Navegando por Assunto "Comportamento"

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 25

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Acoustic ecology of dolphins of the genus Sotalia (Cetartiodactyla, Delphinidae) and of the newly described Araguaian boto Inia araguaiaensis (Cetartiodactyla, Iniidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-09) SANTOS, Gabriel Melo Alves dos; MAY-COLLADO, Laura J.; SILVA, Maria Luisa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2101884291102108
Sensory systems are vital for animals to obtain information about their surroundings. Information can be gathered via visual, chemical, electrical, tactile and acoustic cues. These cues are used in several ecological contexts including foraging, competition, defense, social interactions (e.g. courtship behavior), and to indicate a condition, emotional or reproductive state or identity of the signal emitter. For aquatic mammals, sound is the most important mechanism of communication. Light attenuates rapidly with depth in aquatic environments limiting visual communication. In contrast, sound has low attenuation in water and it travels about five times faster in water than in air, making a very efficient way to communicate underwater. Therefore, sound is a fundamental aspect of cetacean biology, as these animals rely on acoustic signals for communication, navigation and location of prey. The genus Sotalia consist of two species that inhabit contrasting habitats. The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) inhabits the coastal waters from Nicaragua to Southern Brazil, and the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) is confined to the main tributaries of the Amazon Basin. Meanwhile, river dolphins of the genus Inia - commonly known as botos - are found exclusively in the Amazon, Orinoco, and Tocantins River Basins. With their conservation status of both genera as data deficient there is great demand for information on their biology. As a key factor on cetacean biology acoustics can provide us with a richness of information and used as a tool to acquire data on habitat use, population numbers and behavior. However, in order to do so, first one needs to know the species vocal repertoire in detail and be able to differentiate those using acoustic methods. Thus, here we present the first distributionwide analysis of the vocal repertoire of Sotalia dolphins and diversity and geographical patterns of their whistles. In addition, we present the first description of the vocal repertoire of Inia araguaiaensis focusing on repertoire diversity and structure. The whistle repertoire of both Sotalia species is highly structured, with populations of the riverine species showing a less diverse whistle repertoire than the populations of the coastal species. The highly structured repertoire is likely due to the small home ranges and low gene flow among populations. Differences in the richness of the acoustic repertoire between both species, may be due to a combination of socioecological and evolutionary factors. We also provide the first description of the Araguaian boto (Inia araguaiensis) acoustic behavior and showed that they have a rich acoustic repertoire consisting of whistles and primarily pulsed calls. While whistles were produced rarely, a specific type of call, the short two-component calls were the most common signal emitted during the study. These calls were similar in acoustic structure to those produced by orcas (Orcinus orca) and pilot whales (Globicephala sp.). Because of the context at which these signals were produced, we hypothesize that they possibly play a role in mother-calf communication. Sotalia and Inia can be acoustically distinguished based on their social sounds, as the former has a repertoire based on whistles and the latter based on pulsative calls. With the low emission rate of whistles by Inia, so chances of misidentification are low. Thus, sounds of both genera can be used to distinguish them from one another during passive acoustic monitoring and serve as proxies for species presence in studies of distribution, habitat use, and abundance.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Atitudes e comportamentos de adolescentes em relação à ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-10) SILVA, Sílvio Éder Dias da
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O behaviorismo radical e a interdisciplinaridade: possibilidade de uma nova síntese?
(2005-12) CHAVES, Evenice Santos; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria
Psychology as science is historically engaged in theoretical disputes resulting from divergent viewpoints concerning the nature of knowledge generated by different epistemological, theoretical and methodological approaches, and by the particular divisions in the subject matter made by the researchers themselves. At the present time, epistemology of the complexity calls attention to the incompleteness, characteristic of scientific knowledge, that in turn affects the conduct of researchers, creating conditions for new dialogues between differing perspectives within and between disciplines. This article proposes a renewal of the dialogue between radical behaviorism and formal critical constructivism that, by emphasizing complementary relationships and opposing polarized thinking which has permeated these disciplines, may result in a new synthesis or new general theory of meaning. A new synthesis between the two approaches would reformulate the understanding of meaning development and the role of the reinforcement in the construction and enhancement of meaning.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O comportamento de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autístico no contexto de educação musical: estudo de caso
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-03) ESPÍRITO SANTO, Lady Anny Araújo do; FREITAS JUNIOR, Aureo Deo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9902320223569217; SILVA, Simone Souza da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9044423720257634
The Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex syndrome, with higher prevalence in males, where the difficulties are manifested before the age of three and focus on three main areas: qualitative deviations in communication, social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Using the context of music education, this study aimed to describe the behavior of two autistic children in the context of music lessons (percussion). For this purpose, was developed the Observation of Protocol Child with Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the Context of Classroom Music (percussion) from the analysis of behaviors emitted by children in the moments before and during class, recorded on audio and video. The categories that make up this protocol include the main features of the frames of TEA, which were expressed during music lessons in moments of interaction with adults and with peers, as well as the answers given by the tasks. The behavior of each child were recorded, according to the categories proposed, noting the frequency with which they occurred. The results indicate that the child A, non-verbal, had a higher frequency to respond functionally to the initiatives of adult interaction, initiate functional interactions with adults and decline repetitive and stereotyped behavior, throughout the classes. Child B, verbal, showed higher frequency to initiate non-adaptative interactions with adults, to respond with non-adaptative answers to adults and maintenance of repetitive and stereotyped behavior in the course of lessons.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento de crianças, acompanhantes e auxiliares de enfermagem durante sessão de punção venosa
(2010-09) LEMOS, Isabela Porpino; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira
This study describes the behavioral repertoire of fourteen children, aged 4-12 years old, with cancer diagnoses, during a venepuncture procedure for chemotherapy, and of their caregivers and nursing assistants. Data collection was accomplished through direct observation with the use of the Observation Scale of Behavior Distress. Three systems of behavior categories were used (for children, caregivers and nursing assistants). There were no significant differences between concurrent and non-concurrent behaviors of preschool and school children. There was greater behavioral variability among caregivers of pre-school children and higher frequency of verbal behaviors directed to school children among nursing assistants. It is discussed the need of psychological preparation for invasive procedures in pediatric oncology.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Compreendendo as diferenças de gênero a partir de interações livres no contexto escolar
(2010-04) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; FIGUEIRA, Renata Almeida; BENTES, Tatiana Frazão; MONTEIRO, Eline Freire; SANTOS, Marina Cunha
Evolutionary Psychology considers that gender differences in play are a result of cultural influences upon pre-dispositions selected in the species. The compatibility of these differences with theoretical prevision was investigated. Seventy three six/seven years old students of private schools were recorded in four 30 minutes sessions. Playful behavior frequency and playmate choice were counted. Later, 21 children were asked about favourite plays and how they classified those plays accordingly to gender patterns. Both sexes participated in similar activities but their interactions were mostly restricted to members of the same sex. It was also observed that there were topographic differences in the way they played, accordingly to sex. The interviews, as shown in the literature, allowed to identify that the speech and the behavior observed were different, with a higher cultural influence upon the speech.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O conceito de ansiedade na análise do comportamento
(2008) COÊLHO, Nilzabeth Leite; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury
The concept of anxiety has been used in Behavior Analysis under the control of different events or relations. In this article, we offer a theoretical and conceptual review of behavior-analytic approaches for anxiety, and of the behavioral relations that are highlighted in the literature. We start with a description of the current usages of the concept of anxiety. We point out that such usages vary from the role assigned to physiological changes, to the definition of respondent and operant relations (verbal and non-verbal) and to the implications for verbal therapy. We, then, discuss such variations as complementary explanations for a complex phenomenon, in which events acquire several functions, through processes of direct and indirect conditioning. Finally, we summarize some defining characteristics of anxiety from a behavior-analytic standpoint, and we argue that, as a clinical disorder, anxiety may be related to self-control.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contribuições da análise do comportamento na avaliação e no tratamento de crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-11-08) ROBERT, Edila Adriene Maia; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a phenomenon studied in many countries. It is characterized by symptoms like inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It happens in infancy but can persist until adult age. This behavioral disorder causes prejudice in the academical, social, and occupational areas. It reduces self-esteem, can lead to delinquency, to the use of drugs and alcohol. It generates stressful familial relationship and it has a high social and financial impact on the family. Its diagnosis is made by using clinical criteria of DSM IV and its treatment combines pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Considering that ADHD is a behavioral disorder related to the development of self-control and also considering that previous studies suggest self-control can be acquired in training conditions, it becomes relevant to make applied research using behavior analytic principles to minimize prejudice and to contribute for a better quality of life of people affected by ADHD. The objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of the use of differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) and of reinforcement delay on the installation and/or increase of self-control behaviors in 9-year-old boy with diagnostic of ADHD and on medication. The participant was submitted to the procedure of self-control training. He performed tasks during which, if his behavior was as previously programmed, he received tokens. At final of every session he traded tokens in for toys. He could choose accumulate more tokens to trade them in later for more valuable toys. The procedure was divided in 7 stages: (1) Interview with a neuropediatric; (2) Analysis of psychological report and convocation; (3) Initial interview with responsibles for child; (4) Visit to the school and interview with teachers; (5) Sessions of direct observation (baseline, habituation to instructions, installation, maintenance, fading and stability evaluation); (6) Follow-up; and (7) Last session. Eighteen sessions of direct observation have been proceeded. These sessions were recorded and their transcriptions were sorted according to categorical system of relevant behaviors to analysis. Results were analyzed through the comparison between interviews, results of standard instruments and classificatory categories extracted from directly observed behaviors. Self-control behaviors were increased and generalization these repertories to others contexts was observed, during sessions and at the childs house, according to description of parents and teacher, and direct observation record of therapist-researcher. It was observed that using DRO schedule with limited hold can help to increase self-control behavior and produce positive generalization of this behavior to new environments in a child with ADHD.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cuidados parentais e trajetórias de desenvolvimento: um estudo observacional de díades mãe-bebê de dois níveis socioeconômicos de Belém, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-02) SILVA, Mariane Sarmento da; GAROTTI, Marilice Fernandes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2218504886013525
This study was based on Heidi Keller’s theoretical framework of Parental Investment Model, which indicates six parental systems – primary care, body contact, body stimulation, face-to-face exchange and narrative envelope – and three interaction mechanisms – attention, contingency and warmth and which are independent of each other and the predominance of one or the other depends on the culture and socioeconomic characteristics. The goals of this work was to characterize the parental investment of dyads mother-baby of lower socioeconomic class (CEB) and middle-class (CEM) of the city of Belém and the conversational style used in verbal emissions by the mothers during verbal interaction with your babies. The participants in the study were 20 mothers (nine of CEB and 11 of CEM). The mean age of mothers of CEB was 24,5, most had the elementary school (77,8%) and secondary (22,2%), complete or not, have monthly income less than mothers of another group and living in outlying areas. The mean age of mothers of CEM was 30,7, most had the undergraduated school (63,3%) and living in central areas. Have been observed and recorded mother-baby interactions in bathing and exchange sessions, at the home of the dyad, for later analysis and transcription of verbal behavior with the Transana 2.41. The results indicated that mothers of CEB gave more emphasis to proximal parental practices during their interactions, but also have submitted distal practices but less frequently. Mothers of CEM gave emphasis to practices echance independence and interdependence.As interaction mechanisms, it was noted that the mothers of both groups were more contingents for positive signals of baby than negatives, characteristic of societies that prioritize the independence and autonomy of the subject; however, showed more warmth to respond to positive signals compared to the tives. In relation to the conversational style, mothers of CEB have used more frequently directive style, and mothers of CEM, used both styles with nearby frequencies These findings indicate a pattern interdependent for CEB and a pattern autonomous-relationade for CEM.that both groups showed parental practices that enhance independence and interdependence presenting a pattern that fosters the development of children’s autonomous–relational selves.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema informatizado de instrução para a formação de conceitos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-03) MARQUES, Leonardo Brandão; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Programmed Education, Teaching Machines and the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) are behavior-biased approachs to education which guided the design of a computer-aided educational software based in choice tasks used to evaluate two instructional conditions: choices among definitions and choices among examples, with naive and experienced students. Tasks were built considering performances as training of intraverbal operants relatated to concepts and allowed to verify the decrease in errors after first block of trials in all four conditions. Performances in all four conditions were similar, naive and experienced students equally benefited of the program. Data indicated transfer of learning to a post-test categorization task. Comparisons between complex questions with multiple choices between examples and definitions must be cautious. Errors concentrated in the first block of questions of each concept indicated that samplecomparison relations transferred to questions presented in the next block. Parametric manipulation in future studies may generate more evidences on variables contributing to better learning of concepts in computer programmed choice tasks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de instruções e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com câncer durante sessão de punção venosa para quimioterapia ambulatorial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-12) DUARTE, Inaê Benchaya; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Recurrent invasive procedures in children’s cancer treatment have appeared to be the moment of greatest suffering for both the patient and the caregiver. During these procedures, as in venipuncture, a great deal of children present reactions characterized as behavioral distress. Behavioral interventions have been developed in order to reduce distress, being possible to have the children’s own caregivers as agents. This study aimed to analyze the effects of instruction and parental training on behaviors observed in caregivers and children diagnosed with cancer during venipuncture procedure in an outpatient clinic. Nine caregivers of children undergoing chemotherapy in a specialized hospital in Belém – PA were selected. For data collection the following questionnaires were used: An interview form, a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBLC), the Child’s and Caregiver’s Behavior Direct Observation Protocol, the Behavioral Assessment Scale, a caregiver orientation manual for venipuncture in children and the Parental Training Protocol. Participants underwent one of three conditions: (1) Routine, (2) Orientation Manual, or (3) Parental Training. Data collection was performed through interviews and four behavior direct observation sessions. The children’s behaviors were classified as concurrent and non-concurrent. The caregivers’ behaviors were classified as positive monitoring, negative monitoring and negligence. The results suggest that, in the Routine Condition, caregivers did not vary their behavior during the sessions, with two participants maintaining a high frequency of negligent behaviors and one participant maintaining a positive monitoring. In the Manual Condition, a change in two caregivers’ behavior was observed as an immediate effect of the manual usage, but not in the long term. In the third Condition, in which the caregivers were submitted to the Parental Training Protocol, an increase in the frequency of positive monitoring was observed in the short and long term. Regarding the children, the results indicated a higher frequency of non-concurrent behaviors, regardless of the condition to which the caregiver was submitted. Most caregivers were classified in the PBI with a permissive parenting style, confirming the literature on caregivers of children with chronic diseases. There have been reports of trained skills generalization to settings outside the hospital. It is concluded that the manual use increased venipuncture knowledge acquisition but not enough for the change and maintenance of behaviors (in long term). On the other side, parental training was effective in changing behavior as well as developing new social skills. The importance of parenting style as a protective factor for children with cancer is discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da exposição crônica ao etanol da adolescência à fase adulta em ratos sobre o processo mnemônico e na densidade celular no hipocampo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-11-30) OLIVEIRA, Maria Cristina Souza Pereira; MAIA, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4835820645258101
The central nervous system is vulnerable to the action of several substances including these are psychoactive substances such as ethyl alcohol or ethanol, which is consumed by mankind for a long time and is associated with a range of medical social problems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the neurobehavioral alterations and tissue from exposure to ethanol from adolescence to adulthood on the hippocampus. For this, 30 Wistar rats were evaluated distributed into control and ethanol, which upon reaching 35 days of age (adolescence) received by gavage ethanol at a dose of 6.5 g/Kg/day for 90 days (adulthood ). After this period, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests of open field, social recognition and avoidance for evaluation and subsequently perfused tissue through histological processing by violet cresila. Were collected and processed sections of 50 μm, the samples were subjected to staining violet cresila. The results demonstrate a deficit in the parameters measured in the behavioral assays such as impairment in natural ambulation of the animal, the percentage of the number of quarters and time in the central core area which suggests anxiogenic-like behavior, increase in exploratory activity surveying related to animal. Observed impairment in the development of mnemonic processes with reduced memory retention of short and long term as well as in social recognition. Regarding the treatment histologically observed decrease in cell density in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. These results indicate that chronic exposure to ethanol from adolescence to adulthood disrupts behavioral aspects related to the limbic system, the hippocampus where it entered.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de histórias experimentais e de esquemas de reforço sobre o seguir regras
(2007) OLIVEIRA, Valdete Leal de; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
In an investigation of variables that may interfere with rule-following, 16 college students were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure, where they had to point, in sequence, to three comparison stimuli. Baseline was referred in Phase 1. In Phase 2, the correct sequence was established by contingencies, and in Phase 3 the discrepant rule to contingencies was presented. The reinforcement schedules in Phases 2 and 3 were manipulated as follows: For Groups 1 and 2, a CRF schedule was used in Phase 2 and also in Phase 3 of Group 1; schedule FR3 was employed in Phase 3 of Group 2. For Groups 3 and 4, the schedules were FR3 in Phase 2, FR3 in Phase 3 of Group 3, and CRF in Phase 3 of Group 4. The history constructed in Phase 2, as well as the schedule in Phase 3, interfered with rule-following.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do tratamento subcrônico com fluoxetina sobre os comportamentos e parâmetros oxidativos de ratos submetidos ao exercício físico exaustivo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-08-25) LEAL, Jerusa de Carvalho; MAIA, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4835820645258101; MONTEIRO, Marta Chagas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6710783324317390
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class, its use may be a therapeutic alternative in reversing or reducing the changes caused by low serotonergic activity. The increase in serotonergic levels can also be induced by regular physical exercise, in that sense, the health benefits and the prevention of diseases that this type of exercise are promoted are already well reported. However, when exercise is practiced exhaustively it may induce increased oxidative stress and changes in emotional behavior in humans and experimental animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic treatment with fluoxetine on the behavior and oxidative parameters in rats submitted to exhaustive physical exercise in forced swimming. Therefore, adult male rats of Wistar strain were divided into sedentary animals and exposed to exhaustive exercise subcronically that were treated with fluoxetine 10 mg / kg / day (NaCl 0.9%) and saline either via i.p. for 7 days. After 30 minutes of intoxication the animals were individually exposed to exhaustive physical exercise for 20 minutes. On the eighth day of the experiment, the open field test (TCA) and the high cross labyrinth (LCE) were performed to evaluate spontaneous locomotion and anxiety - like behavior, respectively. The animals were then authanized and blood, liver and brain were collected for determination of GSH, TEAC, NO, and MDA levels. The results obtained, the animals treated with fluoxetine associated to exhaustive physical exercise showed reduction in the locomotion caused by the emotional stress in the ACT and reduction in the behavior similar to the anxiety in the LCE. Regarding the parameters of oxidative stress, fluoxetine associated with the practice of exhaustive physical exercise, in general, induced oxidative stress in the organism, mainly in the blood and liver of these animals, with reduction of the levels of GSH and TEAC and increase of levels of NO and MDA. On the other hand, in the brain, treatment with fluoxetine showed protective effect on oxidative stress, with reduction in NO and MDA levels and increase in antioxidant factors. On the data, it is concluded that fluoxetine associated with exhaustive exercise has dual effect of activity in relation to neurobehavioral and oxidative balance, reducing movement and increasing the anxiolytic effect, demonstrating antioxidant or pro-oxidant depending on the tissue or organ evaluated.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Elementos paramétricos da agressão em Danio Rerio
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-07-07) MANSUR, Bruno de Matos; GOUVEIA JR, Amauri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1417327467050274
Aggressiveness is a set of behaviors that play a important in the adaptation and survival of individuals. The study and development of behavioral tests with Danio rerio has great relevance for several areas science, providing the scientist with a reliable instrument that monitors behaviors on a simpler scale. The objective of this work is to establish an aggression study model in Danio rerio, in which subjects are exposed to isolation, followed by agonistic interaction and to verify that the outcome of a influence the outcome of subsequent matches. To do so, we developed three experiments: I - To determine the effects of the isolation time on the aggressiveness; II - Determine the effect of the opponent's nature on the pattern of aggression and whether there is continuity in the pattern of winning / losing with various opponents; III - Determine whether there is continuity in the Win / Loss pattern with the same opponent. Our experiments show that the best isolation time to elicit the display aggressive of the fish Danio rerio is the one of 6h; the outcome of fights with new opponents naive is not influenced by the outcome of previous struggles; and the result of fights with the same opponent is entirely influenced by the outcome of the previous matches. The fact that the subject recognizes his opponent as the same opponent of the previous fight seems to be a relevant factor in the establishment and maintenance of the hierarchy, since this does not hold when the subject struggles with a new naive subject. The acknowledgment of the opponent appears to be relevant behavior for the establishment and hierarchy in the group, influencing patterns of aggression.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estratégias de modelagem de Go/No-go e verificação de sua necessidade para ocorrência de simetria em macacos-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-08) BORGES, Rubilene Pinheiro; SOUZA, Carlos Barbosa Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1264063598919201
The learning of bidirectional conditional relations (symmetry) has rarely been demonstrated in non-human. Recently, three studies presented positive data from behavioral repertoires of symmetry in pigeons. These studies indicated some variables as possible determinants of the emergence of symmetry: 1) Intermixed training of arbitrary and identity relations at the same time and with the same set of stimuli, 2) Non-exposition to prior training of any kind of relationship with same stimuli, and 3) The use of the successive conditional discrimination (Go/No-go). This study aimed to determine the need for the use of Go/No-go, using the other variables (intermixed training and no prior exposure), to obtain the emergence of symmetry. This study evaluated in two capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) the learning of arbitrary and identity relations of stimuli presented in the same experimental session and the emergence of symmetry, using two procedures. One subject (M18) was trained in Go/No-go task with mixed arbitrary and identity trials, with the same set of stimuli. The subject went through two Go/No-go training that have not been successful in establishing conditional control. Another subject (M27) was trained in a 0-delayed matching-to-sample task with mixed arbitrary and identity trials, with the same set of stimuli too. This second procedure aimed to determine the need to use the procedure Go/No-go to obtain the emergence of symmetry. Training sessions were composed of eight identity trials (four relations) and eight arbitrary trials (two relations), presented in random sequence. All trials had three choices as comparisons. Subsequently, M27 was submitted to three tests (all of the trials had programmed reinforcement). The intermixed baseline training (identity and arbitrary) occurred in 14 sessions. The first test of symmetry was a session of eight trials for each of the four relations of identity, two arbitrary, and two test trials in a total of 64 trials, and the performance criterion was seven correct trials out of eight for each relation. M27 had 2 errors in a identity relation and reached the criterion for all the others, including those of symmetry. To determine whether there was a consistency of stimulus control, the second test was made in which the choices between the comparisons could no longer be conditional to the model, since was used one single new stimulus as sample at all time in both baseline and test trials. M27 made three errors global. This result may indicate that some kind of unprogrammed stimulus control, developed: as the same two pairs of stimuli alternated in the S- function in all trials, M27 may have learned to reject the two pairs of stimuli independently of the sample presented. In order to verify if indeed there was no control for selection according to the sample, it was ran a test with only two comparisons with the same settings of the first test. M27 made six errors in 32 identity baseline trials, six in 16 arbitrary trials and six in the 16 symmetry trials. The correct responses were therefore above chance level, which partly confirms the hypothesis above and may indicate the presence of a mixed stimulus control between conditional and discriminative stimuli for comparison.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fenômenos emocionais no contexto explicativo do modo causal de seleção por conseqüências
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-08-23) DARWICH, Rosângela Araújo; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
B. F. Skinner gave rise to radical behaviorism, as the philosophy of a science of behavior, and produced experimental and theoretical arguments that grounded that science. The Skinnerian system distinguished itself from Psychology in the first half of the 20th century, by promoting the physical monism and recommending the approach of overt and covert responses in the context of individual-environment relations. The adherence to the causal mode of selection by consequences in the explanation of the behavior, however, can be viewed as controversial in the context of the analysis of emotional phenomena, for these include operant, but also respondent components. Such issue led to a revision of the theoretical foundations of behavior analysis, resulting in the proposal of an interpretative model of emotional phenomena by means of interrelations among respondent and operant processes. Considering that phylogenetical selection explains the establishment of unconditioned respondent relations, it is investigated if the selectionist model explains conditioned respondent relations in emotional phenomena. The approach of elaborations in behavior analysis resulted in the proposal of an interpretative model of emotional phenomena considering the occurrence of inter-relations among respondent and operant processes. The internal coherence of the Skinnerian interpretative system is preserved by means of the basic statement of that, along ontogenesis, historically established relations with the environment explain the occurrence of overt, covert, respondent and operant responses, as well as those with both components. Considering that conceptual clarity tends to be a prerequisite for intervention, this study contrasted the proposed interpretative model to the context of the accomplishment of functional analysis in the literature of behavior analysis. Preliminarily, the model demonstrated to be a useful interpretative tool, since it enables the understanding of different functions of variables, which take part in the behavioral relations of interest, at a contextualized and historical perspective.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fronteiras entre análise do comportamento e fisiologia: Skinner e a temática dos eventos privados
(2000) TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; TEIXEIRA, Eveny da Rocha; MACIEL, Josiane Miranda
This study examines B. F. Skinner´s references to physiology in publications dealing with private events, in order to identify elements for a clearer definition of the relations between behavior analysis and physiology. Skinner´s contributions were analyzed with reference to six thematic categories: a) biological variables as constitutive, albeit non-defining properties of private behavioral phenomena; b) the autonomous nature of the behavioral-analytical approach in the face of biological/physiological facts; c) limits of behavior control by internal/physiological events; d) private behavior as behavior of the organism as a whole; e) a distinction between privileged access and privileged knowledge; f) retention of the behavioral analytical approach in applied behavior analysis. Skinner´s propositions concerning the described categories are discussed as original in defining the field of a science of behavior and capable of providing a coherent guide for establishing clear-cut limits between behavior analysis and physiology as independent and complementary disciplines.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inibição de ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) em camundongos infantis saudáveis: consequências sobre o comportamento e o perfil oxidativo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-26) LIMA, Klinsmann Thiago; BASTOS, Gilmara de Nazareth Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2487879058181806
In the central nervous system, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is a constitutive enzyme, expressed by neurons from different brain regions, which acts in the maintenance of neural homeostasis, modulating synaptic plasticity and the generation of new neurons. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs of choice that act to inhibit COX enzymes, with nimesulide (NMS) being a drug of this class. Several studies have demonstrated the role of these enzymes in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, epilepsy, depression and schizophrenia. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of COX- 2 inhibition in healthy infant mice on behavioral and biochemical criteria, using NMS as a pharmacological blockade tool. For this, male Swiss infant mice, aged between 21 and 34 days, were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: (1) Vehicle, (2) NMS 2.5mg/kg, (3) NMS 5mg/kg and (4) NMS 10mg/kg. Two injections of NMS/Vehicle were administered intraperitoneally daily. Throughout the experiment, the body mass of the animals was recorded daily and they were subjected to behavioral tests: open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark box test (LDBT) and novel object recognition test (NORT). In addition, brain samples were collected for biochemical analyses. The results demonstrated the induction of oxidative stress with increased levels of lipid peroxidation in the cortex and hippocampus, as well as the expression of an anxiogenic behavior, observed in the EPM, possibly potentiated by fear. In the NORT, the animals of the NMS 5mg/kg group showed a deficit in the memory of recognizing new objects, and consequently, in the short-term memory. Thus, our results demonstrated that the in vivo inhibition of COX-2 in infant animals induces an anxious-like behavior possibly potentiated by fear, but does not affect the exploration and locomotion of these animals. Furthermore, COX-2 inhibition induced cortical and hippocampal oxidative stress. Therefore, the inhibition of COX-2 in infantile and non-inflamed animals may compromise cognitive functions such as memory and learning, as well as alter the cerebral oxidative profile.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Leitura e universidade: um estudo de comportamentode leitura em alunos de pedagogia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-01) ALVES, Laura Maria Silva Araújo