Navegando por Assunto "Controle aversivo"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
B. F. Skinner e o uso do controle aversivo: um estudo histórico-conceitual
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-12) MARTINS, Tatiana Evandro Monteiro; MAYER, Paulo César Morales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5360949596306254; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) is frequently cited as having a contrary position on the use of aversive control. However, in certain passages Skinner presents a more flexible opinion about the use of this type of behavioral control. The purpose of the present study was identifying and analyzing the passages where Skinner prescribes or warns about such use. A historical-conceptual study was conducted involving eight Skinner works (Skinner 1938/1991, 1948/1975, 1953/1989, 1968/1972, 1969/1980, 1971, 1974/2006, 1989), analyzed according to the following categories: 1) the definition of aversive control and concepts involved; 2) the positive aspects of aversive control and prescribing; and 3) the negative aspects of aversive control and prohibitions. It wasn’t possible to find a specific definition of aversive control and it was observed that at certain moments Skinner justifies the use of aversive control, but does not prescribe it in general.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Discriminação com três tipos de contingências supressivas: extinção, punição e extinção + punição
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) FARIAS, Danielle Chaves de; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
In studies on stimulus control is predominantly used reinforcement in SD and Extinction in SΔ to establish a simple discrimination. Few studies used Punishment in SΔ to establish such a differential responding, however, most of those produced faster learning than traditionally achieved with extinction only. When this type of procedure was used, in general, the electric shock was used as punishment. Carvalho Neto and Cols. have experimented a hot air blast (HAB) as an aversive alternative stimulus and so far successed in suppressive contexts (contingent and non contingent presentation) and negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance). Carvalho Neto and Farias (2006) and Carvalho Neto and Costa (2008) tested the HAB as suppressor in SΔ seeking to produce a light/dark discrimination and punitive contingencies in these studies were more effective than the traditional. However, some methodological problems were identified in these studies that limited their conclusions. This study sought to control some of these variables, in particular, the passage of fixed time and type of scheme in place. Six male rats were divided into three conditions: Extinction, Punishment and Extinction+Punishment. An operant conditioning box adapted to HAB was used. The procedure for the three conditions was the same, except for the sessions of Discrimination Training (reinforcement in SD for all conditions and during SΔ: Extinction for the extinction condition, Punishment for the Punishment condition and Punishment+Extinction for Punishment+Extinction condition). The subjects of the conditionsin wich the punishment was used showed a discriminated responding while the subjects assigned to Extinction condition failed to produce this responding pointing that the use of aversive control was more efficient that the traditional procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da punição sobre respostas mantidas em diferentes sistemas econômicos (aberto e fechado) em Rattus norvegicus
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-08) RODRIGUES, Bernardo Dutra; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The behaviors economics systems are defined as different relationships between consumption and the way the organism gets. There are typically two types of economic systems: a closed economy, where the subject’s daily food ration only could be acquired in the experimental session, and the open economy in which, the subject receive a complementary food after the session. This study aimed to investigate the effects of punishment on positive responses under different economic systems. Were performed two experiments. In Experiment 1 two Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, males, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided between the two economies: A1 (open) and F1 (closed). The aversive stimulus was a Hot air blast (HAB) for 5 seconds and contingent for each pressure response to the bar (RPB). Each subject went through the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in CRF, Punishment and Reconditioning. In Experiment 2 were used four Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, male, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided into two pairs: FAF (Closed / Open / Closed) and AFA (Open / Closed / Open). The aversive stimulus was a shock of 1.3mA for five seconds and contingent for each RPB. During the experiment, both passed by the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in FR10, Punishment (in one economy), Reconditioning, Punishment (in an economy different from above), another Reconditioning, finally, a session Punishment the initial economy. Data from two experiments showed an average suppression in responding during the phases of punishment compared to the stages of Conditioning/Reconditioning, in both economies and in all subjects: 48.7% (F1), 96.6% (A1 ), 99.9%, 99.9% and 89.8% (FAF1), 93.2%, 99.4% and 84.8% (FAF2), 99.8%, 83.6% and 95% (AFA1), 92.3%, 90.9% and 91.6% (AFA2). These results demonstrate that both the shock and the JAQ functioned as aversive stimuli, but the difference between the two economies was higher in subjects who had answered punished with the JAQ.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O jato de ar quente como estímulo punidor em rattus norvegicus
(2005-12) CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; MAESTRI, Thrissy Collares; TOBIAS, Gracy Kelly da Silva; RIBEIRO, Thalita Coutinho; COUTINHO, Eduarda Cristina Notargiacomo Novaes; MICCIONE, Mariana Morais; OLIVEIRA, Rita de Cássia Valente; FERREIRA, Fabiane Soraia da Silva; FARIAS, Danielle Chaves de; MOREIRA, Daniele
In experimental research on aversive control, electric shock has been predominantly used as a punisher stimulus. The present work describes the use of an apparatus that produces a hot air blast which can be an alternative stimulus to be used in research on aversive contingencies. The punishing function of the hot air blast was evaluated in both continuous (CRF) and intermittent (FR3) schedules and, in both cases, a partial suppression (98,4% and 71,15%, respectively) of the lever press responding was found, after a history of the continuous reinforcement. Suppression was bigger when the punishing stimulus was applied continuously and these data corroborate the data obtained with electric shock, described in the literature. Both the apparatus and the stimulus seemed to be appropriate from a technical and scientific perspective and the apparatus may become an attractive alternative from a financial standpoint.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Reforçamento negativo em microculturas de laboratório
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-05) GUIMARÃES, Thais Maria Monteiro; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The experimental analysis of culture has investigated analogs of ontogenetic behavioral processes at the cultural level as one of its fronts of investigation. The present work had the objective of evaluating the effects of the use of negative reinforcement on interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs) in laboratory microcultures. Two studies were conducted, the first with the goal of analyzing the effects of negative reinforcement in an operant level on the selection of IBCs and their aggregate product (AP) and on the occurrence of task abandonment; the second had the goal of verifying the effects of an analog of negative reinforcement in cultural level on the selection of IBCs+AP and on the occurrence of task abandonment. 39 undergraduate students took part of Study 1 and 41 in Study 2. The task consisted in selecting rows in a 10x10 matrix with numbered rows and columns represented by letters. The operant response was the choice of a row, with points exchangeable for money as reinforcers. The target IBC+AP consisted of different colored rows chosen by all three participants, with the first participant´s choice being different from the one he/she chose in the previous cycle. School items were used as cultural consequences (CC). Each 20 cycles indicated a generation change (entrance of a new participant). After 15 cycles of a generation (20 cycle period) asked the oldest participant if he/she wanted to abandon the task. If affirmative, he/she was allowed to leave, leaving two participants until a new generation began. Each studied used two microcultures: Microculture 1 (MC1) and Microculture 2 (MC2). In Study 1, MC1 was exposed to the following experimental conditions: SR+I/SR-I/SR+II/SR-II; and MC2 to the following: SR-I/SR+I/SR-II/SR+II. SR+ condition consisted of positive reinforcement and SR- of negative reinforcement, both at an operant level. In Study 2 the design was CC+I/CC-I/CC+II/CC-II for MC1 and CCI/CC+I/CC-II/CC+II for MC2. CC+ was a cultural analog of positive reinforcement and CC- of negative reinforcement. In Sutdy 1 the use of negative reinforcement in and operant level apparently did not affect the selection of IBCs+AP and task abandonment did not seem to occur due to the programmed contingencies. In Study 2 negative reinforcing cultural consequences seemed to select the IBCs and there were few abandonment, independently of the experimental condition, suggesting control by variables not programmed. Changes in procedures are suggested for better control of the variables.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Supressão condicionada com diferentes estímulos aversivos: choque elétrico e jato de ar quente
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-07-23) NASCIMENTO, Gabriela Souza do; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
A neutral stimulus, once paired to an aversive unconditional stimulus, acquires aversive function of (conditional) and, indirectly, is also able to suppress operant response. This phenomenon was called of "conditioned suppression" and is connected to certain emotional states such as anxiety. The literature shows that, in general, aversive unconditional stimulus used is limited to electric shock: few alternative aversive stimuli tested have been proven effective. However, independently of shock when an aversive unconditional there are other variables that can directly influence the appearance of the phenomenon. In the present study, we examined and compared the production of conditioned suppression with two different aversive stimuli: hot air puff (HAP) and electric shock. Four albino rats were used (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar). The apparatus was two rodent operant conditioning chambers, one for the electric shock and another for a HAP. The subjects were divided into pairs and exposed to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with different aversive stimuli: sound + HAP (J1 and J2 Subject) and sound + electric shock (C1 and C2 Subject). The main results indicated that: when aversive stimulus was electric shock, the suppression was total (suppression ratio equals to 0.0) after 2(C1) or 3(C2) pairings. When aversive stimulus was HAP, the suppression was partial, and were necessary 8 (J1) and 7 (J2) parings to produce suppression ratio equals to 0.5, for one subject, and 0.2 to another. The analysis of other responses showed that on average there was an increase of 83.3% (J1) and 275% (J2) on the frequency of exploratory responses during the presentation of sound, in sessions of pairing with HAP, compared with the presentation of sound in the sessions of habituation, whereas for the subjects exposed to the shock was paired with a deletion of 44.2% (C1) and 57.1% (C2) in such responses. These data show that the suppression caused by the pairing of sound + shock to affect other classes of responses, different from the sound paired with HAP. The suppression produced by HAP seems to have been a result of the increase the in the frequency of exploratory responses. It is possible that the parameter intensity of HAP used in this experiment, was responsible for results. Future researchs are suggested to elucidate this aspect.