Navegando por Assunto "Guariba (Macaco)"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento alimentar e dispersão de sementes por guaribas (Alouatta belzebul) na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (Caxiuanã / Melgaço / Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999-04-13) SOUZA, Luciane Lopes de; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352
The behaviour of two free-ranging groups of red-handed howler monkeys (Alouatta belzebul) was monitored at the Ferreira Penna Research Station (Pará) over' a thirteen-month period in 1997/98, in order to record their ecological characteristics, especially their diet and seed dispersal. Quantitative behavioural data were obtained using instantaneous scan sampling. Invariably, the howler monkeys were relatively inactive, dedicating more than half their activity time to resting, and much smaller proportions to locomotion, feeding and social behaviour. Use of the home range was strongly influenced by the distribution of food patches, in particular fruiting trees. The diet was basically folivorous-frugivorous, although fruit was the item consumed most frequently (54.1 % of feeding records for the principal group, denominated "L") in the "winter" months (November-April), whereas leaves were consumed far more frequently (84.5 %, group L) in the "summer" (May-August). Seeds took 22:49±6:12 h, on average, to pass through the digestive tract, and ingested seeds were dispersed a mean distance of 172,0±113,8 m, although this distance was significantly greater in the winter. Germination rates recorded in tests in both field and laboratory were inconclusive on the effects of ingestion on viability. The germination rate of ingested seeds was significantly greater than the control (uningested) in only a few cases, such as that of Ficus guianensis, the principal source of fruit. Even so, ingestion did not have a marked negative effect on viability in any case. Overall, the present study reforces the view of A. belzebul as a typical howler monkey, ecologically, albeit relatively frugivorous, and playing a important role as a seed disperser in the Amazon Forest.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do sexo, dieta e tamanho de sementes sobre o tempo de retenção em Guariba preto cativo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-01-30) SANTOS NETO, Raymundo Tomaz Melo dos; MUNIZ, José Augusto Pereira Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4993290160435067; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627
The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the time in which the seeds are retained in their digestive tract and involves several factors such as characteristics of the animals (physiology, morphology, health, age, sex, diet, body mass) and characteristics of the seeds (size , weight and rigidity). These are still largely unknown parameters for A. caraya. In this study we tested the influence of sex, diet, and seed size on the seed retention time (RT) in the digestive tract of howler monkeys using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated-measurements. We used six captive individuals of Alouatta caraya (three of each sex), six seed species (two small, two medium, and two large), and three types of diet (composed of 15, 30, and 60% of leaves). The General Retention Time Mean (RTM) was 1.152 ± 639 min (range: 315-2.050 min) and the General Standard Deviation of the Retention Time (SDRT) was 577 ± 166 (range: 158-1.039 min). Significant influence was observed between the type of diet and the interaction between seed size and diet on RTM. RT was higher for diets comprised of 30% leaf and this effect varied for males and females dependent on seed size, which indicates that diet is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of the species as a seed disperser.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de fragmentação de hábitat sobre a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais em alouatta belzebul (Primates, Platyrrhini) na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-05-17) MARTINS, Simone de Souza; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352
Parasitological studies of natural populations of neotropical primates are relatively rare, and few data were available previously for the red-handed howler monkey, Alouatta belzebul. In the present study, populations of A. belzebul were sampled at five sites in the area of the reservoir of the Tucuruí hydro-electric dam in southeastem Brazilian Amazonia, corresponding to the right bank of the Rio Tocantins. Sites included continuous forest and fragments of habitat on islands varying in area from 180 to 484 hectares. A primary aim of the study was the evaluation of the effects of habitat perturbation on patterns of infestation for endoparasites. Population density was estimated at each site using standard line transect surveys of 100-108 km per site. Fecal samples were collected from six to fourteen groups at each site, with a total of 40- 46 individual samples per site (n = 212). Samples were fixed in MIF (Mercury Chromed, Iodine and Formaldehyde), and observed under a 400x optic microscope. Population density varied between 66,4 and 191,5 individuals per square kilometer. Overall, 76,4% of the samples were positive for at least one species of endoparasite, and a total of thirteen species were identified, including eight species of heiminthes and five protozoans. Individual samples contained as many as five different species of endoparasites. At a given site, the number of species identified varied between seven and twelve, and infection rates between 67,5% and 86%. No systematic pattern of parasite diversity or infection rates was found in relation to variables such as population size or density, or habitat fragmentation. Diversity and infection rates varied as much between the two continuous forest sites as among the forest fragments, and were lowest overall at the site with the lowest population density. The only exception was Trypanoxyuris minutus, a common oxyurid transmitted through direct contact, for which a strong correlation was found between infection rates and population density. Overall, little evidence was found to support the hypothesis that habitat fragmentation has a systematic effect on infestation patterns in A. belzebul, although more detailed studies will be recommend before more definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Genetic structure of red-handed howler monkey populations in the fragmented landscape of Eastern Brazilian Amazonia
(2010) BASTOS, Heitor Burlamaqui; GONÇALVES, Evonnildo Costa; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; SILVA, Artur Luiz da Costa da; SCHNEIDER, Maria Paula Cruz
We genotyped 15 microsatellite loci in order to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation, caused by flooding of the Tucuruí reservoir, on the genetic structure of Alouatta belzebul in eastern Amazonia. The analysis included two populations sampled in 1984, representing both margins of the Tocantins river, and three populations sampled 18 years later. Minimal differences in the diversity levels between present-day (Ho = 0.62-0.69 and AR = 6.07-7.21) and pre-flooding (Ho = 0.60-0.62 and AR = 6.27-6.77) populations indicated there was no significant loss of genetic variability, possibly because of successful management strategies applied during the flooding. The changes observed were limited to shifts in the composition of alleles, which presumably reflect the admixture of subpopulations during flooding. Given this, there were significant differences in the Rst values (p = 0.05) in all but one between-site comparison. Both present-day and original populations showed a deficit of heterozygotes, which suggests that this may be typical of the species, at least at a local level, perhaps because of specific ecological characteristics. The relatively large number of private alleles recorded in all populations may be a consequence of the Wahlund effect resulting from population admixture or a process of expansion rather than the loss of rare alleles through genetic drift. Additionally, the levels of genetic variability observed in this study were higher than those reported for other species of Neotropical primates, suggesting good fitness levels in these A. belzebul populations. Regular genetic monitoring of remnant populations, especially on islands, should nevertheless be an integral component of long-term management strategies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ontogenia e dimorfismo sexual nas espécies de guaribas vermelhos, gênero Alouatta lacépède, 1799 (Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) AVELAR, Áderson Araújo; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
Sexual dimorphism in red howlers is relatively well documented for adult specimens and in all species of the genus Alouatta adult males are larger than females. However, sexual dimorphism among these species is not homogeneous and A. seniculus is considered the more dimorphic species. Moreover, sexual dimorphism among non adult ages is poorly known. The aim of this work is to evaluate the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in five closely related species of howler monkeys: Alouatta seniculus, A. juara, A. macconnelli, A. puruensis, and A. nigerrima, and establish a method for identification of more accurate age classes in these taxa. A total of 28 cranial and hyoidean dimensions were extracted from 329 crania, and pelage color of 192 skins was examined. Sexual dimorphism in each age class was verified using Student’s t Test, and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was employed to verify the consistence of the age groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparisons test, was applied to analyze growth in some adult cranial dimensions in A. macconnelli. Five adult age classes were recognized through the evaluation of oclusal wear and cranial suture closure; however, these classes were not recognized by cranial dimensions only. Non adult age classes did not exhibit sexually dimorphic measurements on cranium, and sexually dimorphic characters appeared at the first adult age class. A. macconnelli was the more dimorphic species, and sexually dimorphic characters arose earlier in this species. In contrast, A. nigerrima exhibited a smaller number of sexual dimorphic characters, suggesting that differences in behavior of this species play an important role on dimorphism development. Among all cranial dimensions, the canine length was the most sexually dimorphic. In females, this dimension ranged about 60% of that in males. The sexual dimorphism was not evident in the neurocranium. In A. macconnelli, seven cranial dimensions in females and five in males exhibited variation among the adult age classes. Ontogenetic differences in pelage color were very subtle and refer to bleaching of chromatic fields in different degrees. Ontogenetic modifications on the cranium are more intense in males than females, leading to a narrower and more flattened cranium in adult specimens of the former. Some age classes could not be tested for some species due to the inadequate number of specimens in the collections analyzed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Phylogenetic relationships among Brazilian howler monkeys, genus Alouatta (Platyrrhini, Atelidae), based on γ¹-globin pseudogene sequences
(1999-09) MEIRELES, Carla Maria Marques; CZELUSNIAK, John; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; SCHNEIDER, Maria Paula Cruz; GOODMAN, Morris
The genus Alouatta (howler monkeys) is the most widely distributed of New World primates, and has been arranged in three species groups: the Central American Alouatta palliata group and the South American Alouatta seniculus and Alouatta caraya groups. While the latter is monotypic, the A. seniculus group encompasses at least three species (A. seniculus, A. belzebul and A. fusca). In the present study, approximately 600 base pairs of the g1-globin pseudogene were sequenced in the four Brazilian species (A. seniculus, A. belzebul, A. fusca and A. caraya). Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods yielded phylogenetic trees with the same arrangement: {A. caraya [A. seniculus (A. fusca, A. belzebul)]}. The most parsimonious tree had bootstrap values greater than 82% for all groupings, and strength of grouping values of at least 2, supporting the sister clade of A. fusca and A. belzebul. The study also confirmed the presence of a 150-base pair Alu insertion element and a 1.8-kb deletion in the g1-globin pseudogene in A. fusca, features found previously in the remaining three species. The cladistic classification based on molecular data agrees with those of morphological studies, with the monospecific A. caraya group being clearly differentiated from the A. seniculus group.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
The karyotype of Alouatta fusca clamitans from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Evidence for a y-autosome translocation
(1998-09) OLIVEIRA, Edivaldo Herculano Correa de; LIMA, Margarida Maria Celeira de; SBALQUEIRO, Ives José; PISSINATTI, Alcides
The chromosome complements of four males of Alouatta fusca clamitans, caught in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were analyzed by G-, C-, and NOR-banding techniques. The diploid number found was 49 in all the specimens. The presence of a heteromorphic pair of submetacentric chromosomes in the analyzed specimens, not present in males and females with 2n = 50 previously reported, and its G-banding pattern, led us to assume that this pair is involved in a Y-autosome translocation. Thus, the sex determination system appears modified to X1X1X2X2 /X1X2Y. Heterochromatic segments were found in the pericentromeric region of all the chromosomes, in the telomeric region of the short arm in pair 2, in the complete length of the short arm of pairs 5 and 6 and in the intercalary region of the long arm in pair 17. The nucleolar organizer regions were situated in the intercalary region of the long arm in two small acrocentric pairs.