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Navegando por Assunto "Insight"

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    É possível gerar “insight” através do ensino dos pré-requisitos por contingências de reforçamento positivo em Rattus norvegicus?
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) TOBIAS, Gracy Kelly da Silva; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
    The discussions about creativity indicate difficulties in the definition of what would be an "original" or "creative" pattern and in identifying what variables would control it. Among the interpretations of this phenomenon there is one which is called spontaneous "interconnection of repertoires", when two or more different repertoires, learned in separate, join in new situations producing original sequences of behavior. The problem solving in a sudden way through this interconnection was called "Insight". One process participating in that interconnection would be "Functional Generalization". The present study replicated with some changes, using three rats (Rattus norvegicus) as subjects (S1, S2 and S3), the original work of Epstein (1985b) and investigated the role of "Functional Generalization" in the interconnection of repertoires. The subjects S1 and S2 were taught three different repertoires separately. The S1 learned (1) to push a cube toward a goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and (3) to pull a string. The S2 learned (1) to push the cube with no goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and the (3) to pull a string. The S3 just learned (1) to climb and to rise on cube and (2) to pull a current. After the training they were put into a problem-situation-problem that would demand the interconnection of the learned abilities to arrive to the final step which was to pull a string. The S1 and S2 solved the problem in different ways: one solved in a random way and the other solved after additional training to climb and to pull a string which established important links for the resolution. The S3 didn't solve the problem. The data indicated that functional generalization could be explained as simple generalization and that this would not be a fundamental requirement for the sudden resolution of the problem.
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    Efeito de diferentes histórias de treino sobre a ocorrência de "insight" em macacos-prego (Cebus spp.)
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-03-17) NEVES FILHO, Hernando Borges; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
    The origin of novel behavior is a multilayered phenomenon that comprehends several distinct processes. One of these processes is known as insightful problem solving. The "insight" could be explained as a result of a spontaneous interconnection of multiple previously learned behavioral repertoires. The objective of this study was to investigate if different performances of insightful problem solving could be produced by different training histories of behavioral prerequisites in Cebus spp. Six subjects were divided in two groups of three subjects each. The prerequisite repertoires taught were: 1) to join two different objects (joining), and; 2) to rake a box with food inside using a tool (raking). The subjects of the first group had an asymmetric training of the two prerequisite repertoires. In this group the joining ability had a short training with a low learning criterion, and an extensive training of the raking ability, with a high learning criterion. The subjects of this group had to obtain more than the double of the number of training sessions for raking, in comparison with the joining repertoire. The other group passed by a symmetric training of the two repertoires, with high learning criterions for both. The subjects of this group passed by the same number of training sessions of joining and raking. In the test situation, a two joinable pieces tool never before handled by the subjects were presented, with a box with food out of range that could only be reached with the joined tool. Most of the subjects successfully solved the final task, with consistent results depending on the type of training. Only one subject of the asymmetric group didn’t solve the task. The topographies of solving were highly dependable on the quantity of training of one repertoire in comparison to another.
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    Efeitos da topografia da resposta sobre a resolução de problemas do tipo Insight em ratos
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-05-30) SANTOS, Dayanna Gomes; BORGES, Rubilene Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4853454834690548; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
    The Experimental Analysis of Behavior investigates parametric variables of the behavioral history of an organism that could explain the occurrence of creative behavior (Insight), i.e. a novel sudden behavior as a result from the combination of previous abilities from the organism's repertoire. This study investigated the task of pushing a cube, climbing onto the cube and pulling a chain (on this sequence) on Rattus norvegicus and tested the effects of two different topographies of the response of pushing a cube (pushing the cube with paws and pushing the cube with the head) and the transfer of stimulus control function in training situation (spot) on the response of pushing the cube to the test situation (chain). Six rats were randomly distributed under the following experimental conditions: push the cube with the paws / pull the spot; push the cube with the paws/ sniff the spot; push the cube with the paws / no contact with the spot and push the cube with the head / pull the spot. The test consisted of driving a cube down a chain, climbing the cube and pulling the chain. Data indicated that both topographies of the pushing response enabled the resolution of the problem. However, it was observed that pushing the cube with the paws allowed a greater number of Insight responses and closer responses that lead to the problem resolution because this topography allowed the subject to look at the chain while pushing the cube, obtaining greater precision in the positioning of the cube under the chain. Spot training has shown that more effective than teaching the animal to push at a specific stimulus would be to encourage the animal to explore more of the environment to find the most relevant stimulus.
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    “Insight” em macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) através do treino das habilidades pré-requisito em diferentes contextos de treino
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-28) COSTA, Juliane Rufino da; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
    Insight is the sudden and spontaneous problem solving. Research on the Insight phenomenon has characterized its occurrence as spontaneous interconnection of repertoires that were previously learned. Recently, studies have demonstrated that monkeys (Sapajus spp.) are able to solve a problem by interconnecting two tasks: (1) assembling two parts of a tool and (2) attaining ("fishing") a box containing food. However, those resolutions did not occur so suddenly, but with pauses between the responses. The objective of the present research is to continue the study on problem solving with monkeys, by testing the hypotheses that modifying the locations in which training and testing are given, the location could become a discriminative stimulus for the response of “fishing”, and the resolution happen without pauses. With one subject (Louis) the abilities (1) and (2) were trained in different locations. The Insight test was given in the same place as the training to attain a box. Louis solved the problem by interconnecting the two tasks, but still with pauses between the responses. One variable that may have interfered with Louis’ response was the fact that the two parts of the testing tool were delivered at the same time. With another subject (Gonzaga) all the training occurred in the same location. The insight test was given in another location. The two parts of the testing tool were delivered separately. The “fishing” part was delivered first, then, after two minutes, the two of them was delivered together. The results showed the same pattern of resolution described previously. The two variables tested: variation of the training and testing locations and the way the tools were delivered did not seem to affect the resolutions. However, it is discussed the need of the suddenness on the problem resolution, since it does not always occur. It is suggested a review on the term Insight, and more researches to expand the knowledge on the subject.
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    Investigações sobre o papel da generalização funcional em uma situação de resolução súbita de problemas (insight) em Rattus norvegicus
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06-29) DELAGE, Paulo Elias Gotardelo Audebert; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
    Learning psychology was characterized by the debate of if learning is a gradual or a sudden process. While associassionists defended the first proposal, gestaltist stated the existence of abrupt learning situations. Among the main authors to defend this possibility was Wolfgang Köhler. This author work has been pointed out as evidence of learning as a sudden process. Although these works are relevant for showing the existence of situations when sudden learning occurs, it has been questioned frequently about his conclusions about why this kind of behavior phenomena occurs. Among many of the criticism made, the most debated one is the lack of history control of his experimental subjects, nevertheless the disregard of the role of that history over data obtained. Studies that investigated this role (Epstein et al., 1984 and Epstein & Medalie 1983, 1985) show that the typical insight response could be the result of previously learned repertoire combined. Epsteins works were important in showing that insight would be the combination of repertoires in appropriated situations through a process known as Functional Generalization. The present study aims to investigate if Functional Generalization is really responsible for repertoires interconexion that results into task resolution in a considered sudden way. To achieve that, Epsteins experiments were replicated, using rats as subjects. The results show that Functional Generalization seems to be a necessary requirement, but not enough to sudden problem resolution in a way considered as insight.
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    ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)
    Tranferência de aprendizagem no uso de ferramentas por macacos-prego (Cebus cf. apella)
    (Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-05-10) DELAGE, Paulo Elias Gotardelo Audebert; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
    Researchers have been inquiring whether capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) tool use proficiency is a result of arbitrary discoveries resulting of exploratory behaviors that are frequent in these primates or is a result of the understanding of the tool function. Considering that these animals may modify, transport and fabricate tools, it is possible to propose that some level of understanding is involved, although related to the life history and built through a series of interactions with situations which are relevant to acquisition of a generalized repertoire of tool use. Aiming to investigate this proposal, a series of experiments with two groups of capuchin monkeys (Cebus cf. apella) was made, with the manipulation of the experimental history of these animals. All subjects were exposed repeatedly to a problem in which they should assembly six plastic blocks to build a tower, use it to reach a stick, with that stick reaching a second stick further distant, assembly the two sticks into a longer one and with that flip containers, dropping and obtaining food pellets. While two subjects were repeatedly exposed to that problem without any additional training, other two subjects were exposed, between exposures to the problem itself, to a rich experimental history of indirectly related tasks. The subjects of the first group were not able to solve the problem, but the subjects of the second group did it, although without direct training. It was concluded that a previous relevant history is essential to the so-called understanding of the solution of the problem and that this understanding or insight is an adaptive behavioral process, in which the learned skills are transferred to new contexts by basic behavioral processes as stimulus generalization, functional generalization and learning-set.
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