rules, and reports to enable the user to make a decision. To validate the system it was used results from technical work on the use of sewage sludge as biomass to generate energy in experimental scale, observing that the limits adopted in the system were appropriate as parameters to evaluate the energy potential of the sampled sludge, its toxicity and air pollution; that the explanatory and alert messages have been clearly sent; that the logical sequence of rules had been progressively implemented; and that the values obtained in the system had been compatible with the validation works. Finally, it was concluded that the system developed may be used to expedite decision-making, mainly, in waste treatment plant with large quantities of sludge.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Equações alométricas para estimar a biomassa acima do solo em floresta plantada com tachi-branco (Tachigali vulgaris), Dom Eliseu/ Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-07-24) CERVEIRA, Suzane Serrano; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
The biomass study in tropical FORESTS has played a major role in relation to the contribution of ecosystems to the global carbon cycle. Many articles suggest planting Tachigali vulgaris (Taxi-White) for carbon capture projects in the Amazon and the generation of carbon credits. However little is known how to estimate the biomass increment and how different spacing interferes with the local microclimate. The present study was conducted at Genesis farm in Dom Eliseu city, Pará State, aimed to determine allometric curves for accumulation of aboveground biomass using destructive methods, and the carbon in the biomass and consequent micrometeorological variations in Taxi-White in spacing 4mx2m, 4mx3m and 4mx4m, with population density ranging from 208 to 403 plants per plot. For the equations used a database of 54 trees of a single species, in which were measured variables total height, diameter at breast height (DBH), each sample tree was felled and split the trunk components, branches, and leaves. The fresh weight of each component was obtained in place, and green samples were collected, weighed and brought to the laboratory in Bethlehem to oven drying to constant weight. 17 models of regression equations were used commonly used in the literature, being chosen equations with a higher coefficient of determination (R²). The stock biomass and shoot carbon were observed in the denser spacing, ie, 4mx4m, focusing mainly on the tree trunk. The distribution of the moisture content of classes was: leaves > branches > trunk. The trunk segment is divided according to their height into steps (BASE, DAP, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the total stem height, DAP had a higher moisture content than the other compartments. The temperature was greater spacing with lower density (4mx4m) and the relative humidity had its highest values for spacing with higher densities (4mx2m). The months of September and October showed higher temperature and lower relative humidity, however, the months of November and December, showed lower temperature and higher relative moisture.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativas de biomassa e carbono em áreas de vegetação secundária no território paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-06-29) OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Luis Augusto Lima; KELLER, Michael Maier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1869582564376606; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
Land use dynamics is a very intense process in the Amazon landscape because forest areas are constantly targets of deforestation, often illegal, which compromises the environmental balance of this ecosystem. In this context, a widespread element in the region's landscape is secondary vegetation (SV). The SV appears after a disturbance and can evolve and reach the characteristics close to a primary forest. This work aims to generate above-ground biomass and carbon estimates for the SV areas in the State of Pará for 2014. The methodology uses the variable GSDY (Growing-Season Degree-Years), calculated by SV age (TerraClass), temperature, and precipitation. The variable GSDY is part of a model proposed by Johnson et al. (2000) and Zarin et al. (2001), which generates above-ground biomass and carbon estimates. VS was classified into five classes according to its age. More than 6.9 million hectares of VS were mapped in the State of Para, representing more than two billion tons (t) of biomass (one million t of carbon) contained in VS. More than 2.8 million hectares of VS were vulnerable in 2014 because of SEMAS – PA Normative Instruction that enables cleaning these areas five years old or less (except those protected by law), with no environmental authorization needed. The SV loss could represent a considerable carbon emission to the atmosphere and massive damage to this region's balance.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estoque de biomassa e carbono florestal em unidades de paisagem na Amazônia: uma análise a partir da abordagem metodológica ecologia da paisagem
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-22) PEREIRA, Izaura Cristina Nunes; GAMA, João Ricardo Vasconcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9058536716453750; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862
The present work aims to demonstrate the central variability in forest in relation to stocks and forest carbon biomass above ground, from the identification and characterization based on remote sensing, landscape units in an area located in the municipality of Belterra, western Pará State, from the theoretical-conceptual approach of landscape ecology. For the scope of this proposition, the methodology used was based on the literature review on the topic, data acquisition and orbital mapping, use of remote sensing techniques, field data collection, processing and statistical analysis. The work is divided into four chapters, followed by general considerations of the work. Based on the theoretical-methodological of Landscape Ecology, analyzes the social and environmental dynamics of the municipality of Belterra, who currently experiences the expansion of agricultural activities, especially agriculture mechanized soy. From the analysis of multi-temporal Landsat images of the city we could assess the distribution of existing forest cover in the same as well as the spatial distribution of the main landscape units identified. Considering this clipping was held to collect field data via forest inventory in four forest types (forest high plateau, low plateau forest, secondary vegetation and ecological tension) to obtain morphometric parameters of vegetation and subsequent quantification of stocks biomass and carbon contained in each unit as well as observe the structural behavior of the same forest. The adoption of the landscape as the spatial scale of analysis proved to be quite satisfactory in the quantification of biomass and carbon stocks of forest to allow considering the influence of socioeconomic dynamics in reducing these stocks. Furthermore, analyzes showed that recognition of the heterogeneity of forest cover is an essential element for obtaining carbon estimates according to the structural characteristics of vegetation which varies with the topography of the terrain, with the species present and the geographical features, which involves the type climate, geomorphologic characteristics, soil and geological area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estoque e ciclagem de carbono de sistemas agroflorestais em Tomé-Açu, Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) BRANCHER, Tobias; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543
Agroforestry systems (SAFs) constitute an important agricultural practice of land use directed at food production and environmental services. The objective of this study was to evaluate carbon stock and cycling of 4 agroforestry systems (SAF) with different age and species composition, and a secondary vegetation (“capoeira”), in Tomé-Acu, northeast of Pará State, Eastern Amazon. Carbon stocks in soil, litter and aboveground biomass were measured. Carbon flux associated with litterfall and aboveground biomass increment was measured over a year between 2008 and 2009. The SAFs were divided into four categories, called SAF 1, SAF 2, SAF 3 and SAF 4, being (SAF 1: cacau, açaí, bananeira e seringueira, 14 years old, SAF 2: cacau, açaí, bananeira, seringueira, taperebá, paricá e macacaúba, 14 years old, SAF 3: cupuaçu, açaí, teca e mogno, 9 years old, SAF 4:cupuaçu, açaí e paricá, 9 anos years old). In each system we set four plots, where soil and plant samples were collected, including diameter at breast height (DAP) and height (h), which were used to estimate the aboveground biomass. Within plots were installed collectors to measure the deposition of litterfall and sampled soil and litter used to estimate carbon stocks. There was no significant difference between SAFs in relation to soil carbon stock. The SAF 3 was significantly lower than the other SAF in relation to aboveground carbon and SAF 4 had the highest annual litterfall deposition among all treatments. The SAF did not differ in relation to soil and litter carbon stocks. Net primary production reached 2.54, 6.11, 9.54 and 16.27 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in SAF 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The age of the SAFs had no significant effect on the amount of carbon accumulated during one year.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estoques de carbono resultantes de mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo e sua relação com os indicadores socioeconômicos nos municípios de Paragominas e Ulianópolis, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-02-29) SOUSA, Larissa Melo de; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439
The land use land cover change are pointed out by several studies to cause environmental damage, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere The objective of this study is to relate the socio-economic indicators and carbon emissions with the different land use land cover change in the municipalities of Paragominas and Ulianópolis for the years 2004, 2008, 2010 and 2012. For this, they were certain areas according to each class of use and land cover and the mean of the stock of Above Ground Biomass (AGB) for each of the classes of use and land cover provided by TerraClass Project for 2004. Subsequently were quantified CO2 emissions associated with land use land cover change cover. In addition, the socioeconomic data were related to estimates of carbon. The results indicate that much of the forest area was converted to the classes of agriculture and pasture. The total carbon stored above ground, between the period 2004 to 2012 ranged from 163 x106 Mg C to 161 x106 Mg C Mg C in Paragominas and de 31 x106 Mg C to 29 x106 Mg C in Ulianópolis. The net CO2 emissions between the period 2004 to 2012 amounted to 5.8x106 Mg CO2 to Paragominas and 7.4 x106 Mg CO2 to Ulianópolis. In Ulianópolis it was observed a moderete linear relationship between socioeconomic indicators and carbon stocks, while in Paragominas, there was no linear correlation. The conclusion is that the dynamics of use and land cover classes are based on agriculture and livestock as variables in the economic matrix of the municipalities. The carbon stock in the municipalities has decreased due to reduction of forest areas and the advancement of areas of annual agriculture and clean pasture, so the study area is negatively contributing to the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Land use land cover change has positive effects on the socio-economic indicators, but increase carbon emissions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da sinterização em reator vertical de leito fixo: desenvolvimento de processo para produção de agregado sintético a partir de cinza volante e biomassa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-05-19) QUARESMA, Danielly da Silva; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505
The synthetic aggregates have been employed in civil construction as a measure for the reduction of mineral extraction. Within this context, the recycling of industrial waste configured today as the basis of the majority of processes to reduce the exploitation of mineral resources. This paper presents the formulation of a process of environmental character and self-sustaining from an energy point of view parameters to develop a process for the production of synthetic aggregate from fly ash and biomass fixed bed reactor. Thus, for the production of aggregate pellets were made from a mixture of clay, fly ash and charcoal in fixed proportions. The reactor is filled with 20% pellets (6.35 mm > pellet ≥ 4 mm) and 80% charcoal (3.36 mm > carbon ≥ 1.70 mm) rated for promoting the efficiency of combustion reactions and subsequent sintering process at different air velocities (Darcy at 20 °C) of 0.0059 m.s-1 (1º Experiment), 0.0098 m.s-1 (2º Experiment) and 0.017 m.s-1 (3º Experiment). By means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was identified the presence of mullite in synthetic aggregate. This material is characterized as lightweight aggregate, in accordance with current standards. With synthetic aggregates manufactured to lightweight concrete, according to the established standard, without structural function in civil construction, but with applications of moderate resistance and may be used in the counterfloor. The process if showed interesting for the sintering of aggregates with good adhesion to the matrix of cement, and can easily be controlled by composition, granulometry, temperature gradient and gaseous flow, reducing environmental impacts, to the extent that the material produced implies in not extraction of natural aggregates.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da viabilidade econômica para a utilização da semente da euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) como recurso energético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-07-09) LUCZYNSKI, Miroslawa; MACHADO, Luiza Carla Girard Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9773700229115395
This work had as objective the study of the economic viability for the Euterpe oleraceas Mart. (açaí) seed use as energy resource in the city of Belém-PA. Initially, it was realized a field survey of the sail points and quarters of biggest production of açaí, carrying through after that the assays of the termogravimetric properties of the seeds that are: Humidity text, volatile text, cinzas text, fixed carbon text and superior calorific power. The survey points made possible the creation of a data base, using the Microsoft Software Access, which supplies reports with the identification of the proprietors name, as well as the number of bags that is it processes per day, weight of bag and its energy potential. It was used still the Microsoft ARC VIEW, of easy interaction with Access that made possible the creation of an up to date map of the points for the city of Belém-PA. With those data a study of the transport routes was made in the Geographic Information System (GIS) GOOGLE EARTH. There were determined routes, through the Centroid method, which is the point of highest concentration of the variable of study, in this case, the açaís seed, for the transport of biomass to its final destination that is the UFPA, where if it finds the plant that uses the biomass as combustible to generate energy. When calculating the economic viability there were used the plant of Energy and Biomass of the Group of Energy, Biomass and Environment (EBMAs) together with the data of the consumption of electric energy of the UFPA in the period from 06/2006 to 06/2007, finally it was realized a comparison between the values gotten in the two done surveys and the confirmation of how much the UFPA would save in financial and energy terms with the biomass energy use. In conclusion the açaís seed is economically viable as energy resource for energy supply in UFPA, since the cost of supplied electric energy the concessionaire services the CELPA must exceed the cost of the renewable generation system, thus causing an economy in the final value, of the consumption of electric energy.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução estrutural do hidro-carvão e cinética da decomposição da palha de milho no processamento hidrotérmico com H2O quente comprimida
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-04-24) TERIBELE, Tiago; SANTOS, Marcelo Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8380189608965320; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, the effect of reaction time and biomass-to-H2O ratio on the structural evolution of hydrochar and kinetic of by hydrothermal processing of corn Stover with hot compressed H2O, have been systematically investigated. The experiments were carried out at 250 °C, heating rate of 2.0 °C/min, biomass-to-H2O ratio of 1:10, and reaction times of 60, 120, and 240 minutes, and at 250 °C, 240 minutes, heating rate of 2.0 °C/min, and biomass-to-H2O water ratio of 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20, using a pilot scale stirred tank reactor of 5 gallon. The characterization of solid phase products performed by thermo-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis (C, N, H, S). The physical-chemistry properties of solid phase analyzed in terms of dry matter (DM), total organic content (TOC), and ash. The yields of solid and gas phases decrease linearly with decreasing biomass-to-H2O ratio, while that of liquid phases increases linearly. For constant biomass-to-H2O ratio, the yields of solid, liquid, and gaseous reaction products varied between 52.97 and 35.82% (wt.), 44.84 and 54.59% (wt.), and 2.19 and 9.58% (wt.), respectively. The yield of solids decreases exponentially by decreasing the reaction time, while the yields of liquid and gas phases increase exponentially. For constant biomass-to-H2O ratio, TG/DTG curves shows that reaction time of 60 minutes was not enough to carbonize corn Stover. For constant reaction time, TG/DTG curves shows that increasing the H2O-to-biomass ratio worse the carbonization of corn Stover. For constant biomass-to-H2O ratio, the SEM images show the main morphological structure of the corn Stover remains practically unchanged, while for constant reaction time, SEM images show that plant microstructure retains part of its original morphology, demonstrating that a decrease on biomass-to-H2O ratio worse the carbonization of corn Stover. For constant biomass-to-H2O ratio, the EDX analysis shows that the carbon content in hydrochar increases with reaction time, while for constant reaction time, the carbon content decreases with increasing biomass-to-H2O ratio. The kinetic of corn Stover degradation was correlated with a pseudo-first order exponential model, exhibiting a root-mean-square error (r2) of 0,996, demonstrating that degradation kinetics of corn Stover with hot compressed H2O, expressed as hydrochar formation, is well described by an exponential decay kinetics.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geração de energia elétrica a partir dos resíduos do processo de beneficiamento do óleo de palma: uma abordagem sustentável para a recuperação de áreas degradadas no Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-16) KÜHL, Ricardo Marino; ROCHA, Brigida Ramati Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943372249006341
The deforestation, mainly verified in the Amazon region, has declined, but deforested areas, due to anthropic actions such as agriculture, or pastures opening, are still a hindrance, since the resilience process requires time to act. In this bias, the Agroecological Zoning, Production and Management of Oil Palm Culture in Amazon (ZAE-Dendê), evaluated the degraded areas in the Legal Amazon, aiming the palm plantation to recover them, based on the best practices. The present work goes beyond, evaluating the implantation of palm oil as a way of recovering degraded areas in Pará; the power generation from palm oil processing residues; as well as analyzing carbon dioxide reducing potential. The methodology used, covered the selection of degraded areas in Pará as the study area. Based on theoretical references some data were consolidate: the production of fresh fruits bunches (FFB) per hectare, the amount of waste per tonne of FFB, power generated from the residues and CO2 value fixation and emission. The results related to the CO2 emissions and fixation showed that the palm oil culture has the potential to reduce a range from 180 to 500 million tons of CO2eq., in addition to avoiding emission of 550 to 2,204 million tons of CO2eq., in a production cycle (25 years). The power generation potential verified from the anaerobic digestion of the liquid effluent range from 212 to 531 TWh during a palm oil production cycle. These data attests palm oil residues to become an alternative energy resource, as well as an alternative to degraded areas recovery. Therefore, this work is a subsidy for an Integrated Resource Planning elaboration.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrologia e biomassa fitoplanctônica do sistema flúvio-estuarino do rio Arari (Ilha de Marajó-PA).
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-08-19) ALVES , Igor Charles Castor; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5707365981163429
Este trabalho objetiva a avaliação do comportamento hidroquímico do sistema flúvioestuarino (parte superior) do rio Arari (Ilha de Marajó-PA). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros físicos e químicos: temperatura, Material Particulado em Suspensão (MPS), Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Totais Orgânicos (ST Orgânicos), Sólidos Totais minerais (ST Minerais) condutividade elétrica, profundidade do disco de Secchi, variação da maré, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrato, nitrito, N-amoniacal, fosfato (PID), silicato e Biológico: Clorofila-a. Coletas simultâneas de águas superficiais foram realizadas em dois períodos distintos: chuvoso e menos chuvoso de 2009 de hora em hora durante 12 horas, sempre em condições de marés de sizígia em três estações fixas assim distribuídas: Uma na foz do rio Arari (trapiche da Vila de Santana do Arari) outra estação localizada no trapiche da cidade de Cachoeira do Arari e uma no trapiche da Fazenda Murutucú a meio caminho entre a foz e a cidade de Cachoeira do Arari. Os parâmetros obtidos foram analisados por métodos de estatística descritiva e multivariada, Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Cluster. Através das análises estatísticas, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos estudados, o que demonstra uma grande influência dos diversos fatores ambientais como descarga fluvial, turbulência, precipitação e marés na dinâmica dos processos que ocorrem no rio Arari. A ilha do Marajó apresenta topografia suave, com altitudes que não atingem 20 metros. O Planalto do Baixo Amazonas é constituído por sedimentos terciários da formação Barreiras/Pós-Barreiras. No município de Cachoeira do Arari predominam os tipos de vegetação: Floresta Densa de Terra Firme, Campos Cerrados, Campos Altos e Campos Baixos. O clima da margem leste da Ilha de Marajó é classificado como clima do tipo “A” definido como clima tropical chuvoso. Na bacia hidrográfica do rio Arari a média pluviométrica anual é em torno de 2500 mm. Esta bacia posiciona-se na região de campos e totaliza 864 km2. A temperatura das águas do rio Arari foi característica de um ambiente tipicamente tropical e variou de 28,59°C no período chuvoso a 29,88°C no menos chuvoso. Os valores de condutividade elétrica, máximo de 233 μS.cm-1, revelam que este rio não recebe influência salina, o que caracteriza o rio Arari como um sistema predominantemente de água doce durante ambos os períodos. Durante o período chuvoso o rio Arari recebe contribuições de material alóctone, principalmente na forma orgânica, resultante da decomposição da vegetação das áreas alagadas, essa distribuição foi confirmada pelos valores da fração orgânica dos sólidos totais que representaram 61% dos sólidos totais, os outros 39% representam a fração mineral. A profundidade do disco de Secchi foi em média 28 cm no período chuvoso e 15 cm no menos chuvoso. Os menores valores de OD (mediana de 3,64 mg.L-1) ocorreram no período chuvoso e no menos chuvoso foi de 4,25 mg.L-1). As formas mais reduzidas de nitrogênio (nitrito e N-amoniacal) predominam durante o período chuvoso (mediana de 0,32 μmolol-1 e 18,1 μmol.L-1), por outro lado, quando as concentrações de OD aumentam no período menos chuvoso a nitrificação é favorecida, e a concentração de nitrato aumenta (mediana de 24,98 μmol.L-1). Concentrações elevadas de N-amoniacal no rio Arari ocorreram em ambos os períodos, com o máximo 41,67 μmol.L-1 12 vezes maior que o mínimo 3,33 μmol.L-1 registrado no período menos chuvoso. Os valores de fosfato neste trabalho foram inferiores a 2 μmol.L-1 durante o ano, com mediana de (0,32 μmol.L-1) no período chuvoso e de (0,46 μmol.L-1) no menos chuvoso. O silicato apresentou comportamento semelhante ao do fosfato, os valores foram maiores no período menos chuvoso, com mediana de 33,7 μmol.L-1 no período chuvoso e 75,88 μmol. L-1 no menos chuvoso. Observou-se uma variação sazonal da clorofila a no rio Arari, as condições mais favoráveis para atividade fotossintética ocorreram no período chuvoso (mediana de 17,4 mg.m-3), quando foi registrada a maior profundidade de penetração do disco de Secchi (máximo de 55 cm), por outro lado durante o período menos chuvoso esse valor diminui consideravelmente (máximo de 15cm) e apesar do incremento nas concentrações de nutrientes a clorofila a diminui, isso revela que a disponibilidade de luz é o principal fator limitante da produtividade primária no rio Arari. A ACP e os gráficos de Box mostraram que para a maioria dos parâmetros estudados, no período chuvoso a grande descarga de água do rio Arari promove a mistura das águas a longo do rio, dessa maneira é pouco intensa a diferença entre as águas, por exemplo, da foz (estação Santana) com Cachoeira do Arari. Por outro lado durante o período menos chuvoso ocorre uma divisão do rio de acordo com as três estações estudadas, as águas apresentam características distintas, com valores característicos para cada região do rio, além de padrões de distribuição espacial, com gradientes crescentes ou decrescentes de acordo com o parâmetro em questão.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da variação da razão de alimentação ar/serragem de um combustor ciclônico na composição dos seus produtos gasosos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) VASCONCELOS, Adriano Akel; NOGUEIRA, Manoel Fernandes Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2324813094737469
In this work it was made an analysis of the combustion in a cyclonic combustor through experimental measures of the temperature and gases concentration in the internal wall of the combustion chamber. With the objective of finding an appropriate operational parameters for the proposed design, the feeding of air and sawdust of combustor was varied in a poor equivalence ratio (with excess of air) while the experimental data were computed. The data profiles obtained were confronted with the theory of the combustion of solids and with the temperature fields and gases concentration founded by Cunha (2005) numerically in the code Fluent V.6.0. In this comparison it was possible to find good qualitative value among the temperatures measured and the one from calculations, however there were differences in the topic concentration of gases. It was possible also to identify the minimum equivalence rate that the cyclonic combustor had in their gaseous products low pollutant tenors, like CO. Besides, at the end of this work a methodology was proposed to find the appropriate size of a cyclonic combustor in agreement with the strip of sawdust consumption that it wants to incinerate.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A influência dos parâmetros biofísicos da vegetação de mangue em regeneração no retroespelhamento de imagens radarsat-2 multipolarizada na Amazônia, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-05) COUGO, Michele Ferreira; SILVA, Arnaldo de Queiroz da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1682623730626187; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The main goal of this work is to understand the relationship between backscattering (σ°, β° e γ) of a multipolarized Radarsat-2 Fine Beam band C image with biophysical parameters of mangrove vegetation in regeneration. The study site was the Bragança peninsula (northeast of Pará State) far from the Amazon River mouth about 380 km (southeast). 30 years ago it was built a highway causing disturbances in the hydrological regimes and vegetation death, then it was deforested and currently the natural regeneration is incipient. Field data was taken in 17 stands of 10 square meters and it was delimited and positioned with a DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) and a total station. Structural characterization of the sampling units was made with the following field data: CBH (circumference at breast height), height and specie in 3090 specimen and then it were estimated values of DBH (diameter at breast height) and BA (basal area). A cluster analysis of the sample units has defined four groups of vegetation in different regeneration stages: pioneer stage, initial regeneration, intermediate regeneration and advanced regeneration. Fromard et al. (1998) equation was used to biomass estimation. It was used a SLC (Single Look Complex) multipolarized image (Radarsat-2) from June 11th, 2010. VIMAGE/Focus/PCI software was used to retrieve backscattering values of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image, using as reference the limits of the parcels. Statistical models of simple and multiple regressions were used in the analysis of the relationship between vegetation structure and backscattering values of the SAR image. Results shown that linear sigma backscattering with cross-polarization (VH) had the strongest relationship with all vegetation structure analyzed. Although the function of multiple linear regression with HH, VH and VV polarization got the best adjustments with the biophysical parameters mean height, DBH and Biomass (R2 values were respectively 0,81, 0,79 and 0,79). Backscattering values of the image with adjusted functions were used to generate maps of these three biophysical variables and it was coherence with field data, mainly mean height and DBH maps. Biomass map got a low amplitude variation suggesting saturation of the sign, in mangroves in regeneration, less than indicated in the literature to band C in homogeneous mangrove areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Metodologia de análise de risco de investimento em projetos de eficiência energética com aplicação no aproveitamento da biomassa residual do dendê na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-02-10) OLIVEIRA, Rosana Cavalcante de; TOSTES, Maria Emília de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4197618044519148
The promotion of renewable energies in search of strategies to mitigate climate change is a major global challenge, especially for developing countries like Brazil looking to diversify its energy mix from renewable sources, but has an investment cost constraints. In this context, we need tools that measure the risks of investing in alternative energy sources projects. This work contributes to the sustainable development of the Amazon through the development of a risk analysis methodology of investment in energy efficiency projects applied the use of biomass from palm oil. The increasing production of palm oil in the Amazon region to generate food and biodiesel is generating a large volume of biomass. It was found that the use of the residue of the oil palm biomass for power generation and trading in the market increases its economic value, for both identified the criteria and indicators (C & I) of sustainable palm oil chain grouping them into: economic , environmental, social and technical. Qualifying and quantifying the risks affecting the identified indicators. This procedure was analyzed in three future scenarios for economic growth in Brazil that were built in the scenarios marked present in the National Energy Plan 2030.