Navegando por Assunto "Desmatamento"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A vida dirige o rio: cem anos de ocupação cabocla e extrativismo madeireiro no Alto Capim
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-02-17) MEDINA, Gabriel; SHANLEY, Patrícia
In the Brazilian Amazon, the increasing rate of deforestation has prompted the international research community to look for solutions that reconcile conservation and development. Since the late 1980s, researchers throughout the world have explored the role that extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) could have to the well-being of forest dwellers as well as to the environment. This thesis explores the role that NTFPs play in the lives of rural communities in a dynamically changing timber frontier region along the Capim River in the eastern Amazonian state of Pará. As the timber industry advances throughout the Amazon basin, communities located along logging frontiers are increasingly approached to sell the rights to their timber. Such communities consider several aspects to assess the value of forest products. Besides socio-economic and ecological values (real value), there is relative value, which strongly influence the way resources are used. This relative value is based on representations regarding the importance of forest products and on the context in which these representations are formed. To explore this theme, the thesis begins with a historical reconstruction of a caboclo community focusing on forest resource use and dynamics during the last hundred years. For the households within the study communities, timber always represented a natural heritage that could be spent over time. It was the principal product with market value and, during initial timber sales, extraction did not significantly reduce access to other forest products. Therefore, timber resources represented an inheritance with exchange value and little conflicting use. Four socioeconomic factors were identified which influenced communities to sell timber despite the losses in NTFPs that they began to experience over time: 1) paternalistic relationships among buyers and caboclos; 2) difficulties in common property resource management; 3) quick cash gained from timber sales guaranteed access to market products and; 4) expanding market involvement required increased cash to meet increasing needs. To understand the value which communities grant to forest products in their decision-making it is fundamental to identify the real alternatives that NTFPs represent to households and to compare this with other land use options.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Amazônia ameaçada: análise do discurso jornalístico nos portais de notícias O Liberal.com – PA e A Crítica – AM sobre desmatamento e queimadas no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-26) MANGAS, Laiza Monik de Oliveira; COSTA, Luciana Miranda
The year 2020 was marked by the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in deforestation and fires in Brazilian Amazon. Data from Inpe (2020) recorded 10,312, 88 km2 of consolidated deforestation in the region, in addition to 103,161 outbreaks of fires during that year. Months of August and September were the ones with the highest rate of fires and the states of Pará, Mato Grosso and Amazonas accounted for 70% of deforestation. Meanwhile, "the herd passed" [a figure of speech refering to Ricardo Salles speech] with the approval of 593 acts by the federal government related to changes in rules on environmental protection in Brazil (OBSERVATÓRIO DO CLIMA, 2021). Amid the health, political and environmental crisis, journalism played an important role in providing information to population (CASERO-RIPOLLÉS, 2020). In this context, this research analyzes how was the coverage on deforestation and burning in two of the main news portals of the North region of the country: “O Liberal.com – PA” and “A Crítica – AM”, during the month of September 2020, considering the pandemic period and its adversities. The main theoretical and methodological framework chosen was the Critical Discourse Analysis - CDA (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). Through the analysis of the newspapers it can be concluded that Jair Bolsonaro government, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, managed to occupy a privileged space in the publications, with a speech aimed at alleviating the problems in the Amazon and widely reproduced by the two newspapers without significant counterpoints. Justifications that attributed deforestation and burning to the climate itself in Amazon and to agricultural activities traditionally carried out by rural, indigenous and quilombola communities were used. In addition, the credibility of scientific data on the subject disclosed by institutions such as the National Institute for Space Research - INPE was questioned.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Amazônia ameaçada: análise do discurso jornalístico nos portais de notícias O Liberal.com – PA e A Crítica – AM sobre desmatamento e queimadas no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-26) MANGAS, Laiza Monik de Oliveira; COSTA, Luciana Miranda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1310961057480638; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3843-4499
The year 2020 was marked by the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in deforestation and fires in Brazilian Amazon. Data from Inpe (2020) recorded 10,312, 88 km² of consolidated deforestation in the region, in addition to 103,161 outbreaks of fires during that year. Months of August and September were the ones with the highest rate of fires and the states of Pará, Mato Grosso and Amazonas accounted for 70% of deforestation. Meanwhile, "the herd passed" [a figure of speech refering to Ricardo Salles speech] with the approval of 593 acts by the federal government related to changes in rules on environmental protection in Brazil (OBSERVATÓRIO DO CLIMA, 2021). Amid the health, political and environmental crisis, journalism played an important role in providing information to population (CASERORIPOLLÉS, 2020). In this context, this research analyzes how was the coverage on deforestation and burning in two of the main news portals of the North region of the country: “O Liberal.com – PA” and “A Crítica – AM”, during the month of September 2020, considering the pandemic period and its adversities. The main theoretical and methodological framework chosen was the Critical Discourse Analysis - CDA (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). Through the analysis of the newspapers it can be concluded that Jair Bolsonaro government, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, managed to occupy a privileged space in the publications, with a speech aimed at alleviating the problems in the Amazon and widely reproduced by the two newspapers without significant counterpoints. Justifications that attributed deforestation and burning to the climate itself in Amazon and to agricultural activities traditionally carried out by rural, indigenous and quilombola communities were used. In addition, the credibility of scientific data on the subject disclosed by institutions such as the National Institute for Space Research - INPE was questioned.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da área desmatada municipal na Amazônia brasileira no período 2000-2004: uma abordagem com modelos não lineares
(2010-09) OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, José Nilo de; DINIZ, Marcelo Bentes; FERREIRA, Roberto Tatiwa; CASTELAR, Luiz Ivan de Melo; DINIZ, Márcia Jucá Teixeira
There is a great amount of asymmetry in the distribution of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon, particularly in the states of Mato Grosso, Pará and Rondônia, what it would be, in principle, associate with certain common characteristics of their productive activities such as cattle, timber cutting and, more recently, the expansion in the production of grains. However, it can be inquired if municipalities with similar economic characteristics can be grouped as clubs with respect to deforestation. The goal of this article was to test the club convergence hypothesis of deforested areas in the cities of the Legal Amazon in the period of 2000 to 2004. In order to reach the objectives considered, a threshold model based in Hansen (2000) was used. The empirical results corroborate the hypothesis, with respect to formation of four clubs of convergence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da cobertura do solo usando NDVI, na região da hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, estado do Pará - Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019) CARRARO, Fábia Gabriela Pflugrath; FÜLBER, Heleno; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5018616409948511
The present work aims to analyze the ground cover, of the Belo Monte Dam complex region using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), calculated from TM / Landsat 5 and OLI / Landsat 8 images from 2008 to 2018. The use of images over the 10-year period can continuously identify trends in the pixels due to the change in land use. The mapping consisted of a polygon (buffer) on each side of the Xingu River, the images obtained during the dry period, in the Imaging Division of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The scenes were processed and the thematic maps generated in ArcGIS® 10.2.2. and the NDVI tool was applied for the mapping of areas and then a grid was generated with the processed values, than the creation of thematic classes based on intervals of index values, for the generation of thematic images, with associated defined value intervals to a color scale. The reduction in NDVI values in the years 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017 shows the direct influence of the decrease in vegetation due to deforestation. It is checked that during the time series, that from 2013 to 2016 there was a constancy in the NDVI values, indicating that in those years there were no major losses of plant biomass. Thus, the application of the index shows an efficiency when analyzing the behavior of the vegetation made it possible to verify a huge loss of plant biomass and increase of exposed soil due to the implantation of the Belo Monte Dam.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica das áreas de manguezal no litoral Norte do Brasil a partir de dados multisensores e hidrossedimentológicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-16) NASCIMENTO JUNIOR, Wilson da Rocha; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The objective of this research is to analyze the dynamics of the mangrove areas in the north coast of Brazil from images of remote orbital sensors and hydrosedimentological data (flow and suspened sediment concentration). We tried to understand the existence of causality between the expansion or retraction of the mangroves with the suspened solid discharge calculated from the data of flow and suspened sediment concentration. The mangroves were mapped, using the object oriented classification technique, in the years 1975, 1996 and 2008 based on data from microwave sensors (RADAM / GEMS, JERS-1, ALOS / PALSAR). The data of fluviometric stations and sediments of the National Water Agency were used to calculate the solid discharge in suspension in the rivers Araguari, Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú and Mearim seeking to relate the addition and erosion in the areas of mangrove with the sedimentary load of the rivers that drain On the coast. The flow variations reflect the precipitation in the sub-basins of the analyzed rivers and presented a strong and moderate correlation with the temperature anomalies on the surface of the Pacific Ocean evidencing a relation of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena with the precipitation regimes in the Amazon. The variations of suspended sediment concentration were not related to the fluviometric variation suggesting that the annual mean oscillations are reflections of other phenomena (coverage and land use). The results show that the drainage areas of the sub-basins most impacted by the anthropic action contribute with a higher sediment load to rivers that have a higher concentration of native forest. Native vegetation contributes to containment of soil erosion and exposed soil and pasture areas are more vulnerable to soil erosion. The Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú and Mearim Rivers presented solid suspended load higher than or equal to the Araguari River. Analyzing the mangroves in the estuaries we noticed the addition of mangroves along the estuaries of the Gurupi and Mearim rivers (Baia de São Marcos) and the reduction of mangrove areas in the Araguari estuary. The Amazon coastal zone is subject to natural processes of great magnitude, but atrophic activities influence the natural dynamics of the region by implementing unsustainable economic practices.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise das forças indutoras do desmatamento no estado do Amapá
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-06-24) LESS, Felipe Ramon; FLORES, Maria do Socorro Almeida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8875436559577793; SZLAFSZTEIN, Claudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555
Historically the state of Amapá has low rates of deforestation, due to this fact, there are few studies related to the subject. The state is in the initial stage of forest transition process, but it has the same conditions of other Amazonian regions that suffer from the border cycle. Under this approach, this study aimed to analyze the forest transition process in the state of Amapá, identifying the main inducing factors that led and that can lead land use changes and the main government measures have developed to prevent deforestation through the valuation and payment for environmental services. The research methodology involved three steps, the first step aimed to analyze the scenario of deforestation through extensive research in official monitoring bodies (INPE and SEMA/AP), consulting documents provided to the State and previous studies. Later, in a second step was identified the induction factors to deforestation, from a correlation analysis was possible to obtain the degree of influence of each factor in deforestation rates issued by the PRODES project. At this stage, it was also performed statistical analysis of TerraClass project data with the aim of mapping the land use changes. The third stage aimed to identify the main existing legal provisions in the state of Amapá to be integrated into a policy of incentives and increase the provision of environmental services based on the REDD + mechanism. It was observed that deforestation rates in the state of Amapá has further declined in recent years due to factors such as command and control policies and may also be associated with the appreciation of the Acai - Euterpe oleracea after the verticalization of the production chain. The state has a small clearings profile caused mostly by family agriculture, low herd relationship and deforested area, and a large index of abandoned areas, indicating that agricultural production incentive policies may be practiced without the need for further cleared areas. Based on the results and experiences observed in other places, it is clear that the State has a key role in the containment of deforestation inducing the development of productive chains coupled with the implementation of a REDD + Jurisdictional system.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise do desflorestamento nos municípios do estado do Pará entre os anos de 2000 a 2009 e a importância das áreas protegidas na contenção do desflorestamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-10-26) MONTEIRO, Elivelton Ferreira; FERREIRA, Leandro Valle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8103998556619871
This work aims to demonstrate the process of deforestation in the municipalities of Pará state and the importance of protected areas and indigenous territories in curbing the same. The study area constitutes the state of Para, which has an area of 1,247,690 km², and its 143 municipalities. Data were collected at INPE Monitoring Project in the Brazilian Amazon Forest by Satellite - PRODES. The processing and analysis of vector data was performed using ArcView 3.3 software. Deforestation accumulated by the year 2009, the state of Pará is about 19.6%. Since the remaining forest cover is about 65%. Deforestation in Pará presents itself differently among the twelve regions of integration, deforestation is concentrated mainly in northeastern and southeastern regions of the state, and also along major highways. The proportion of deforestation is varied between the municipalities of Pará Of the 143 municipalities, 31 are between 0 and 15.5% of their lands deforested, represents 21.7% of the total, 16 municipalities (11, 2%) are entre15, 5% and 35.5%, 32 municipalities (22.4%) are between 35.5% and 55.5%, 24 municipalities (11.9%) are between 55.5 and 75, 5% and 40 municipalities are between 75.5% and 95.5% of deforestation their territories, representing 28%. Of the 143 municipalities, 24 are between 0 and 15.5% of their lands deforested, represents 16.8% of the total, 22 municipalities (15.4%) are entre15, 5% and 35.5%, 27 municipalities (18.9%) are between 35.5% and 55.5%, 27 municipalities (18.9%) are between 55.5 and 75.5%, and 43 counties are between 75.5% and 95.5 % of deforested their territories, which represents 30.1%. In the state of Pará today there are 117 protected areas, being a Military Area, occupying 1.7%, 71 Conservation Units (14 Full Protection and Sustainable Use of 57) and 45 indigenous lands, occupying 29.03% and 22 9%, respectively, totaling 53.6% of the total state. The proportion of protected areas varies greatly among municipalities in the state of Pará Of the 143 cities, 16 shows from 55.5% to 93.6% of their territory within protected areas, representing 11.2% of the total, 12 municipalities (8.4%) had between 35.5% to 55.5%, 23 municipalities (16.1%) had between 15.5% - 35.5%, 15 municipalities (10.5%) are between 5, 5% - 16.5%, and the vast majority, 77 municipalities are between 0 and 5.5% of their territory within protected areas, representing 53.8%. There was a significant and negative correlation between the proportion of deforestation and the proportion of protected areas in Pará (r =-0.66). The municipalities that have the highest percentage of protected areas are therefore those with the lowest proportion of deforested their territories. The analysis of deforestation in the inner and outer municipalities of Pará showed the large proportion of vegetation within these areas compared to its exterior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos impactos das diferentes formas de ocupação da superfície sobre as condições meteorológicas na região de Santarém, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-26) SILVA, Benedito Evandro Barros da; GANDU, Adilson Wagner; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8491359374260645
This dissertation aimed to get information concerning the use and occupation of soil in the region of Santarém, in different years in the last decades, to show the effects caused by changes of surface properties on the atmospheric conditions simulated by weather and climate numerical models. The land surfaces are characterized by causing substantial effects on the atmosphere and thus influencing the quality of weather and climate forecasts. On the other hand, deforestation contributes to climate change by eliminating large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These activities also cause effects on public health, agriculture, forest resources, wildlife resources, and water resources. In addition, replacement of natural surface by pasture or agriculture modifies the thermal and radioactive properties of the surface, generating changes in local, regional and global atmospheric conditions. In this paper representative periods of possible climate change in the region were analyzed, identified by treatment and statistical analysis of climatologic data from surface weather stations, as well as time and quantitative evolution of deforestation in the study region with data from Project PRODES (Monitoring of Brazilian Amazon Rainforest by Satellite). The evaluation of the atmospheric effects on changes in land use and occupation was based on IBGE vegetation map, and the inclusion of class "deforestation" analyzed in different periods (1997 and 2009) worked on the software Arc. Gis. 9.2. Data files of surface types compatible with the reading of the BRAMS model were created. The BRAMS model was used to simulate the different effects of land use thematic maps in the local atmosphere. The results indicate a trend of increase in average rainfall and frequency of days with precipitation, decrease in average temperature of maximum and increase in average temperature of minimum over years in the region of Santarém. The study area by the year 1997 registered 19.44% deforestation and by the year 2009 it rose to 25.54%. The simulations with the generated files of land use and occupation in 1997 and 2009 showed little variation for different thematic maps in the variables (temperature, humidity and flows of sensible and latent heat) when considering the average values of the total area simulated. However, when small areas located only on the regions suffering the largest changes are taken into account, there are major influences as deforestation increases.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação de fanets e ca-markov para captura de imagens para o estudo de uso e cobertura da terra em projetos de assentamentos na amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-12-06) SOUZA, Jorge Antonio Moraes de; FRANCÊS, Carlos Renato Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7458287841862567
Projetos de assentamentos de reforma agrária são uma das medidas adotadas pelo governo na tentativa de criar um relacionamento sustentável com a natureza. Como a área de assentamentos cobre mais de 77.483.317,86 hectares da Amazônia Legal, é essencial compreender as causas da degradação ambiental desses espaços. Isto posto, foram utilizados, de forma combinada, cadeias de Markov e autômatos celulares (CA-Markov) para, a partir de duas imagens classificadas, prever cenários de mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra (LULC). Esta tese apresenta uma metodologia inovadora que difere daquelas usualmente utilizadas em CA-Markov, pois os aspectos de tempo e espaço são observados pela cadeia de Markov e servem como base para a função de transição do autômato celular (CA). A metodologia também contempla a aquisição de imagens, nesse sentido, como a região de interesse permanece, em boa parte do ano, com uma cobertura de nuvens significativa, a obtenção de imagens por sensores ópticos, fica prejudicada, por conta disso, foi imperativa a busca por uma alternativa. As Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) podem ser utilizadas para complementar informações da região de estudo, capturando imagens de alta qualidade, sem o inconveniente das nuvens. Por outro lado, os nós da rede precisam manter, pelo maior tempo possível, a conexão entre eles, o que é dificultado pela mobilidade e autonomia de voo dos drones. Por esse motivo, é imprescindível a utilização de um protocolo de roteamento que seja capaz de adaptar-se à dinâmica da rede. Além disso, também foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de roteamento baseado em sistema Fuzzy. Testes e simulações foram realizadas com o intuito de validar tanto a metodologia geral MAPS, quanto o protocolo de roteamento.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da viabilidade da legislação ambiental para o pequeno produtor rural no Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011) CUNHA, Helen Theyla Costa da; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do programa municípios verdes na perspectiva da gestão ambiental e do impacto sobre o controle do desmatamento no Estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-10-24) CASTELO, Thiago Bandeira; SANTOS , Ricardo Bruno Nascimento dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3685339264701382; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439
The State of Pará is the second largest state in the Legal Amazon, with vast biodiversity and large areas of natural forest. These conditions have attracted, over the years, actors interested in exploiting their natural wealth through the opening of areas over the forests with disorderly logging for livestock and agricultural crops, as well as the execution of energy ventures. Thus, as exponentially increasing deforestation rates in the 2000s, government actions prevailed through programs and political projects to combat deforestation. Within the context of the policies, the Programa Municípios Verdes (PMV), which since 2011 has sought to support the environmental management of the municipalities of Pará through punitive and educational measures to farmers, in addition to setting goals for controlling deforestation in the territories covered by the program. Two extremes exist for the municipalities participating in the program. On the one hand, there are the “Embargados” municipalities with high deforestation rates and, consequently, restrictions on trade and agricultural production. On the other hand, there are controlled or monitored “verdes” municipalities that meet PMV goals. Considering deforestation as a phenomenon of strong impact on the environment, the research sought to understand and estimate the impact of the program on deforestation control in green municipalities, thus defining the effectiveness of the policy in achieving its objectives. Understanding if, in fact, the municipalities listed as “verdes” control deforestation in their areas is fundamental for the improvement of the actions of the State of Pará government. Control of deforestation involves adequate environmental management and recovery of forest areas. Thus, we tested empirically through robust assessment techniques and methods, the contribution of environmental management and the impact of PMV on the recovery of forest areas, estimated by the forest preservation index. The research was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) in the promotion of the research grant by the programa de Demanda Social - DS and the Centro Regional da Amazônia (CRA) linked to the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) in assignment of physical structure and technical support in the processing of forest monitoring data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Causas do desmatamento da Amazônia: uma aplicação do teste de causalidade de Granger acerca das principais fontes de desmatamento nos municípios da Amazônia Legal brasileira
(2009) DINIZ, Marcelo Bentes; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, José Nilo de; TROMPIERI NETO, Nicolino; DINIZ, Márcia Jucá Teixeira
Many are the factors indicated by the pertinent literature concerning the causes of deforestation in Brazilian Legal Amazon. From endogenous aspects as the edafo-climatic conditions to aspects related to anthropic action, like the population movements, urban growth, and especially, the independent or induced actions of the different public and private economic agents who have acted in the region, historically configuring the processes of occupation of the land and economic exploitation of the Amazonian region. The objective of this article is to perform a causality test, in the Granger sense, in the main variables suggested as important that explain the deforestation of the Legal Amazon, in the period from 1997 to 2006. The methodology to be used is based on dynamic models for the panel data, developed by Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988) and Arellano-Bond (1991) who developed a causality test based on the seminal article of Granger (1969). Among the main results found is the empirical evidence that there is a bidirectional causality between deforestation and the areas of permanent and temporary cultures, as well as the size of the cattle herd.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cenários de desmatamento para a Amazônia
(2005-08) SOARES FILHO, Britaldo Silveira; NEPSTAD, Daniel Curtis; CURRAN, Lisa; CERQUEIRA, Gustavo Coutinho; GARCIA, Ricardo Alexandrino; RAMOS, Cláudia de Barros e Azevedo; VOLL, Eliane; MCDONALD, Alice; LEFEBVRE, Paul; SCHLESINGER, Peter; MCGRATH, David Gibbs
THE AMAZON is entering an era of rapid changes as new transportation corridors traverse the region, stimulating the expansion of logging and agricultural frontiers. The declining cost of transportation has important implications for biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, and the long-term prosperity of the Amazon society. To analyze this context, we have developed an empirically based, policy-sensitive model of deforestation for the Amazon basin. Model output for the worst-case scenario shows that, by 2050, projected deforestation trends will eliminate 40% of the current 5.4 million km2 of Amazon forests, releasing approximately 32 Pg (109 tons) of carbon to the atmosphere. Results from intermediate-case scenarios indicate that, although an expanded and enforced network of protected areas could avoid as much as one third of projected forest losses, other conservation measures are still required to maintain the functional integrity of Amazon landscapes and watersheds. Current experiments in forest conservation on private properties, markets for ecosystem services, and agro-ecological zoning must be refined and implemented to achieve comprehensive conservation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Classificação de regiões de desmatamento via imagens do satélite landsat no nordeste do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-12-18) CANAVIEIRA, Luena Ossana; COSTA, João Crisóstomo Weyl Albuquerque; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9622051867672434
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contribuição do cadastro ambiental rural na conservação de recursos naturais nos limites de duas bacias hidrográficas amazônicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-06) MONTEIRO, Felipe Freire; VENTURIERI, Adriano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8968863324073508
The conversion from Forest to other kinds of alternative land uses has been occurred rapidly in the Amazon region. This process has been occurred mostly due to the development of the cattle ranching, large scale and familiar agriculture, commercial timber and mining. In this context, objecting to promote the conservation of natural resources, the Brazilian government adopted the system of protected areas, Indian lands and quilombo. And also to promote major environmental protection and conservation of resources, were created tools such as the Cadastro Ambiental Rural – CAR objecting to map and monitoring rural properties to comply with the disposed in the brazilian forestry code, considering mainly the legal reserve and the permanently protected areas. Thereby, this research tried to evaluate the capacity of such legal reserves to ensure the conservation of natural resources, making use of the CAR data and other products of governmental agencies researches. Two Amazon basins were evaluate through principles of landscape ecology with the use of landscape metrics. The results indicate that the two study areas have different characteristics, one having more capacity to maintain the resources and other markedly more fragmented, indicating also different characteristics of rural properties with different importance to the conservation of the natural resources.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Crédito e pecuária bovina leiteira em assentamentos da reforma agrária em Marabá-Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-02-29) PEREIRA, Taynã Zandely da Silva; MARTINS, Paulo Fernando da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3223618156268542
The agrarian changes occurred in the Amazon region after the settlements and programs creation to support family farmers deserve to be addressed, especially the implications they have in the expansion of pastures and increased deforestation on the one hand, and the expectation that these changes may influence farmers to stay in the same area keeping their production systems. This work presents research results of two settlements of Agrarian Reform located in the town of Maraba-Para at different historical contexts. Relationships between rural credits, implantation of pasture and cattle activity were analyzes. It also evaluates the current situation and prospects of farmers who develop this activity remain on their lots. Uses observation in loco, surveys and interweaver and statistical comparisons to compare groups of establishments with and without credit, with or without the sale of milk, and to assess the differences between indicators of deployment pasture and livestock activities to identify which variables best justify the progress of implementation of pastures as well as of production, productivity and the sale of milk. The increase of pastures implantation is more closely linked to size farm and the time elapsed from first implantation of pasture and less of the credit, but milk production is higher when credit is present. The expansion of livestock by establishment of agrarian reform is hampered by the extensive form of development of this activity, which weakens the perspective of farmers remain on their lots with implications with advancement upon new forested areas and the rural exodus.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Dendê na Amazônia: reflexo socioeconômico, crescimento de cidades e dinâmica espacial do desmatamento no polo de produção do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-25) FERREIRA, Susane Cristini Gomes; CARVALHO, André Cutrim; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1089731342748216; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-9424; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon was conceived as a policy to promote biofuels associated with inclusive and sustainable local development, especially in rural areas. Studies involving oil palm plantations in the state of Pará, a producer hub, focus on the rural socio-environmental impacts of the crop, highlighting aspects such as changes in land use and socio-economic implications for family farmers. However, the expressive growth of oil palm in Pará cannot be dissociated from its impact on municipalities and, mainly, cities that develop around this culture. The potential of this export-oriented agricultural system to generate externalities that lead to urban and non-agricultural economic growth, and to cause potential spillovers from deforestation to neighboring municipalities is still little known. In this study, the social consequences, the growth of cities and the spatial dynamics of deforestation in the production pole of the state of Pará were evaluated. Specifically, the objective was: (1) To review and evaluate the main public policies that encouraged the cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon and the socio-environmental effects of these plantations in the northeast of Pará, specifically in the microregion of Tomé-Açu; (2) Assess the spillover effects of oil palm production in the largest Brazilian producing region, focusing on the urban and non-agricultural impact on economic growth, demography and the labor market in the period from 2002 to 2017; and (3) Investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation in the oil palm agribusiness hub through empirical evidence on the importance of neighborhood effects (spatial effect) in the response to deforestation in the state's oil palm producing municipalities in the period between 2003 and 2017. To meet the first objective, this study carried out a documentary analysis for the period 2005 to 2016, in which family farmers were satisfied with the income from the production of oil palm fruits, while there were non-conformities between the original sustainability guidelines and the social inclusion provided for in government programs to encourage oil palm production, which suggests a lack of monitoring and inspection by the State. The second objective was achieved through econometric data analysis on a random effect panel and with structural break analysis. The results showed that the oil palm activity fostered non-agricultural sectors (eg, service sectors), contributing to the formal non-agricultural labor market, generating taxes in the surrounding cities and industrial dynamization, mainly from 2010, coinciding with the period implementation of the incentive policy. The third objective was achieved via spatial lag models. The results showed changes in the variables correlated with deforestation over the period studied. Before the incentive policy (Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program - PPSOP), pasture area was directly correlated and GDP per capita was inversely correlated with deforestation. Oil palm production was not correlated with deforestation. In the year of launch of the PPSOP, the number of inhabitants was strongly correlated with deforestation, probably associated with an increase in immigration rates. In the post-PPSOP period, the value of oil palm production was negatively correlated with deforestation. Therefore, in the period studied, oil palm did not affect deforestation or was associated with its reduction. After the PPSOP, once again, pasture area was positively correlated and GDP per capita was negatively correlated with deforestation. Furthermore, the spatial dynamics of deforestation showed that neighboring municipalities influenced deforestation behavior mainly through two types of classifications: high (High-High) and low (Low-Low) deforestation. The general conclusion of this study was that oil palm has generated economic growth in the surrounding cities, contributing to the reduction of deforestation in the production hub of Pará, but still with difficulties in the mechanisms of social inclusion advocated by the incentive policies. The spatial effect, represented here by the interaction of deforestation rates between neighboring municipalities, proved to be a relevant factor in the investigation of deforestation dynamics in the region. Given the observed intersectorial links and lesser environmental impact on remaining forests, it constitutes a promising economic activity for the region, although with a potential effect on other variables that produce negative externalities. The limitations imposed by the scope of this study keep open the understanding of other dimensions of sustainability pursued by policies to encourage oil palm. Strengthening the sector's competitiveness and permanent monitoring of the direct and indirect socio-environmental impacts of oil palm production could contribute to promoting improvements in the development indicators of the region of production.