Navegando por Assunto "Cost"

Agora exibindo 1 - 7 de 7

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise das causas de aditivos de custo e de prazo em obras públicas de instituições federais de ensino
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-03-19) ALVARENGA, Felipe Campos; MAUÉS, Luiz Maurício Furtado; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7497951647889934
Completing works within the cost and schedule stipulated in the planning phase is a major problem faced by managers in the construction industry. With this, several studies have been carried out around the world to identify the main reasons that lead to noncompliance with the works at the time and cost initially established. The present study aims to analyze the contractual additions made in public works of the Federal Institutions of Education (IFEs) and the main reasons that led to their conclusion. To achieve this goal, statistical tools were used to compare the cost and time changes between the country regions. The data of this work includes public construction projects divided in all the 5 regions of the Country, filtered from the database of the Ministry of Education. A diagnosis was made showing the percentage of additives among the regions and the main justifications of the same ones indicated in a sampling in this database. Statistical techniques such as the Kruskall-Wallis Analysis of Variance and the Mann-Whitney U-Test were used for data analysis and inference. As results, the differences in the distribution of time and cost additives were statistically significant among the regions, with the South and Central-West regions presenting the greatest differences and the North, Northeast and Southeast regions with a statistically similar behavior among them. Of the 2178 projects collected, 69.05% had additives of term and 61.89% of cost. The main factors that affect time and cost of the projects were the inclusions and / or modifications of design and the additions of services. The ways to reduce the incidence of overruns point to the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology, lean construction and greater experience in the management of works.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise econômica de sistema de abastecimento de água público fechado: estudo de caso da Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto - Belém (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-05-18) SILVA, Adnilson Igor Martins da; DUARTE, André Augusto Azevedo Montenegro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1135221873341973
The water supply is of paramount importance not only for human survival, but also for the development of economic activities and institutional, that is, to organic life / biotic and social life. Regarding the availability of this feature Brazil is a country with huge potential reserves to meet this end. The City University Professor José da Silveira Netto, the UFPA campus, currently produces its water, with funding through an underground aquifer, and in small quantities, also purchased from Local Dealership. However, in relation to production at the Federal University of Pará there is no knowledge about the maintenance costs of the production line, the hand labor involved, etc.. The lack of such knowledge does not allow the manager to act strategically with respect to this situation. This work aims to raise the direct and indirect costs of production of 1m³ of water treated at the City University Professor José da Silveira Netto, comparing it with the amounts charged by the Concessionaire site in order to show the manager what the most advantageous to the Administration with relation to the matter being addressed. Furthermore, future scenarios have been created in order that the activity is dynamic and growing university, beyond what was incorporated as conditions of energy cost and value of grants for water use, not yet integrated into the current cost of production. The results clearly demonstrate that the option of producing drinking water is the most economically advantageous for the institution, in any proposed scenario. Noting that the cost per m³ of produced water ranges from R$ 0,31 to R$ 0,45, while the purchase through the Local Dealership, around R$ 4,30 / m³ for the year 2011, only show viable if that price is a maximum of R$ 0,50 / m³. With this information and analyzes adequately presented clearly and technically considered, this work may be used as a management tool that will permit the public better or more adequate system of water supply in the City University Professor José da Silveira Netto.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do consumo e da despesa de energia elétrica no estudo de concepção de sistema de abastecimento de água
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-25) FERREIRA, Jorge Fernando Hungria; OLIVEIRA, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1324105476558186; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
The definition of the Water Supply Systems (WSS) design is an important stage in the municipalities planning, since it has a direct impact in the implementation, operation and maintenance costs, and, as a consequence, in the economic sustainability of water supply companies. Thus, in the present research were studied alternatives of WSS design to the urban area Castanhal, considering the values of electricity energy consumption and operational cost in the period 2017-2037. The research was divided in three stages, being in the first characterized the Castanhal WSS (that uses underground water). After that, two alternatives of WSS design with raw water abstraction were analyzed and dimensioned. In the third stage, simulation was performed in the EPANET 2.0 Software to compare the consumption and cost of electric energy in the operational routines of WSS design alternatives. In the research, 14 WSS’s were identified in the Castanhal urban area, with capture in 46 shallow wells and 13 deep wells and with water treatment and reservation problems, attending only 28.36% of the urban population and 47.86% of loss index in distribution water. The WSS design alternatives were with superficial abstraction of raw water, one from Guamá river and another from Inhangapi river; with treatment and distribution of 64,293 m³/d to attend 270,935 inhabitants in 2037; and with operational routine to minimize pumping at peak time. After the dimensioning of WSS units and the simulations in the EPANET 2.0 software, 21,600,000 data were systematized, being 10,972,800 of water flow, 9,676,800 of manometric height and 950,400 of water level. With the results of the 2017 simulation, it was verified that the CE and DE values of the Guamá WSSs (0.53 kWh/m³ and 0.29 R$/m³) and Inhangapi (0.48 kWh/m³ and 0.26 R$/m³) were lower than the Actual WSS values (0.83 kWh/m³ and 0.35 R$/m³). In the results of the 2037 simulations of electricity consumption and cost, the best hydroenergetic performance of Inhangapi WSS (988,280 kWh/month and R$ 2.816.629,91/month) was verified in comparison with Guamá WSS (1,108,260 kWh/month and R$ 3.144.285,08/month), consuming at peak time 0.91% (10,112 kWh/month) in Guamá WSS and 1.01% (9,959 kWh/month) in Inhangapi WSS of total electricity consumption. Considering the present value of the accumulated electric energy cost in the project horizon, Inhangapi WSS (R$ 98.987.348,36) had savings of R$ 10.419.463,93 (9.52%) in relation to Guamá WSS (R$ 109.406.812,29), reason for the Inhangapi WSS to be defined as the best design alternative to universalization of water supply in the urban area of Castanhal in the period from 2017 to 2037.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do custo de construção em função do traçado da rede coletora de esgoto sanitário
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-08-29) FERREIRA, Rômulo Henrique Alvarada; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
One of the main barriers to expansion of sewage system in the country is the high cost of implementation of sewage disposal system, as being directly related to depth. Considering this problem, this paper presents two different studies tracings collection network type absolute tab for the city of Santa Cruz Arari - Marajó - Pará, in order to find the smallest depth and consequently the best cost. First, we designed two stroke sewage disposal system in the area with the highest population concentration is scaled according to existing technical standards. From the quantitative surveys of each stroke, there were budget spreadsheets with the possibility to compare among themselves the best network cost. Although there was little difference in length between the two paths, the item is weighed more than the depth of the network along the stretch of arrival of Sewage Pumping Station, for example, the depth was 4.90m and 4.77 m for the Path 1 and Path to 2, respectively. Soon we had the best total cost was Trace 2, with a total value of R$ 908,329.11 versus R$ 1,021,818.11 in Trace 1, representing a savings of R$ 113,579.00 to the same location. According to the results obtained, it was possible to evaluate the study tracing sewage disposal system becomes important for any location, as in this case study, where the city presents great difficulties of access and reduced costs for system implementation sewage.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O custo de oportunidade do atraso de empreendimentos imobiliários na ótica do empreendedor: estudo de caso em uma construtora de Belém
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-14) TOMÁS, Luciana Mendonça; DUARTE, André Augusto Azevedo Montenegro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1135221873341973
In a real estate project, even if numerous considerations are made to achieve financial, operational, and consequently success, there are many factors that alter planning and that mainly impact the completion of the project, causing measurable losses, such as failure to comply with Budget, and others difficult to measure, such as the breakdown of the company's prestige in the market. The objective of this work is to measure the cost of the delay of the works to the one who undertakes, based on what economic science characterizes and denominates the opportunity cost, which, applied in this work, will have as a metric the sum of five components/costs: 1) maintenance of the construction site; 2) maintenance of head office; 3) readjustment of the value of the supplys; 4) delayed receipt of funds related to the value of property financing amount; and 5) the detrimental of the company's image, some of which are not measured or even perceived by the entrepreneur, who could avoid them or minimize them if their works are delivered within the scheduled deadlines. Data were collected from thirty (30) works of a large construction company in the city of Belém-PA, which identified a modal delay of almost 22 months. The opportunity cost of the delay in the present study reached a total value of R$ 20,732,963.98, or a basic unit cost of opportunity of R$ 44.68/m² of real global area, that is, the delay, In this case study, corresponds to almost 5% of the cost of construction, proving to be an important and significant component, and should be considered when feasibility studies of real estate projects and management/management of works.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O prejuízo no atraso de empreendimentos residenciais na ótica do comprador: por uma definição do custo de oportunidade na engenharia civil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-07-16) FRANÇA, Alexandra Algélia da Silva; NEVES, Renato Martins das; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6538317425557058; DUARTE, André Augusto Azevedo Montenegro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1135221873341973
The wish and need of possess a fix dwelling are recurrent on Brazilian families. That require a planning with sacrifices for the family's, the same that should be seriously impacted by the recurring delays on delivery of housing units. The objective is measure monetarily the prejudice or damages adopting opportunity cost to value measure. Two parameters were considered, divided into 3 factors: The first parameter consists of two factors: 1) a physical disease due to the sum of frustrations(psychological disease) named effectiveness cost, 2)The living cost on overtime of property delivery contract to the client wich in theory will have to support two residencies. The second parameter correspond to legal costs that covers the cost of court proceedings and attorney fee cost. Three scenarios were built. : 1°) there is no psychological harm, or will not be considered, there being no cost effectiveness, 2°) damage restricted to one family member and 3 °) psychological damage throughout all the family. In a case study involving a single major construction company, conducted in another well-established research, found that the delay is on average 55.4 months. Being science fragmented in several areas of knowledge, which often do not interact with each other, multidisciplinarity was essential to achieve the proposed objective. It can be concluded that the opportunity cost ranges from R $ 76,371.69 to R $ 383,661.37 in absolute values, ranging from 16.30% to 70.16% of the apartments market value, depending on the scenario.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Redução do custo de pasta de solda no processo de tecnologia de montagem superficial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-06-07) CAMARGO, Marco Antonio de Almeida; BRAGA, Eduardo de Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4783553888547500; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-7592
The Surface Mounting Technology (SMT) industries have overcome many challenges over the past few years with regard to their position in relation to environmental issues and cost reduction. New standards for the control and elimination of substances considered harmful to the environment have been edited, causing several industrial sectors to review projects and specifications in order to adapt to these new standards. One of the concerns lies in the fact that the welding procedures for electronic components incorporate lead, which poses risks to operators involved in the production processes, as well as a high value in the cost of solder paste. The most common alloy is lead free, it is a tin-based alloy, which replaces lead with 3.9% silver and 0.6% copper. The alloy is known as (SAC) Sn3,9Ag0,6Cu. The material is applied to the process used in the manufacture of about 70% of the computer boards currently produced. For processes that use higher temperatures, there are two other alloys: Sn0.7Cu, a tin alloy with 0.7% copper, and SN3.5Ag, which has 3.5% silver. The need to migrate welding processes to this new type of technology requires companies to adopt a strategy of change appropriate to the maintenance of current processes and their gradual replacement by lead-free welding processes and their implications for costs. The main objective of this dissertation is to present the development of the solder process in local paste in order to reduce production costs, maintaining the quality and reliability of thex product, especially the main plates of televisions. This study, in addition to presenting a bibliographic review involving the SMT process, will explore the concepts about the types of solder pastes so that the reader can have a better understanding of what will be proposed as well as, the description of the case study in a factory in the Manaus Industrial Pole (PIM). The results show that the local industry seeks in a planned and consistent way to process innovations and process cost reduction. The cost reduction mainly includes the reduction in the cost of raw material, the main competitive advantage of Chinese companies, usually 30% cheaper than that of competitors (despite the inferior quality). It is concluded that it is possible to evidence the significant reduction in the costs of solder paste in the process of surface assembly technology (SMT) with its manufacture made locally.