Navegando por Assunto "Fertilidade"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos granulométricos, mineralógicos e químicos de sedimentos de praias (Barras em Pontal) do Rio Acre e sua relação com a fertilidade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-10-30) VIANA, Érica Cristina Acácio; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contrastes químicos, mineralógicos e de fertilidade entre solos tipo terra preta arqueológica: sítio da Mata, no limite Oriental da Amazônia, e sítio Porto de Santarém, no Baixo Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-06-18) SILVA, Uibirá Sena; KERN, Dirse Clara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8351785832221386; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
Dark Earth sites are usually found in Amazonian Region. They stand out for their great content of ceramic fragments, urns, and lithic artifacts. Their soils present higher fertility if compared with the neighboring soils. Amazonian Dark Earths origins are related to pre-historic human activity of people who lived in ancient settlements in Amazonian Region for long periods of time. Recent researches reveal that the ceramic fragments from those sites present fertility as high as the soils, and even higher; and for that reason, when the ceramics fragments are exposed to weathering conditions, they could constitute in a potential source of nutrients for the soils that surround them. This study investigated the properties of soils and ceramic fragments from two ABE sites in distinct regions within the Amazon: Sítio da Mata, in São Luís City, Estate of Maranhão, region of forest-savanna transition; and Sítio Porto de Santarém, at the Tapajós River’s outfall, a former rain forest area that is currently intensively urbanized. This research aimed to characterize and compare the material from both sites, and correlate them to de different geomorphologic contexts in which they’re inserted. In the Sítio da Mata was sampled material from the ABE soil profile and from adjacent soil profile, and in Sítio Porto de Santarém, was sampled material only in the ABE soil profile. The samples comprised both soil and ceramic fragments matrices. The material was subjected to particle size analysis (soil samples only), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, total chemical analysis by ICP-MS/OES, and fertility parameters analysis. Phosphorus fractionation was also performed in aim to determine the phosphorus species (P-Ca, P-Fe-Al, and organic P) present in soils and ceramic fragments samples. This study investigated the properties of soils and ceramic fragments from two ABE sites in distinct regions within the Amazon: Sítio da Mata, in São Luís City, Estate of Maranhão, region of forest-savanna transition; and Sítio Porto de Santarém, at the Tapajós River’s outfall, a former rain forest area that is currently intensively urbanized. This research aimed to characterize and compare the material from both sites, and correlate them to de different geomorphologic contexts in which they’re inserted. In the Sítio da Mata was sampled material from the ABE soil profile and from adjacent soil profile, and in Sítio Porto de Santarém, was sampled material only in the ABE soil profile. The samples comprised both soil and ceramic fragments matrices. The material was submitted to particle size analysis (soil samples only), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, total chemical analysis by ICP-MS/OES, and fertility parameters analysis. Phosphorus fractionation was also performed in aim to determine the phosphorus species (P-Ca, P-Fe-Al, and organic P) present in soils and ceramic fragments samples. ABE from both sites showed high contents of the sand fraction, and soil texture varied from silty-loam to loam sand in Sítio da Mata and sandyloam in the entire ABE profile in Sítio Porto de Santarém. Mineralogical composition in both soils showed no significant differences: they consist most of quartz and kaolinite as primary mineral phases, and anatase and muscovite as accessory mineral phases. Chemical analysis reveal that the soils are composed most for SiO2 and Al2O3, confirming the mineralogical results, and Fe2O3 and TiO2 in minor quantities. P2O5, CaO, K2O and MgO are present in amounts below 0,5%, however, they show higher values in the soils from Sítio Porto de Santarém if compared to Sítio da Mata. Among the trace elements analyzed, only V, Cu, Zn, Sr and Ba stand out, and also show higher values in Sítio Porto de Santarém’s soils. Amounts and distribution patterns for Rare Earth Elements (REE), when normalized by condrits, are similar in both sites, showing enrichment of Light REE, strong positive anomaly for Ce, and negative anomaly for Eu. Differences only in the available P, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents, although in relatively low values, suggest different anthropic influence over the pre-ABE soils. ABE soils from Sítio Porto de Santarém show higher fertility given for the higher contents of available P, ranging from 72,9 to 305,7 mg Kg-1, and Ca2+, ranging from 3,52 to 5,16 mg Kg-1, compared to 5,4 to 12,7 mg Kg-1 of P content and 0,96 to 2,31 mg Kg-1 of Ca2+ content in Sítio da Mata’s soils. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), sum of bases, base saturation and soil organic matter (SOM) were also higher in ABE from Sítio Porto de Santarém. Ceramic fragments from both sites are composed by quartz and metakaolinite, and also illite and anatase. Albite and microcline were detected only in ceramic fragments from Sítio Porto de Santarém. Therefore, they are composed mainly by SiO2 and Al2O3, and in smaller amounts, by Fe2O3 and TiO2. At Santarém, however, ceramic fragments contain also high amounts of P2O5, ranging from 3,49% to 5,37%, and the values for CaO, K2O, Na2O, Cu, Zn, Sr and Ba exceed those from Sítio da Mata. The contents and distribution pattern for REE are similar in ceramic fragments from both sites, with enrichment of LREE, positive anomaly for Ce and negative anomalies for Eu and Ho. Therefore, the ceramic fragments from both sites are mineralogicaly distinct, although they’re immersed in a similar soil matrix. The presence of phosphorus is compatible with others ceramic fragments found in different ABE sites. The fertility of ceramic fragments from Sítio Porto de Santarém showed better rates, with slightly higher pH if compared to ceramic fragments from Sítio da Mata, higher amounts of available Ca2+, K+ and mainly available P, besides higher CEC, sum of bases and base saturation, corroborating the higher fertility of the soils from Sítio Porto de Santarém. Phosphorus fractionation shows that in soil matrix from the studied sites, phosphorus is mainly related to organic compounds, while in ceramic fragments matrix, it is mainly related to nonapatite inorganic compounds. Apatite phosphorus is present in small amounts in both soil and ceramic fragments matrices. Therefore, it is likely that phosphorus present in organic material discarded by ancient people, as various kind of bones, among others, when submitted to tropical pedogenesis, were gradually dissolved, releasing phosphorus, which was partially fixed as Fe-Al phosphates, common mineral phases in tropical soils, as well as organic matter, abundant in ABE, respectively representing the nonapatite inorganic phosphorus and the organic phosphorus fractions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Do conceito de fertilidade ao de sustentabilidade
(1999-12) GUERRA, Gutemberg Armando Diniz; MENEZES, Maria de Nazaré Angelo
A partir de uma reflexão sobre o conceito de fertilidade do solo, discute-se neste artigo a adequação dos conceitos aos seus contextos históricos. Tendo-se chegado à uma crítica dos paradigmas agronômicos desde o final da década de 70, verifica-se a utilização corrente dos mesmos conceitos em boa parte da literatura atual. Novas contribuições para a criação de novos métodos e práticas agrícolas adequados aos conhecimentos atuais sobre a relação homem natureza vêm sendo acrescentadas ao estoque de conhecimentos produzidos e referenciados desde aquele período. O discurso ecológico e ambientalista ganha peso e estrutura-se consolidando-se nos diversos aspectos da vida moderna e em particular nas formas de praticar a agricultura. Recorre-se a estudos históricos para refletir o que de fato ocorreu nesta região ao longo do tempo de sua ocupação. Na Amazônia, em particular, o uso do- fogo e a noção generalizada de que os solos são pobres vêm sendo recolocados de forma a poder explicar a vigorosa vegetação e fauna ali existente. Ambientalistas militantes da sociedade civil, tanto quanto pesquisadores vinculados aos órgãos governamentais de pesquisa diminuem o fosso existente anteriormente entre eles no que concerne à uma visão sobre as relações sociedade-natureza.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fecundidade e fertilidade do camarão-da-Amazônia, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) em dois ambientes estuarinos do estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) ROCHA, Cristina Pantoja; MELO, Nuno Filipe Alves Correia de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4989238044542736
The Macrobrachium amazonicum is a freshwater prawn with ample fishing exploration in the Amazon region, virtue of the abundance and good acceptance in the consuming market. The aim of this study was to characterize the fecundity and fertility of M. amazonicum in two estuaries environments in the State of Pará. Of form that was accomplished monthly collections in the period of September 2008 the August 2009, in the city of Vigia and Belém in the Island of Mosqueiro, the females were until the Laboratory of Ecology Aquatic and Tropical Aquaculture - LECAT in the campus of the Agricultural University Federal of the Amazom - UFRA in Belém. For the determination of fecundity 30 females were collected monthly on average ovigerous of each point of collection, the eggs adhered to the pleopods were removed, using sodium hypochlorite as 2 % of active and stored chlorine in alcohol 70%. The individual fecundity was determined from the total counting of eggs. For a determination of the volume of eggs it was selected of each place of collection randomly 50% of the total number of destined females ovigerous the fecundity, following two groups: eggs pigmented and non-pigmented. To determine fertility, ovigerous females of M. amazonicum were stored in individual glass tanks 2L. After hatching, the larvae were siphoned and counted. For all females was measured the weight of each specimen and evaluated their biometrics with the aid of a precision caliper. Females of M. amazonicum coming from the Municipality of Vigia had absolute length between 4.8 and 9.3 cm and weighing between 2.21 and 11.81 g with absolute fecundity between 38 and 5749 eggs (2296 ± 1288 eggs). For females of Belém, from the island of Mosqueiro, the length varied between 3.71 and 8.14 cm, weight between 1.27 and 11.2 g with absolute fecundity ranged from 123 and 7571, mean 1448 ± 990 eggs. The volume of eggs for females obtained in the City Watch, referring to the non-pigmented eggs, had an average volume of 141.37 mm³, whereas for pigmented egg volume was 116.13 mm³. Females from the island of Mosqueiro, with non-pigmented eggs an average volume of 118.97 mm³ pigmented eggs and the average volume was calculated at 144.61 mm³. The analysis of fertility in the females of Vigia had a length between 5.41 and 9.72 cm and weighing between 2.51 and 9.60 g absolute fertility was 14 and 4430 larvae mean 1152 ± 822 larvae per female. The island of Mosqueiro had a length between 3.53 and 7.67 cm and weighing between 1.12 and 8.77 g of absolute fertility between 7 and 4121 and averaged 755 ± 871 larvae per female. The referring values fertility and fecundity for the Vigia and Belém - Island of Mosqueiro indicate that it has proportionality enters the variables of length and weight. Although showing lower fertility and fecundity values presented for breeding other species of commercial interest, the values shown here show that these two places the species meets provide arrays potential for aquaculture.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia, química e avaliação da fertilidade potencial de fragmentos cerâmicos de sítio de terra preta: Caxiuanã, Juruti, Barcarena e Quebrada Tacana.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-06-24) SILVA, Glayce Jholy Souza da; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Small areas with Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) soils stretch across the Amazon region. Among its most striking features stand out the high nutrient content and contain human occupation remains. Ceramic fragments are the most frequently recovered in these soils. The high content of phosphorus in the ADE has long been reported and recent studies show that the fragments also contain them. In order to relate the fertility of the ADE to the abundant presence of ceramic fragments, this work aimed to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition as well as evaluating the fertile character of the fragments and their ability to release nutrients to the soil. For this goal it was selected 44 ceramic fragments collected at four sites: Barcarena, Caxiuanã, Juruti and Tacana at Leticia in Colombia. The mineralogical analysis was performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the determination of antiplásticos and textural aspects of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The composition was determined by ICP-MS via alkaline fusion. The extraction of the nutrients phosphorus, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron and sodium was performed with Mehlich 1. In the desorption tests were used only suspensions containing citric acid (pH 4.5-5.5) in allusion to the presence of humic acids in TPA soils. The fragments contain quartz and metakaolin as common stages and distinguish each other by the presence of talc, calcite and hematite fragments in Raimundo site; chlorite in Quebrada Tacana and Barcarena; cristobalite in Raimundo and Quebrada Tacana. The high content of SiO2 and Al2O3 agree with the dominant mineralogy, quartz and kaolinite; K2O composes the feldspars and micas, especially in Juruti; CaO are in low concentrations, except for Raimundo because of the presence of shells in both fragments and in the soil; whereas P2O5 reached values of 0.9, 2.9 and 4.7% in the fragments of the Raimundo, Quebrada Tacana and Juruti sites, respectively, without finding crystalline mineral phase; in Barcarena is virtually absent. The microcrystalline nature of the metakaolinite plasmic observed under an optical microscope, constitutes the matrix. The amorphous nature is indicated by the high background observed in most diffraction patterns and the classification as metakaolinite as permitted by the high content of SiO2 and Al2O3; together they represent more than 50% of bulk composition. The tempers ranged from according to the origin of the fragments. Cariape is common in the fragments of Raimundo, Quebrada Tacana and Barcarena; cauixi in Juruti’s fragments; coal in Quebrada Tacana, while shells are restricted to fragments of Raimundo. The results for fertility showed that the fragments of Quebrada Tacana and Juruti stand out in the contents of available P reaching 1045 e 2250 mg/dm³, respectively, while very low concentrations of this nutrient were found in Barcarena fragments. With reference to exchangeable K all fragments showed high contents, the largest variations were found for Zn, Mg, Mn, while exchangeable Ca stood out in fragments of the Raimundo site. Tests for desorption prove that the fragments release nutrients, especially phosphorus, found in high contents in samples from the Quebrada Tacana and Juruti, and even nutrients like calcium and magnesium, present in low concentrations also undergo desorption. These results indicate that ceramic vessels were made from basic clayey raw material, common, represented by kaolinite and quartz, in other words clays. The mineralogical variations are reflections of local geology and the different tempers added to the ceramic. The kaolinite present in some fragments is a new-formed product from the changes experienced by the fragment rich in SiO2 and Al2O3. The metakaolinite is a product of burned of raw material (rich in kaolinite). Different tempers added could be related to preference or availability of each people in the region, whose importance for the manufacture of ceramic materials was known. The nutrient contents of the fragments are favorable to agriculture, especially phosphorus (except in Barcarena) and potassium. Moreover, they are able to release them in the presence of an organic acid, which is common product of decomposition of organic matter and is exuded by the roots of some plant species, indicating that the fragment can assume the same behavior in the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Prevalência de patologias no trato genital de machos bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) nos estados do Pará, Amapá e baixo Amazonas, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-08-28) BARBOSA, Elizabeth Machado; RIBEIRO, Haroldo Francisco Lobato; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1614582293203770
Reproductive disorders are associated with problems acquired (stress, inadequate management and infectious origin), and genetic (high consanguinity exists in some herds in Brazil). While showing the degree of the male potential fertility, the breeding soundness examination and, in particular, the functionality test has been little used, particularly in bull selection, though; these same studies mention the semen importance to evaluate the male reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diseases clinically notable, by palpation and inspection, and to characterize the profile of buffalo sperm created in systems production, intensive and extensive. The study was conducted on properties in the Pará State, in the Municipalities of Belém, Ipixuna, Mojú, Nova Timboteua, Paragominas, Santarém Novo and São Caetano de Odivelas, Muaná, Soure, Chaves and Ponta de Pedras. In Amapá State in the Municipalities of Cutias, Itaubal, Tartarugalzinho and Bailique Archipelago's. The animals were reared in an intensive and extensive, respectively. The period of study was from March 2008 to March 2009. 305 bulls were used Murrah, Mediterranean and mixed with ages ranging from 2 to 15 years, and 160 in the Pará State, and 145 in the Amapá State. Data from andrological clinical examinations, as well as semen analysis were recorded on special forms. Obtaining semen was performed by ampoules massage and the semen physical analysis was by the color, appearance, volume, motility, vigor, concentration, morphologic and pH. The concentration was measured by spectrophotometer on the Center of Animal Biotechnology (CEBRAN). For sperm morphology was used the Cerovsky method. 200 sperm were examined under a light microscope in immersion objective. For statistical analysis, we used the statistical program BioEstat 5.0, descriptive statistics for all variables studied: testicular biometry, disease of the reproductive system and the physical characteristics and morphology of semen, recording the means, standard deviations and frequency distribution for characteristics of andrology classes. Quantitative data concerning the age of bulls, testicular biometry, physical assessments and morphological characteristics of semen were submitted to ANOVA and when significant effects by F test, means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Of the 305 buffalo, the beasts of the Amapá State and the average standard deviation of the scrotal circumference was higher than the Pará State independent of the type of management. Regardless of age and breeding systems found no change in the penis. The bifid scrotum (cleft scrotum), was the most prevalent. The highest frequency of change in epididymis. Tuberculous granulomatous epididymitis was observed in the extensive livestock in the Amapá State, with a tendency for bulls over four years. Among the changes in the testis was the most prevalent testicular torsion and infectious causes highlight the occurrence of chronic active interstitial orchitis, tuberculous granulomatous orchitis, testicular hypoplasia grade I, testicular hypoplasia grade III associated with tuberculous orchitis hypoplasia and grade II (partial). Another observation is quite clear regarding the percentage of spermatozoa with major and minor defects which have very high standards recommended by the CBRA. In this study we can conclude that breeders bred extensively present genetic diseases and infectious diseases are very prevalent.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os solos-sedimentos da região central do estado do Acre (Feijó- Tarauacá), sua aptidão ao cultivo de abacaxi e a relação com os sedimentos fluviais atuais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-10-18) PEREIRA, Patrícia Freitas; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
Acre state is located in the southwest of Brazilian Amazonia. More than 80% of its territory is covered by rock of “Solimões Formation” which is predominantly constituted of fossiliferous siltic-argilaceus rocks, intercalated with sandstones, and its sources is the lands of “buttress andeans”. In Acre state there are spots of soil of good fertility, mainly in the central area (Feijó-Tarauacá). However, it is well noted that some cultivars has exaggerated development in size, such as banana, water melon and mainly pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá”, that without artificial fertilizer neither manure, occurring only in a few specific places in this central region, that insinuating a great fertilization region, because of the big size and weighting up to 33 pounds. This natural fertilization is also recognized in the beach sediments (point bar) of the rivers that drain the state of Acre. The objective of this study is the soil fertilization in the region Feijó-Tarauacá, the origins and relations with sediments from the source sub-andean, carried and deposited via fluvial system along the time of the development of the “Solimões Formation” and it reworking. In the establishment of this study, there was as election of eighteen points of sampling in the soil, picking-up samples in two levels of profundity (0-10 and 10-20cm), eight of this points of sampling are in cultivated areas of “The Giant of Tarauacá” located in the Cologne Treze de Maio, seven points along the road BR-364 between Feijó and Tarauacá, two points in an area of “primary” forest near to Tarauacá and one point in a cultivated area of “purple pineapple” near to Feijó in the Cologne Três Corações, and one pineapple of “The Giant of Tarauacá” in the Cologne Treze de Maio. In the fluvial system it was samples waters, at the same time suspension and bottom sediments in nine stations along of the micro-basins of Tarauacá and Envira rivers, limited to the region of Tarauacá-Feijó-Envira. The soil analyze consists of a granulometric separation (sands, silts and clays); mineral identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD); chemical analysis (major and trace elements) and nutrients (P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn), as well as, Al available and organic matter. The pineapple sample “The Giant of Tarauacá” was submitted to a analyze of Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Hg. The physical-chemical parameters in situ (pH, temperature, STS, TDS, turbid, transparency) and chemical compound chlorate, sulfate, phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate were measured. The contents of metal dissolved in water and metal adsorbed in suspension sediment were establishment for ICP-MS. The bottom sediments were submitted to analyze of nutrients. The result reports shows that the soils in the region of Feijó-Tarauacá are shallowly developedment of where the horizons are easily con confunsed to sediments of source rocks. The predominance is silt-clays, and the variety allows distinguishing of three groups of soils: 1- silt-clay with sands between 4 - 20%; 2- sand-silt-clay; and 3-silt-clays with sands until 4%. All soils in Cologne Treze de Maio, where the pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá” are cultivated, corresponds to the soil group #1. The mineralogy dominant in the soil-sediments studied is represented by esmectite (33 to 61%) and quartz (21 to 34%) followed by illite, kaolinite, a few of albite and microcline and calcite sometimes. The soils of Cologne Treze de Maio have highest contents of esmectite and quartz. The chemical analyze revels that these soil are mainly constituted of SiO2, Al2O3, and also of Fe2O3, and other like K2O3, CaO, and MgO, compatible with the mineralogy. The high level of SiO2 makes a relation of the countenance of quartz, and when allied to the Al2O3 reflects also the abundance of clays-minerals. The soils of Cologne Treze de Maio have high contents richer in of MnO, CaO and P2O5, The normalization with the Earth upper-crust revels that soil-sediments in the region Frejó-Tarauacá are poor of MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O e P2O5; enriched of TiO2; equivalents of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3; and are also enriched of MnO only in the soils sampled in the Cologne Treze de Maio. When normalized with the post-Achaean Australian Shales (PAAS) the soil-sediments are equivalents of CaO and SiO2, and maintain enriched of MnO in the samples of soil from the Cologne Treze de Maio, that are poor of other elements. When compared with soil of the central region of the Amazonia, the soilsediments of the region Frejó-Tarauacá are enriched of MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, Fe2O3 and MnO and similar with other oxides. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicates soil-sediments of low chemical alteration, a slightly superior than beach sediments from Acre and from the rivers Maranõn-Solimões, but compared to the CIA of esmectites probably related to the high concentrations of this clay-mineral on the matter studied. The analyzes of fertilization demonstrate high concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn, medium and high contents of P and also of organic matter, showing that these soil-sediments has high cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of base above of 75% and low saturation by Al. However the soils of the Cologne Treze de Maio highlight from other because of a fertilization standard higher than other soils studied, even after successive plantations of corn, rice, and giant pineapple. This high standard of fertility suggest that in spite of evidenced fertility spots in the soils in the region of Acre, specially in the soils of Feijó-Tarauacá, in fact in this area, inserted in the largest spots, there are “micro-spots” of soils with more fertility. These micro-spots are of empiric knowledge of few agriculturists that knows how to distinguish one area from other of less degree of fertility, cultivating banana, corn, rice, bean, and the exuberant pineapples “The Giant of Tarauacá”. The origin of fertility of the region Feijó-Tarauacá is intrinsic relational to the geological distinct characteristics in the region, that probably is relate to the oscillations in the process of deposition along the time of establishment of Solimões Formation, mainly with a rich mineralogy in clay-mineral 2:1 like the esmectites, more abundant in the soils of giant pineapple plantation, been the main responsible for the high index of CEC of the soils. The giant pineapple sampled analyzed weighted 4 times more than a commercial pineapple. The pulp pH is 4.1. Its nutritional content shows high contents of chemical elements in all parts of the pineapple analyzed (peel, pulp, center), in the peel concentrates the most elements, found in the following proportional order K> P> Ca> Mg> Mn> Na> Fe > Zn >Cu. When comparing it with the pineapples consumed in Colombia and in Mexico, it shows that only the contents of Na and Mg of “The Giant of Tarauacá” meets the average of other pineapples, other elements are found in a great contents, and the highlight is the values of P that is 22 times highest than one in the pineapple from Colombia, and the Mn element which is 18 times highest than one in the pineapple from Mexico. The average contents of Hg (55 ppb) in the soils analyzed is below of the worldwide meaning, however it is double of the average values found in the beach sediments from the rivers Envira, Tarauacá and Juruá, while the values of Hg (6 to 16 ppb) in the giant pineapple is similar to the one found in the lives and berries of bean cultivated in these beaches. The high contents of Mn available in the soils and in the giant pineapple insinuates that, contributes together with K and P elements, for the exaggerated growth of cultivars planted in the soils of micro-spots. High contents of nutrients of soils analyzed also were observed in the rivers that drain this region. The bottom sediments from the Envira River are more rich in nutrients than one in Tarauacá River, insinuating that soils derived from Solimões Formation drained by the Envira River seems to be more rich in nutrients. The fluvial waters in the season of high-water (winter) enriched itself of organic matter in suspension until 8 times more than in summer, the inverse happen with the total solid solute (TDS), that in the dryness season it is 3 times more (TDS) than in the period of high-water. The contents of metals available in the suspension sediments are in the following decreasing order Fe, Al, Mg, Mn, Na, Ti, Ba, Zn, Sr, Cu, B, Li, Sn, Pb, Rb, etc, (Ca e K not analyzed). The smallest meanings of these elements are found mainly in the Jurupari River, affluent of Envira River, except Se, Sn, Rb, Sb, and Cs. These suspension sediments are relative rich of nutrients explaining the mineralogy of fluvial waters and in conjuncts the fertility in the point bar, thus shows that the sediments of Solimões Formation in fact are the mainly source of fertility of the actual bodies in the point bar and in the flood plain of Acre state, also for the sediments of older terrains, where pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá” is cultivated, among other cultivars.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Transferência química na cadeia solo-mandioca-cabelo humano na região de Caxiuanã (Estado do Pará) e sua importância ambiental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-05-02) CARMO, Marciléia Silva; KERN, Dirse Clara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8351785832221386; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
In the area of Caxiuanã, State of Pará, stands out the occurrence of several sites with soils type Amazon Dark Earth (TPA). They are dark soils characterized by the presence of ceramic fragments and high concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, P, Zn and C, when compared with other soils of Amazonia. They are fertile soils used for subsistence agriculture, mainly the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). In attempt to know the physical, chemical, mineralogical and fertility characteristics of these soils and the interrelations between these and the adjacent areas (AD), cultivated or not with cassava, as well as the capacity of adsorption of nutrients and possible potentially toxic metals by the cassava and the transfer to the human body using hair analysis (mineralogram) the present work was developed. Aiming these results, sites were selected with TPA with and without cassava roçado (TPA/CR and TPA/SR) and adjacent areas also with or without cassava roçado (AD/CR and AD/SR). Samples of soils and cassava including the roots (tubers), leaves and tucupi were collected in the ranches with AD and without AD. Samples of human hair were collected of the riverine population that consumes the cassava of the studied roçados, here denominated: TPA family, those who live in TPA/CR areas; and AD family, those who live in AD/CR areas. The soil samples were submitted to grain size (humid-via), mineralogical (XRD), and chemical (ICP-MS of major, minor and trace elements) besides the fertility analysis. In the cassava samples (roots and leaves) the macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, S), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, B, Cu, Mo and Ni), non-nutrients and the toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Ce, Sn, Sc, Cr, Zr, Sr, Ba, Al, Na, Hg, Se and As) were determinate by ICP-MS. In hair samples, the essential (S, Ca, Zn, Mg, Cu, Se, Sr, Mn, B, I, Cr, V, Co and Mo), additional (P, Fe, Na and K) and toxic elements (Pb, Bi, Al, Ba, Hg, Ni, Sn, Sb, As, Cd, Ag, U and Th) were also determinate by ICP-MS, what characterize the mineralogram, and correspond to most of elements analyzed in the soils and cassava. The soils are mainly composed by quartz, kaolinite and hematite + goethite, and accessories as anatase, muscovite / illite and zircon. This way they are constituted mainly by SiO2 and Al2O3, besides Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O and Zr. The tendency to the decrease of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 concentrations and the increase of SiO2 concentrations and lots of ignition from B-horizons to A-horizons is really according to the classic evolution of the soils under tropical climate with tropical forest covering. The studied ADEs present pedologic profile similar to other TPAs with high contents of organic carbon and to other TPAs in A-horizons. The concentrations of total Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and P are relatively high when compared to the Amazonian soils, one of the great distinctions among TPA soil and the adjacent area, and compared to the TPA soils of Caxiuanã and other areas of Amazonia. However, the available P contents are lower, due to the continuous use of TPA in agriculture of roçado. Therefore, as expected, it is probable that the use of TPA in agriculture of roçado is progressively exhausting the nutrient reserves, but in less intensity than the common soils of Amazonia. The chemical analyses of the cassava show that the macronutrients and micronutrients are mainly concentrated in the leaves, and the concentrations do not depend on the soil in which it was cultivated, TPA or AD. In the root (pellicle, skin and pulp) with lower contents than in the leaves, the analyzed elements are mainly concentrated in the pellicle. The non-nutrient and toxic elements found in the cassava are mainly concentrated in the pellicles, followed by the leaves, skin and pulp. The pulp -the part of the cassava used in the human diet - therefore is impoverished in macro and micronutrients, as well as in non-nutrient and toxic elements. The tucupi - the liquid phase - presents low concentrations of the analyzed elements (nutrients, non-nutrients and toxic), while the solid extract is especially composed by C, K, Mg, P and Ca, besides Na, as oxalates and phosphates. The transfer factor (TF) from the soils to the cassava cultivated in TPA and AD areas was elevated in relation to macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg and P), mainly in the leaves, and medium to micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo and Ni) being higher in the cassava cultivated in AD areas due to the lower content of those elements in AD soils and also to the fact that the cassava absorbs only the substances necessary to the basic physiologic function. This way, it’s evident why TPA, much enriched in nutrients, is more appropriate for the agriculture in continuous cultivation of cassava. The hair mineralogram of the researched families of Caxiuanã shows that the variance of the concentrations of the essential and additional elements is higher in TPA than in AD family, while the average concentrations were similar in the two families. On the other hand, the concentrations of toxic elements are relatively higher in the AD family, mainly Pb and Al. The essential and additional elements contents are below the reference values while the toxic elements Al, Pb, Sb and Ba, are above the range of normal values. The concentrations of the essential and additional elements are cumulative with the age. The concentrations of Fe, Al and Bi are higher in the children, therefore susceptible to toxic elements (Al and Bi). According to the sex, the essential, additional and toxic elements are more concentrate in women. The concentrations of essential and additional elements, mainly Mg, Zn, Ca, Sr, Se, Co and P are lower, and of toxic elements Ni, Pb, Sb and As are higher in smokers. This suggests that the habit of smoking possibly inhibits the absorption of most of the elements essential to the capillary formation. Probably due to the possible coexistence with smokers, high concentrations of Ni, Pb, Sb and As were found in among several children, being considered passive smokers. Among the identified geochemical associations, Hg-Sb-Ag-Zn-Bi-Pb-Se-Cd association reflects the smokers. The obtained data of this work and its discussion show that the TPA soils are in fact fertile and the adjacent areas (AD) are relatively impoverished, and the TPA soils enriched in nutrients allow the continuous cultivation of cassava that absorbs from the soil only the necessary for its physiologic function. The pulp of the cassava leaves - more consumed by the man, impoverished in macro and micronutrients - contributes to the poor diet of the riverine population of Caxiuanã. The chemical composition of the cassava didn't show dependence with the soil type (TPA or AD). The chemical composition of the hair of the population of Caxiuanã that feed on cassava cultivated in TPA and AD areas confirms the poor alimentary diet. The mineralogram also shows that the principal external factor of contamination is the tobacco, and perhaps the kitchen aluminum utensils. So the mineralogram is used as a valuable tool to evaluate environmental impacts related to the human health. Therefore, the problems related to the human health in the area of Caxiuanã are in part due to the poor alimentary diet and the habit of smoking, because the soils don't present evidences of anthropic impacts neither of geogenic anomalies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Turismo e dinâmica demográfica: reflexos da atividade turística no comportamento reprodutivo da mulher no município de Salinópolis, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-09-03) FRANÇA, Dalva Lúcia de Souza; ARAGÓN VACA, Luis Eduardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2713210031909963
The discussion of the relationship of mutual dependence between population and economic development is complex and reflects a theoretical and practical concern pretty old, which has attracted the attention of thinkers and researchers over time. The theoretical discussion involving the motivating factors of tourism are also demographic factors that have particular importance in determining the levels and patterns of fertility, or the means used to plan the tourist activity in one place, drive new productive standards, spurring new values, patterns of consumption and lifestyles, impacting the reproductive behavior of women living in the tourist place. Given these arguments, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze and explain how the changes generated by the development of tourism has affected the dynamics of the population, especially the levels and patterns of fertility of women residing in the municipality of Salinópolis (PA). The study of the general hypothesis that the socioeconomic and spatial reorganization of Salinópolis from the development of tourism promoted changes in their population dynamics, particularly in reproductive behavior of women from 1970. In view of these considerations, it has developed an interpretative study where the database used were the population census from 1970 to 2000 and counting the population of the IBGE 2007, data from the Municipal Secretary of Health of Salinópolis (SMSS) linked with Information System on Live Births (Sinasc) and empirical research that has developed through stratified random probability sampling. The results show that the tourist activity has not brought to Salinopolitan society significant improvements in education, professional skills and labour supply, factors that have particular importance in determining the levels and patterns of fertility, however, the tourist activity affected the reproductive behavior of women in two distinct moments. First with the prevalence of high fertility rates, given the culture of recovery of large family associated with the large contingent of immigrant women of childbearing age in the municipality; a second time, the sharp fall in fertility before the messages of modernity brought by the tourist activity, growth of urban space and, mainly, by the action of public policies with regard to controlling the birth rate. However, the search results characterize the prevalence of high rates of fertility in Salinópolis, as in the state of Pará and the North region, when compared with nationally. In this context, the demographic implications generated by tourism in Salinópolis require the development of diagnostics sector and appropriate public policies.