Navegando por Assunto "Kaolin"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da velocidade crítica de escoamento e estudo reológico de polpas de caulim da bacia do rio capim em dutos circulares
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) RUFINO, Romulo Lima; CRUZ, Daniel Onofre de Almeida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0536286226914691
The mineral industry represents a great economy state stimulator, and we can have as that industry highlights the kaolin beneficiation sector. The problem solutions related to that activity is a great opportunity to interact university and industry, besides that it’s a very fertile area to scientific development. A important point to be studied is the kaolin slurry flow inside pipelines and related equipments; problems as incrustation and pipeline pressure drop calculations weren’t still definitely resolved by the industry. In this context the present work consists in develop a methodology to calculate the flow parameters principally the necessary minimum velocity for the suspended particles do not deposit into the pipe. So the main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze, through the methodology implementation, the deposition velocity calculation during the slurry kaolin flow with different mass fraction (% in solid weight) into circular pipelines; from rheological studies done with samples taken from the beneficiation process; there by providing knowledge to the technicians and engineers that desire to design a slurry kaolin pump system; minimizing their problems with sub or super dimensioning, causing material deposition what represents production and environment hazardous whereas it will be necessary to open the pipeline to remove the material deposited due to the low flow velocity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Argamassas para dessalinização de alvenaria mista de edifício histórico de Belém
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-05) LOUREIRO, Alexandre Máximo Silva; SANJAD, Thais Alessandra Bastos Caminha; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8950586647715771
In the historical monuments of Belém structural masonry, along with the foundations and pillars, are responsible for supporting the building (VASCONCELLOS, 1979). These masonry are made of stone and solid bricks with lime mortar setting and can present various pathologies among which stand out the action of salt efflorescence and moisture. These two agents cause detachment of layers, mortar spraying, the appearance of cracks in masonry, and whitish appearance (HENRIQUES, 1994; CHAROLA, 2000). The research has as main objective the identification, characterization and attenuation of salt efflorescence, through study of the masonry of the right transept of the Church of St. Alexandre, located in historic downtown of Belém- PA. For this, laboratory techniques were used in order to understand the favorable process conditions of salt efflorescence, the damage to the materials, the kinds of salts and which materials are effective for desalination. First was the mapping the masonry and mapping damage to verify the current situation and the most degraded areas. Was subsequently performed the physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization: 1) physical characterization by sieve analysis, trace analysis and analysis of the moisture content of the masonry, 2) chemical characterization through qualitative and quantitative testing of salts and 3) characterization mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction was also used to evaluate the efficacy of four types of desalination mortars containing clay (bentonite and kaolin) and sand in different ratios. At the end of the study it was found that the suggested techniques for characterization and mapping of the masonry proved efficient and aided in the correct diagnosis of the existing problem. Moreover, the research showed which kinds of mortar are recommended to desalination of masonry damaged by salt efflorescence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de uma estrutura sanduíche de base polimérica, produzida com resíduos das indústrias de mineração e metalurgia, para aplicação como painel divisório de ambientes internos na construção civil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-07-05) MIRANDA, Rossana Martins; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968
The rechearch proposed to use solid wastes from kaolin and bauxite mining and metallurgical regional industries in a composite of sandwich structure to apply as internal divider panel environments. The blade was of unsaturated polyester matrix, double jute fabric and, kaolin waste (20 wt% polyester) and, the core, of polyurethane expansive and red mud (bauxite waste at process to get alumina), from 0 to 50 wt% PU (increasing by 10 to 10 wt%), in a total of 6 different treatments). The tests carried out were: blade density (ASTM C271/271M – 11), sandwich structure bulk density apparent, sandwich structure porosity, tensile test on the blade (ASTM D5083-10), flatwise tensile test on sandwich structure (ASTM C297/C297M - 04), edgewise compressive test on sandwich structure (ASTM C364/C364M–07), flatwise compressive test on sandwich structure (ASTM C297/C297M - 04), 3-point flexural test on sandwich structure (ASTM D7250/D7250M – 06 e ASTM C393/C393M – 11), Charpy impact test on sandwich structure (ASTM D6110 – 10), flammability test on blade and on sandwich structure (UL 94 - 96) and sound transmission loss test on sandwich structure (ISO 140-3:1995 - E). The results indicated that the choise of polymeric matrices was suitable to reduce weight of such structure mainly the use of a PU expansive. Increasing red mud not contributed to significant increase of sandwich structure bulk density apparent. Kaolin waste reinforcement increased resistance to blade on tensile test. Red mud reinforcement reduced sandwich structure resistance on flatwise tensile, flexural and impact tests. Increasing of red mud didn’t influenced sandwich structure edgewise compressive and flatwise compressive tests but, but it´s use at this sandwich structure, decreased their resistance at the first test and increased at the second test. The PU high flammability was delayed for being cloistered by two blades of polyester and kaolin, proving flame retardant property of kaolin waste. And about sound transmission loss test, the increase of red mud increased that until 20% concentration, after this, stabilized at 25 dB (STC) until 50% red mud. The composite, as a whole, presented feature of a sandwich structure, with a low density core, contributing to reduce structure weight and with higher resistant blades, providing it the desired structural feature to be a divider indoor panel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da influência da incorporação dos resíduos de caulim nas propriedades tecnológicas de cerâmica marajoara para obtenção de tijolo ecológico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-07-30) BRITO, Fabio Moreira; CÂNDIDO, Verônica Scarpini; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8274665115727809; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-0403; MONTEIRO, Sérgio Neves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2962183322412029; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-1234
The effects of global climate change are occurring at an unprecedented pace. For this reason, human activities urgently require a paradigm shift to halt this entropic process before the consequences become irreversible. In this context, the use of highly eco-efficient materials aims to conveniently neutralize CO₂. This study aims to incorporate Kaolin waste—KDI (clayey) and KAI (sandy)—into the properties and microstructures of clay mass, assessing its mechanical strength after firing at temperatures of 750 and 950 °C. Within this framework, six formulations were tested, varying from 0% to 50% kaolin waste. The specimens were uniaxially pressed into cylindrical shapes and then subjected to firing at 750 °C and 950 °C for 2 hours at peak temperature. The raw materials underwent tests that provided a comprehensive characterization of their properties, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser diffraction techniques (LD). After mixing and forming the materials into test specimens with different compositions, they were uniaxially pressed in cylindrical molds and subjected to compression testing. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using these wastes, showing favorable outcomes for their incorporation into red ceramics for the production of ceramic products in compliance with current standards.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da influência do tempo de reação e do teor de “Na” na síntese de zeólitas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-04-05) RODRIGUES, Emerson Cardoso; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505
This work aims to synthesize zeolite type "A" using as raw kaolin filler. The synthesis of zeolites was performed in a short time and without agitation. The starting materials and the product were identified and characterized by X ray Diffraction (XRD), Fluorescence Spectrometry, X Ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Grain Size Analysis and Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA and TG). In the synthesis process was used as the silica source and the alumina metakaolinite, which has been calcined at a temperature of 600 ° C for 2 hours threshold firing in a muffle type furnace. As a source of sodium was used a solution of sodium hydroxide 5 M in the system was also added distilled water. Various syntheses were performed inside an oven at 110 °C. The variation in reaction time and sodium content were the variables in the process. The results of the synthesis of zeolite A proved satisfactory, especially in time of 10 h with a ratio Al / Na = 0.57. The reaction time and amount of sodium are directly proportional to the formation of another phase called zeolitic Hydroxysodalite. From the zeolite A, by ion exchange with a solution of calcium chloride was obtained zeolite 5A without agitation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da síntese de zeólitas tipo A, X e sodalita empregando reatores vítreos: análise dos métodos dinâmico e estático de síntese a partir de caulim residual da Região Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-12-26) SENA, Rafael dos Santos Fernandes; MARTELLI, Marlice Cruz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1213009262936026
Kaolin processing companies generate kaolinitic residue that is stored in sedimentation ponds, occupying large physical areas. The utilization of these wastes is an important factor in the economic and the environmental terms. Here a study of the synthesis of A, X and sodalite zeolites using as raw material a kaolin waste from the Amazon Region is presented. The waste was pretreated for removal of the organic matter, comminuted and thermally activated at 750 °C for 2 hours. After selecting the optimum particle size for the synthesis by the pré-zeolitização step, two methods were tested to obtain the zeolites: dynamic and static. For the reaction mixture of the synthesis, were worked with the ratios SiO2/Al2O3 of 2/1 and 3/1 to obtain zeolites. Analyses of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyzes showed good phase formation for the NaA zeolite to the ratio 2/1, in the both sinthesys methods, dynamic and static, and without aging, and good phase formation for the NaX zeolite to the ratio 3/1, using static synthesis and with 12 hours aging. The sodalite phase was formed in the same stoichiometry of the NaX zeolite, but using static synthesis and without aging.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da temperatura de síntese do metacaulim para uso em pastas geopoliméricas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-12-09) BRANDÃO, Luis Felipe Alencar; SILVA, Alisson Clay Rios da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7389345867032737; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-2287; PICANÇO, Marcelo de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4535052395600357; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-1229
Geopolymers are a type of alkali-activated cement, composed of one or more precursors (sources of aluminosilicates), in general metakaolin, and an alkaline activating solution. This type of cement is known to have low carbon emissions and high initial strength gain, besides being able to incorporate several industrial wastes in its structure and also be compatible for the creation of reinforced concrete or not. Therefore, this work aims to study the influence of kaolin processing temperature for its transformation into metakaolin, in addition to evaluating the best proportion of SiO2/Al2O3 between the range of 3.5, 4 and 4.5 regarding compressive strength. For this purpose, kaolin of commercial origin was used as raw material for the production of the precursor, solutions based on sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as an alkaline activator. The kaolin was processed at 3 different temperatures (550 °C, 650 °C and 750 °C), originating 3 different precursors, MK- 550, MK-650 and MK-750, respectively. From this, cylindrical specimens were made to evaluate the compressive strength of the geopolymer paste. And by combining with the evaluation of the 3 sio2/Al2O3 contents, 9 analysis points were established. Through diphratometry (XRD), it is possible to notice that there was full amorphization of the kaolin at 750 °C. And when rehearsing the test specimens with cure for 7 days at room temperature, it was found that the best formulation was for SiO2/Al2O3 = 4.0, with 25.2 MPa. After a reduction in the total water content of the system, there was an increase in resistance to 46 MPa at 7 days and when waiting 28 days for the cure of this series, a reduction was noticed to 29 MPa, possibly related to alkali excesses. Further tests show that the water absorption and porosity of the material is 40 % and 48 % respectively. It is concluded that by calcinar kaolin at 750 °C it is possible to produce a precursor for geopolymers of good resistance, being more economical energetically than usual in the literature researched.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência das características do fluido na corrosão e erosão em amostras de aço 5l x65
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-09-30) NASCIMENTO, Nina Benchimol Xavier do; FARIA, Lênio José Guerreiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7428609361678173
The objective of this research was to evaluate the corrosive and erosive behavior of API 5L X65 carbon steel samples with an external FBE coating used for transporting an aqueous suspension containing around 40% solids with a high content of aluminum hydrated silicates, mainly kaolinite and water, to identify the best operational method for intermittent pumping regimes, focusing on their influence on steel integrity. The samples were divided as follows: three samples of carbon steel pipes with an outer diameter (OD) of 14 inches, thickness (Th) of 8.74 mm (original), and 1 meter in length; a sample of process water and a sample of aqueous suspension with an average of 40% solids with a high content of aluminum hydrated silicates and acidic pH, each with approximately 60 liters (divided into two plastic containers of 30 liters). The results show that the KM-0 sample presented a yield limit below the specified minimum, and the KM-23 sample also showed a high standard deviation, suggesting a lack of homogeneity. The new pipe samples presented values within specifications. The significant difference in hardness between samples lies in the very low carbon percentage presented in the TR sample. This minimizes issues with potential weak points and increases material weldability; however, in some cases, pipes treated by controlled rolling achieve high mechanical strength and toughness with relatively low hardness, which can provide greater erosion resistance than tempered pipes. Samples KM-23 and KM-0, although having similar hardness and chemical composition, showed differences in absorbed energy and area reduction. This may be attributed to the higher sulfur content in sample KM-23, evidenced by detected sulfur-rich inclusions. Overall toughness was high for all samples, with no indication of brittleness under the tested conditions. The results of uniform and localized corrosion, disregarding the influence of oxygen, indicated that the acidic pH slurry is less corrosive than water. During water operation, the corrosion rate stabilizes over time; however, when production is intermittent, the film formed by water disappears, returning this rate to its initial condition, being even more detrimental to the pipe's integrity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de material zeolítico a partir de caulim da Amazônia em escala semi piloto: aplicação na adsorção de cobre
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-06-27) RODRIGUES, Emerson Cardoso; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968
This work aims to synthesize a zeolite product composed of zeolite type "A" plus sodalite using as filler kaolin starting material. The synthesis of Zeolites was carried out in a short time and in a system with agitation, in a reactor of stainless steel with a volume of approximately 0.001 m3, that is, in semi-pilot scale. The system was heated by steam from a boiler. The X ray diffraction (XRD), X ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Granulometric Analysis and Differential and Gravimetric Thermal Analysis (DTA and TG) were identified and characterized. In the synthesis process the metakaolin was used as the source of silica and alumina, which was obtained at 600 ° C for 2 hours of calcination in a muffle furnace. A 5M sodium hydroxide solution was used as the sodium source. Several syntheses were carried out for a maximum duration of 180 minutes. Every 30 minutes aliquots of the product were taken for the study of reaction kinetics. The results of the zeolite syntheses were satisfactory and the product obtained was applied to the adsorption of Cu2+ ions, in which the influence of the variables: time, temperature, pH and adsorbent quantity were evaluated. The determination of the best adsorption model was performed by the Monte Carlo method via Markov Chain and through the Akaike Information Criterion the isotherms that were closest to the presented results were established. The results obtained were compared with other studies available in the literature and showed significant values, which characterize the process of zeolite production and adsorption as promising and efficient.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Síntese e caracterização de analcina obtida a partir de rejeito caulim com aplicação em adsorção
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-12-19) CORREA, Edinelson Saldanha; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673
In this work from kaolin processing industries from Ipixuna-PA were used in order to synthesi analcime derived zeolite as predominant crystalline phase though the hydrothermal process. The sample was converted into metakaolinite by calcinations at 700°C during 4 hours. From sample this metakaolinite a reacting mixture consisting of diatomite and sodium hydroxide was prepared. In order to determine of ideal conditions for analcime synthesis, a number of process variables were measured such as sodium availability, silicon ratio, nature of the silica source, pH of the reacting mixture, and auto clave residence time. Some important properties of the adsorbent where measured as well, such as thermal stability in the presence of acids hydrogen desorption kinetics, the trends of the adsorption isotherms as such as selectivity for copper, cadmium, zinc and nickel ions. Analcime synthesis from kaolin processing wastes was feasible. A displacement in the (h, k, l) planes was observed at 400 °C and was maintained up to 600°C, caused by the withdrawal of oxygen in positions 1/8 in analcime, shrinking the unit cell and in active channels and sites of zeolite, affecting its adsorption capacity.