Navegando por Assunto "Hidrocarbonetos"

Agora exibindo 1 - 9 de 9

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Adequação de método para avaliação de risco de contaminação ambiental em áreas de estocagem de combustíveis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-02-28) CHAVES, Cláudio Cezar Cunha de Vasconcelos; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diagênese da formação guia, Ediacarano da Bacia Araras -Alto Paraguai, sul do Cráton amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-10-31) SANTOS, Caio Silva dos; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Guia Formation is a limestone unit of the Araras Group, exposed in central region of South America. They correspond to Ediacaran (622-614Ma) carbonate platform deposits, developed in an epicontinental sea. This deposits unconformably overlies diamictite of Puga Formation related to 635Ma Marinoan glaciation, also distributed over the metamorphic basement. The Guia Formation, aim of study, is composed of limestones interbedded with thin layers of black shales. The data were obtained from an analysis of a 350m stratigraphic profile in one of the best exposition of Guia Formation in a COPACEL mine open pit in Nobres town, State of Mato Grosso. The unit consist in six lithofacies, grouped in one facies association that records a deep carbonate platform: bituminous lime-mudstone, massive lime-mudstone and lime-mudstone rich in terrigenous grains, carbonate shale, carbonate breccias and deformed breccias. These rocks were intensive affected by diagenetic process such as aggrading neomorphism, organic matter maturation, physical compaction, spar calcite cement, dolomitization, chemical compaction and hydrocarbon migration. Aggrading neomorphism affect the matrix, turn it to microspar and pseudospar with hipidiotopic mosaic. The micrite rich in organic matter is partially dissolved by fluids capable of dissolving the matrix, generating the vug pores. That pores are cemented by spar calcite. This cement has coarse granulation, subhedral crystals, when it fills fractures it presents crystals with rhombohedral cleavage, with two directions. In cathodoluminescence, the cement has orange to red bright when it fills vug fracture, and it has zoned pink bright luminescence filling pore vug. The stylolites form serrated surfaces of low amplitude, insoluble material, composed by clays, quartz, and organic matter compound its. Dolomitization affects the rocks in three moments: the first one is the replacement of spar calcite filling fractures with subeuhedral dolomites in hipidiotopic mosaic and opaques minerals inclusions, the second on is the filling by the matrix replacement with anehedral dolomites; the third one is the formation of saddle dolomite associated with hydrocarbon. Spot analysis with SEM/EDS, shows a large amount of Ca, ang low range of Mg, Si, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Sr, Cd, Ba and Pb. Reasserting that carbonate are scant changed by diagenetic/dolomitizing fluids. These rocks are part of the Araras Petroleum System, the Total Organic Content Analysis (TOC) indicated values between 0.04 and 0.50%, classified as a low to medium potential. The association among the petrographic and geochemistry data suggest that the bitumen migration occurred at 610 Ma, during thermal uplift of the Araras Intracratonic Basin, before the deposition of the Alto Paraguai Group, which led to exposure of the Araras Group and oxidation of the hydrocarbon, allowing the identification of type IV kerogen. Rock Eval pyrolysis, Hydrogen Index and Oxygen Index data of these rocks, do not have the potential to generate oil or gas, and are constituted by oxidized organic matter, with immature thermal evolution.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Distribuição de metais pesados e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos em sedimentos de fundo dos rios Magdalena e Bogotá (Colômbia).
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-09-08) PIRATOBA MORALES, Gundisalvo; FENZL, Norbert; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6834981018643186
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da contaminação por hidrocarbonetos em postos de serviços de Abaetetuba-PA utilizando georadar
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) ALMEIDA, Fabíola Magalhães de; LUIZ, José Gouvêa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8676530374310847
The work presents the results of a geophysical survey using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method to detect possible zones of contamination caused by derivatives of hydrocarbons in service stations of the urban region of the city of Abaetetuba, in the state of Pará. The methodology was applied in service stations because they are the main potential source of soil and ground water contamination by fuel in the cities. Basic concepts about oil and contamination and its interaction with the ground are presented, together with the basic principles that allow the understanding of the GPR method as applied to the addressed problem. During the work, the depth to the water table was measured to construct an underground flow map. The geophysical interpretation was assisted by the knowledge of the local underground water flow that gives indication on the direction of contamination movement. The correlation of the GPR data with the underground flow and the information about the stations history allowed to classify them as suspected of producing contamination and possibly contaminated.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo do processo de upgrading catalítico de vapores da pirólise de gordura residual em reator de leito fixo com catalisador carvão ativado impregnado com NAOH
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-17) BERNAR, Lucas Pinto; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
This work investigated influence of reaction time and catalyst-to-residual fat ratio by catalytic upgrading from pyrolysis vapors of residual fat at 400 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products, physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value) and chemical composition of bio-oils, over a catalyst fixed bed reactor of activated carbon pellets impregnated with 10.0 M NaOH, in semi pilot scale. The experiments were carried out at 400 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using a process schema consisting of a thermal cracking reactor of 2.0 L coupled to a catalyst fixed bed reactor of 53 mL, without catalyst and using 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (wt.) activated carbon pellets impregnated with 10.0 M NaOH, in batch mode. Results show yields of bio-oil decreasing with increasing catalyst-to-feed ratio. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, ring-containing alkanes, ring-containing alkenes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, alcohols, and aldehydes). Physico-chemical and compositional analysis show that cracking occurred along the carbon chain present in triglycerides and fatty acids initially present, producing gaseous hydrocarbons. Tha activated carbon catalyst was not selective for the liquid biooil deoxygenation, but the obtained results are of great value for understanding the catalytic cracking reaction mechanism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo experimental do excesso da energia livre de Gibbs dos sistemas ciclohexano e N-hexano/2-butanol entre 323,15 e 348,15 K
(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1990-08-21) ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; FRANCESCONI, Artur Zaghini; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6523018230610997
The main propose or this work was the experimental determination or the excess Gibbs free energy or binary systems of the hydrocarbon/alcohol type. The criteria used for selection of the systems included the expansion or experimental information about, the excess Gibbs free energy and a systematic study of its behaviour with regard to temperature variation and modification in the hydrocarbon chain. The excess Gibbs free energy was determined through isotermal measures or vapor/liquid phase equilíbria. A ¿FISCHER¿ recirculating still,which is a commercial version of the Stage-Muller recirculating still (1961), was used for collecting experimental data. In order to test, the performance of the equipament the vapor pressure curves for ethanol and water in the range 13 to 107 kPa and the vapor/liquid equilibrium Data for the cyclohexane/toluene system at 323,15 K,were determined. The collected data were compared w1t,h literature results. The sstems,cyclohexane/2-butanol and n-hexane/2-butanol were studied at 323,15, 338,15 and 348,15 K. All experimental data were tested with regard to thermodynamic consistency. The excess Gibbs free energy experimental data were correlated through the UNIQUAC associated solution theory, and the UNIQUAC equation. In order to decrease the number of adjustable parameters, two modifications were proposed to the UNIQUAC associated solution theory.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto da urbanização na qualidade das águas subterrâneas nos bairros do Reduto, Nazaré e Umarizal - Belém/PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-01-29) CABRAL, Natalina Maria Tinôco; MANOEL FILHO, João
The study evaluates the urban impacts in the groundwater quality of Barreiras aquifer, caused mainly by nitrogen compounds (nitrate and ammonium) from domestic sewage and aromatical composites (benzene, tolueno, ethylbenzeno and xylenes - BTEX), from underground fuel storage tanks of gasoline and diesel. The study was carried out on an area of 15 Km2, in the quarters of the Reduto, Nazaré and Umarizal in city of Belém/PA. The used methods incluided a cadastre of wells, analyses and stratigraphic well log correlations, execution of 9 periods of sampling, chemical analysis of water from and interpretation of results. The unsaturated zone, in the study area, has thickness varying of I to 9m, being conditional to the seasonals variability. Mineralogical studies of sediments collected in drill rig wells had defined a domain of quartz and, of a more subordinated form, caulinite. The grain sized analysis show a predominance of the fractions silte sand, silte arenaceous and silte clay. Test of infiltration indicated value corresponding to a material silte to silte arenaceous. Sediments with these textures, associates to the varied infiltration capacity, mineralogic composition, water levei flat and raised load of contaminants, of mainly septic and casspools, can lead to the contamination of the aquifers of the area. The aquifers ones identified are correlated to the aquifers of the Barreiras Group, having been defined two main ones. First, the most superficial one, was classified as unconfined-leaky, and as the second aquifer one was characterized as confined-leaky. The water level, by diverse reasons, had not been measured during the execution of this work. In this case, the presented measures correspond to those done ones during the time of drilling of the wells, in which had varied of less of lm, in the areas of lower topographical quotas, until 11m in the wells located in the more raised paris. Vulnerability data had established mainly that, to a large extent of the area, the Barreiras Aquifer presents contamination possibility, considering that the studied area is urban and, consequently, concentrate some potentially polluting activities. The interpretation of the directions of groundwater flows, of the studied area, shows that the main lines of preferential flow are guided for the center of the area, containning the quarter of the Reduto and part of the Nazaré. The global behavior of the variables shows that the hydrogeochemical characteristics of studied waters are differentiated, when compared with the regional standard. The main parameters that had marked this differentiation had been the electric conductivity, chloride, sodium, pH, ammonium and nitrate. It is standed out that the grades of ammonium and nitrate are above or very Glose to the limit to potability standards, and that such parameters are the main contamination indicators of waters by effluent domestic sewage. The global analysis showed for nitrate a positive correlations with electric conductivity and a weak correlation with chloride, sodium, calcium, sulphate and hardness. For ammonium one observes a positive correlation with chloride and negative correlation with calcium, sulphate, pH and hardness. This study it allowed to indicate the conductivity, chloride and calcium as good pointers of the contaminations. The effected factorial analyses had come to confirm the main comments gotten in the study of correlations. The statistical study by period of sampling, they indicate that the regional seasonality is influencing only in secondary way in the chemical behavior the studied waters. The slight enrichment, of some components, in the rainy period can be explained because, in this period, the groundwater level is raised until next to the ground , being next to the contamination sources. In the study of correlation by period of sampling, the results can be considered, without exception, similars to the gotten ones in the analysis of correlation made with the global data. The statistical analysis for a series of wells had indicated that the wells, when analyzed individually, they had shown a relatively homogeneous behavior along the periods, but when compared between itself, it was possible to distinguish wells with values always raised from those with the raised values less. In the study of the behaviors for nitrate and ammonium, it was observed that the wells, when analyzed individually, they had homogeneous behaviors. On the other hand, the joint study of the wells it allowed to the classification of 4 main styles of behavior for nitrate and ammonium. Style 1 would correspond the wells with high values of nitrate and low values of ammonium; style 2 would be characterized by high values to nitrate and ammonium; style 3 would correspond the wells with low to intermediate concentrations the nitrate and high the relatively high ammonium grades and, finally, style 4 would be translated by lower grades for ammonium, followed for intermediate nitrate grades. These styles can mean greater or minor distance of active sources of contamination, that would be, therefore, the preponderant factors in the hydrogeochemical characterization of the wells in an urban area as the studied one. In two wells a more detailed water sampling was effected. These samplings had evidenced, one more time, to little influence of the seasonality in the hydrochemical characterization of the studied wells. To identify the main types of waters, representative samples of the registered in cadastre wells had been located in the diagrams of Piper. The results had shown a trend, so that, the samples, independent of the period of sampling, to be concentrated in calcium chloride sulfate, cl sodium chloride and sodium nitrate cloride hydrochemical facies. These behaviors reflect that they are being strong affected for antropogenic factors, in detriment of natural processes. The analysis of the space distribution, of the main parameters, showed that, for nitrate, the more raised grades are located in the central and south portion of the area. The ammonium presented an inverse relation to the one of nitrate, with more raised grade the northwest and northeast of the area, diminishing for the center of the area. The map of electric conductivity coincides, in good part, with the one of nitrate, while that the chloride iso-grade map is, in a general, similar way to the one it ammonium. The iso-grade map of pH did not show any trend of correlation with nitrate. These correspondences had coincided with the comments of the studies of correlations. In the study of water contamination by gasoline/diesel, three critical areas were defined. The study finally sugests that, in regard to water samples with qualitative identification of diesel and or gasoline, the main biodegradation process, bisede the aerobic one, seems to be of nitrate one.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Processamento interpretativo de dados magnetométricos e inversão de dados gravimétricos aplicados à prospecção de hidrocarbonetos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) SANTOS, Darcicléa Ferreira; BARBOSA, Valéria Cristina Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0391036221142471; SILVA, João Batista Corrêa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1870725463184491
We present two potential field data interpretation methods applied to hydrocarbon prospecting. The first one uses aeromagnetic data to estimate the horizontal projection of the limit between the continental and oceanic crusts. This method is based on the existence of geological sources, which are magnetized and belongs exclusively to the continental crust. In this way, the estimates of the sources’ ends are used as estimates of the continental crust limits. The total-field anomaly measured above the continental shelf, continental slope and part of the continental rise is amplified using the downward continuation operator implemented in two different ways: the equivalent layer principle, and the Dirichlet boundary condition. Most of the computational load in computing the downward continued anomaly comes from the solution of a large-scale system of linear equations. This computational effort has been reduced not only by processing the whole area by moving windows of smaller dimensions, but also by the use of the conjugate gradient in the solution of the system of equations. Because the downward continuation operator is unstable, it was stabilized through the first-order Tikhonov stabilizing functional. Tests with noisecorrupted synthetic data have shown the efficiency of both implementations to enhance the termination of magnetic sources belonging to the continental crust, allowing, in this way, the estimation of the limit between the continental and oceanic crusts. Both implementations have been applied to two different areas offshore the Brazilian coast: Foz do Amazonas and Bacia do Jequitinhonha. The second method simultaneously delineates the basement topography and the geometry of salt structures occurring within the sedimentary rocks using gravity data. The interpretation models consist of a set of vertical, 2D juxtaposed prisms for the sedimentary pack, and of 2D horizontal prisms with polygonal cross sections for the salt structures. The solution has been stabilized by incorporating the geometric characteristics of the basement relief and of the salt structures, which are compatible with the a priori knowledge about the geological setting. To this end, we imposed inequality constraints to the parameters of the interpretation model, and used the stabilizing functionals known as global smoothness, weighted smoothness, and mass concentration along selected directions. We applied the method to synthetic data produced by simulated intracratonic and marginal basins, presenting density contrast with the basement varying with depth and containing salt structures. The results have shown that the method is potentially useful in simultaneously delineating the faulted basement relief and the salt structures geometries. We applied the method to real data along two gravity profiles across the Campos and Jequitinhonha Basins, and obtained interpretations in accordance with the known geology of the area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Rochas geradoras da Formação Guia, Neoproterozoico do sul do Cráton Amazônico, região de Cáceres e Nobres, estado do Mato Grosso
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-10-24) BEZERRA JUNIOR, Alexandre Castelo Branco; SILVA JUNIOR, José Bandeira Cavalcante da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8615194741719443
Extensive epeiric seas installed in the western Gondwana at the Upper Neoproterozoic were influenced by the last global glacial Marinoan event (635 Ma) linked to the Snowball Earth hypothesis. The rapid change in icehouse for greenhouse conditions favored the development of wide carbonaceous platforms on the southeastern margin of the Amazonian Craton, in the context of the Intracratonic Basin, reversed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. In this region, the deposits of the Araras Group are exposed, which record the evolution of the post-glacial carbonaceous platforms. The Araras Group is composed, from the base to the top, by the Mirassol d'Oeste (cap dolomitic), Guia (cap limestone), Serra do Quilombo and Nobres formations. The Guia Formation, object of this study, has its base interpreted as limestone cap with up to 30 meters thickness in the occurrences on the Craton and platform deposits with up to 225 meters in the Intracratonic Basin. This unit consists of micritic limestones and transgressive shales rich in organic matter presenting excellent exposures in the regions of Cáceres and Nobres, State of Mato Grosso, consisting of the following facies/microfacies: limemudstone; wackestone with terrigenous; mudstone with intraclastic; and limestone breccia. This monotonous set of facies/microfacies was interpreted as a shallow marine platform paleoenvironment below the level of storm waves in the offshore zone under reducing conditions. Stilolytes and dissolution seams are common in Mc and Wt microfacies, as well as the presence of bitumen and pyrite filling inter-crystalline pores. The facies Wt presents a variation of terrigenous content of 5% to 35%, represented by grains of quartz and muscovite, both varying from silt to fine sand. The analysis of the quartz grains by cathodoluminescence indicate the origin of igneous and metamorphic sources from medium to high grade. The anomalous amount of terrigenous disseminated in the micritic facies, considered a textural inversion, suggests siliciclastic influx of margins close to the basin, consistent with a paleogeographic context of epeiric seas proposed by previous studies for the core of West Gondwana. The analysis of Total Organic Content (TOC) indicated in the outcropping succession in the region of Cáceres TOC values between 0.06% and 0.23%, while in the Nobres region, the deposits presented values between 0.05 and 0.27%, consistent with neoproterozoic accumulations around the world (generally less than 1%). This hydrocarbon accumulation, although economically irrelevant, composes an unconventional petroleum system called Araras. In such a way that the studied succession (Fm. Guia) constitutes the generating and reservoir rock of this system and the dolomites of the Serra do Quilombo Formation represent the sealing rock. At least two stages of hydrocarbon migration are recorded, associated to the tectonic events in the Upper Ediacaran and Early Paleozoic, with the opening of the Parecis and Paraná basins.