Navegando por Assunto "Laterita"

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Aspectos mineralógicos geoquímicos da laterita niquelífera da área do Vermelho, Serra dos Carajás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1982-12-29) CORRÊA, Sandra Lia de Almeida; SCHWAB, Roland Gottlieb
The mineralogical-geochemical study of nickel-bearing laterite from the Vermelho area, Serra dos Carajás, was based on 64 samples obtained from a drill in the mother rock and a well in the alteration profile. The lateritic profile, developed on serpentinized ultrabasic rocks, consists of three distinct horizons; from the base to the top: saprolithic horizon, with more than 4 meters of thickness, clayey horizon, with 6.1 meters, and limonitic horizon with 8.3 meters. Mineralogically, the saprolitic horizon consists of serpentine, chlorite, quartz, hematite and goethite, the clayey horizon of smectite, chlorite and goethite and the limonitic horizon of quartz, goethite, hematite, chlorite and kaolinite. Maghemite is present from the base to the top of this profile. During the action of weathering, the main and trace elements underwent leaching, transport and reprecipitation processes, resulting in the concentration of these elements in the different horizons of the profile, with the exception of magnesium, which was leached to a large extent. Despite the low mobility of chromium in the lateritic medium, this element was leached from the saprolitic horizon and from there it enriches itself, thus behaving as a relatively mobile element. The profit and loss calculations were difficult to make because no element showed continuous relative enrichment from the bottom to the top of the profile. Considering the average contents of the horizons of the lateritic profile and fresh serpentinite, only iron and cobalt present continuous relative enrichment. The nickel concentration in the clayey horizon possibly occurred through an ion exchange process between the smectite and the level migrated by descending solutions, after its release from goethite. The parent rock contains 0.3% Ni, while the clayey horizon has an average content of 4.5% Ni. Cobalt and zinc were also strongly enriched during the laterization process. The cobalt was concentrated in the limonitic horizon, where it reaches an average content of about 0.1% by weight, thus suffering an enrichment of almost nine times in relation to its content in the mother rock. The distribution of cobalt in the lateritic profile is controlled by iron and manganese minerals. Zinc was concentrated in the saprolitic horizon, where it has an average content of approximately 0.05% by weight, enriching about 10 times its content in the mother rock.
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Caracterização química e mineralógica de bauxitas da Amazônia Oriental através de métodos por fluorescência (FRX) e difração (DRX) de raios-X
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-05-26) SANTOS, Antônio Carlos Figueiredo dos; SCHUCKMANN, Walter Klaus
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Estudo do comportamento do ouro nas formações supergênicas da área Cachoeira, nordeste do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-07-20) TARBACH, Milton; KOTSCHOUBEY, Basile; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0096549701457340
In the Cachoeira area, Gurupi region, northeast of Pará, there is a volcano-sedimentary sequence composed predominantly of strongly mylonitized dacites and rhyodacites, cut by bundles of quartz veins and venules from NS to NNE-SSW direction. In this sequence, gold is present in the form of fine “free” particles, disseminated both in the veins and in the heavily carbonated host rocks, as well as associated with a sulfide paragenesis consisting of pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Over geological time, several surfaces marked by an old phosphate laterite, an immature ferruginous laterite and a level of ferruginous sandstone, respectively, developed. Furthermore, restricted-range gossans were formed early in this supergenic framework. In this work, only the most recent lateritic cover and the gossanic bodies were studied. Laterite comprises a thick saprolithic horizon, a mottled zone and a 3-meter-thick crust composed of hematite, goethite, kaolinite and generally subordinate quartz. In this alteration mantle, both gold and silver, although “invisible”, show an enrichment in the upper part of the profile and in particular in the crust. The trace elements Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu and As, in turn, show higher contents in the mottled zone or at the top of the saprolite. The gossanic bodies, which mark the zones most enriched in sulphides, are composed essentially of goethite with microcrystalline quartz, kaolinite and sericite subordinated. In addition to fragments of veins. Gold, silver and arsenic show a tendency to enrich themselves in depth. In areas with higher levels of gold, it usually appears in fine visible particles or even tiny nuggets. On the other hand, the contents of Mn, Co, Zn and Pb suffer little variation in the studied profiles, while Ni and Cr show an enrichment at the top of the latter. It is assumed that during the formation of the lateritic cover, gold and silver suffered an incipient molybization, probably in the form of chlorides and/or organic complexes, whereas in the gossanic medium these elements migrated preferentially in the form of thiosulfates. In both cases the gold and silver would have been fixed by the iron hydroxide by adsorption and/or coprecipitation. Regarding the other trace elements, it is believed that their mobilization occurred mainly in the form of sulfates and according to the physical-chemical conditions of the medium. Its redistribution and fixation in the alteration products was probably controlled by its retention by poorly crystallized iron hydroxide.
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Evolução da paisagem da porção centro-oriental da Amazônia do Cretáceo ao Paleógeno.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-06-23) MOURA, Matheus Ramos de; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
This study presents a new perspective for the evolution of the relief in Central and Eastern Amazonia based in geomorphologic and stratigraphic analysis of two areas: the first one at the surroundings of Paragominas and the second includes territories from Juruti, Belterra and Santarém counties, both at the state of Pará. The results of the relief analysis demonstrate a diversity of morphological modellings that indicate a polycyclic evolution involving periods of development of flat plateaus, associated with the development of lateritic profiles, alternated with intervals that tend to erosional activity from unstable and collapsing slopes, being the planation reliefs representative of the Paleocene-Eocene and Early-Middle Miocene, while the dissection modellings mark ages from the Neoeocene-Neooligocene and Neomiocene-Pliocene. The ages of the planation modellings are confirmed by age estimations of Cenozoic paleosurfaces that occur along the Amazon region (with which they are correlatable) and by global eustatic and climatic tendencies. The sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis identified two typical profiles for these study areas – PWH (profiles with well-defined horizons) and PMC (profiles with massive conglomerates), distinguished by their in situ/reworking characteristics. Regarding to the PMC profiles, there were observed two facies associations: FA1: an association of conglomerates of diverse supportings and arenites assumed to be formed by proximal fan deposits generated through debris flows; and FA2: packs of clay displaying mostly a massive framework, interpreted as distal fan deposits generated through sheet flow and mudflow. Both associations have subaerial exposure evidence and erosive surfaces in their bases, that allow to conclude a deposition at embedded valleys through rapid pulses of detritus, and hence were interpreted as colluvial and alluvial fan deposits, that formed along the most erosive periods of the regions, having been initiated in the vicinities of the main drainages of the analyzed areas (Capim and Amazonas rivers). The results of this study demonstrate a more intense sedimentary and tectonic activity than that generally accepted for the Amazon region during the Cenozoic Era, showing that this region’s landscape was more affected than it was believed to be by another tectonic remarkable events in the South America continent, such as: the Andes Uplift, the deposition of the Amazonas and Marajó basins and Bragantina Platform neogene formations, the Tortonian Regression and the install and evolution of the Amazonas River.
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Evolução geoquímica das crostas lateríticas e dos sedimentos sobrepostos na estrutura de Seis Lagos (Amazonas)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-03-19) CORREA, Sandra Lia de Almeida; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The study of the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the lateritic crusts and the overlying sediment in the structure of Seis Lagos (Amazonas State) has been based on the analyses of samples from the surface lateritic crusts and from three boreholes as well. In the chemical characterization of the examined material, it has been used both classic and spectroanalytic methods, while in the mineralogical characterization, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry (DTA and DTG) have been employed. Energy dispersive system analyses (EDS) have been performed and applied to the micromorphologic study of the crusts and sediments from the Esperança Basin. In siderite samples, it has been determined 13C and 18O isotopic contents as well as the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios. The Rb/Sr method has been used in an attempt to date whole samples and siderites from the carbonatic breccias. The textural, mineralogical and geochemical features observed, both in the surface crusts and in the profile of the borehole number 1, point to a lateritic origen for those materials. The carbonatitic signature of the crusts is indicated by typical minerals of carbonatites and associated rocks such as ilmenorutile, Nb-rutile, Nb-brookite, pyrochlore and monazite, which are resistant to lateritic processes; by high and anomalous contents of Nb, REE, as well as, Mn, Th, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Mo and Be. The profile of the borehole number 3 is arranged in well distinct horizons, what is characteristic of lateritic profiles, shows chemical and mineralogical compositions indicative of a lateritic derivation from aluminosilicatic iron-poor rocks, as those of the wall rocks (granites and gneisses) of Seis Lagos. The sediments of the Esperança Basin show evidence of being derived from the different horizons which make up the lateritic profiles, with a significant vegetable- and animal-derived organic contribution. The materials which constitute the carbonatic breccia are thought to be originated from lateritic ferruginous crust due to the existing geochemical similarities among them, to the presence of resistate minerais of the ferruginous crust and to the presence of essentially iron-bearing minerais, typical of sedimentary-diagenetic environment, such as pyrite and siderite. The carbonaceous clay proved to be derived from lateritic clayey horizons, as those of the profile of the borehole 3, and the deposition of this layer took place in a moment of lower subsidence rate in the Esperança Basin, when the ferruginous crust, positioned at higher levels, were being eroded and the cayey horizons were exposed. The sapropelite layer indicates, considering its large thickness, that a development of a long-lasting acid and reducing environment might have taken place; its chemical and mineralogical composition received contributions from latentes, mainly from the clayey horizons; and the pyrite formation has been the sanie of that of the carbonatic breccia. The beige-colored clay bed, as it is indicated by its chemical and mineralogical composition, was also formed by clayey-horizons material. In the carbonatic breccia of the Esperança Basin, typical caxbonatite minerals have not been found, except for the resistates (ilmenorutile, Nb-rutile, Nb-brookite, pyrochlore and monazite) and siderite, where the last one is not a common constituent of those rocks. Lateritic minerals, however, such as gibbsite and those of the crandallite group have been found. The geochemical filiation reported among crusts, carbonatic breccias, clay/sapropelite and clayey lateritic horizons is noteworthy. The nonalignment of the points plotted in isochronic diagram (87Rb/86Sr vs. "Sr/"Sr), obtained either from the whole sample or the individual siderite analyses of the carbonatic breccia are not compatible with homogenous rocks, as it would be expected for carbonatites, although they are with the thick sedimentary pile. The mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data demonstrate that the carbonatic breccia composition does not correspond to that of the carbonatites and thus the sediments of the Esperança Basin, including the carbonatic breccia, might have had the various horizons of the lateritic profiles as their source, where the ferruginous crust might have largely been the source for the sediments of the base of column (probably the basal portion of the basin) as well as the clayey horizons of the upper beds might have been. This made possible that, along all the extension of the stratigraphic column, the geochemical signature of the carbonatitic source rock, from which the laterites were generated, was transferred to the sedimentary rocks as well as it was also preserved in the laterites.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica de lateritos sobre rochas do complexo de Maicurú - Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1990-08-17) LEMOS, Vanda Porpino; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The study on the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the laterites formed from the weathering of the aika-Iine-ultramafic-carbonatite rocks of the Maicuru complex, Pará, were based in the sampling of laterites (about 223 samples), including lateritic profiles (on the apatitite, glimmerite, pyroxenite, biotitite, dunite and syenite) and surface (crust and soils) materials. This study permited to conclude that after dissolution of the carbonates, complete alteration of the pyroxenes and anphiboles in to smectites and micas (biotite and phlogopite) in to vermiculite, and incipient alteration of the fluorapatite, occurred: enrichement of the REE, probabig in the form of carbonate-hidroxi; moderate losses in Si, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Zn, Y, Sr and P; and retention of Al, Ni, Co, Cu, main-tmined in smectite and vermiculite, Fe, Ti, Nb, represented bg ilmenomagnetite, titanite and perovskite (Ti and Nb), and Zr, lodged in the ilmemomagnetite and titanite structures. In the transitional and phosphatic-clageg hor)zons interface occured the degradation of smectite and vermiculite and dissolution of fluorapatite and perovskite, while titanite and ilmenomagnetíte remain inaltered. In this wag the following products were obtained: Kaolínite, goethite, anatase and aluminous phosphates (wavelite, wardite and crandallite group). Hence, was observed: moderate enrichment in Ti, Nb and Zr, depletion in rare earth elements, especially in the LREE; retention of Al and Fe; and expressive losses in other elements analyzed, relative to the lower levels of the Profiles. In the intermediary levels of the phosphatic-clayey horizon the transformation of the titanite into anatase, took place with retention of Nb and Zr in its structures and the liberation of REE, Ca, Sr and Na, which were in part retained as crandallite group and wardite phosphates. In the phosphatic-clayey and crust horizons interface oxidation of ilmenomagneti-te occurred, with latter evolution into maghemite and anatase. From this level was possible to verify into the lateritic profiles: a great enrichment in Y, REE, (mainly LREE, due to high concentration in crandalite group), Ti, Nb, Fe and Zr, represented by anatase and maghemite; moderate enrichement of Cu, as turquoise, Sr and Zn, acomoded in structure of the crandallite group; Mn contained in the ilmenites and as hgdroxides (which fixed fractions of Co); intense lixiviation of Si, Kr Ca and Mg, moderate lixiviation of Na e Ni; and little lixiviation of P. The chondrite normalized REE patterns for the parent rocks indicated a preferable enrichment in LREE relative to the HREE. This behavior as reflected along the profiles, but stand out mainly in the outcropping crust, samples where there is abundance of crandalite group phosphates. Eventually, the enrichment of HREE in the phosphatic-clayey horizon and in some samples formation of the crust was observed, probably due to churchite. The laterites show favorable economic perspectives for phosphates, titanium and rare earth elements.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica do perfil laterítico mineralizado a Sn, Zr, Nb, Y e ETR da Serra do Madeira - Pitinga (AM)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1991-04-15) HORBE, Adriana Maria Coimbra; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica multi-elementar de perfis de solos sobre lateritos e gossans na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1995-07-31) HORBE, Adriana Maria Coimbra; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
With the aim of studying the genesis of soils developed on lateritic crusts, five profiles located in the region of Carajás (N5 and Igarapé Bahia procpects) as well as in Paragominas (Camoaí Mine) and Belém (Mosqueiro and Outeiro Beaches) municipalities all them located in Pará State, Brazil - have been selected. Based on the structures described in the profiles (N5, igarapé Bahia, Camoaí, Outeiro and Mosqueiro), it has been Possible to distinguish four differents horizons: fresh crust, partially-weathered crust, weathered crust and soil. The fresh crust is compact, vacuolar and composed of iron and aluminium oxyhydroxides. The partially-weathered crust is made up of fresh-crust relicts enclosed in yellowish or reddish clayey matrix, depending on the mineralogical composition of the fresh crust. The weathered crust is characterized by dominance of clayey matrix in relation to relicts, while the soil is composed exclusively of clayey material. The structures of the profiles show that the change from fresh crust to the overlying soil is gradual with volume expansion at the beginning of the fragmentat ion processes. This expansion is followed by the collapse of the profile as the relicts are entirely transformed into an earthy micro-aggregated material. The profiles of N5 and Igarapé Bahia prospects have been derived from a mature iron-aluminous crust, being characterized by the highest contents of kaolinite and hematite either in the crust or in the relícts. Gibbsite Al-goethite, anatasse and quartz are concentrated in the soil, which tends to be initially bauxitic, at the base of the profile, and to become kaolinite-rich toward the top. The mineralogical changes led to chemical modifications such as decrease in Fe2O3 and 8iO2 and increase in Al2O3, TiO2 and PF. The trace elements (V, Cr, Ni, R, Mo, Zr, Ga, Sc, Y, Mn, Cu and Pb besides Au in the profile of Igarapé Bahia) and REE's exhibit concentrations of 8 and Zr whereas the remaining ones tend to be progressively diluted from the crust toward the soil. The TiO2-mass balance shows that the transformation of the crust into soil took place by means of leaching of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in two profiles above mentioned, while Al2O2 underwent enrichment in the profile of N5 and leaching in the profile of igarapé Bahia. The soil formation from a mature aluminous crust in Camoaí differs from those described in the profile of Igarapé Bahia and of N5 in that it shows a decrease in gibbsite contents and an increase in kaolinite and quartz, whereas the verey low contents of ,hematite, goethite, and anatase do not present a characteristic distribution. The trace elements and the REE's, with contents much lower than those observed in the others profiles, show an increase in Zr and Mn toward the soil horizon and a dilution of the remaining ones. In the Camoaí, the transformation of the aluminous crust into soil, based on the TiO2-mass balance, took place through leaching of Al2O3 and enrichment in SiO2 and Fe2O3. In the profiles of Outeiro and Mosqueiro, deriveci from immature silicoferruginous lateritic crust the soil formation occurred by means of decreasing in hematite+goethite so that, in the resulting soil, quartz and kaolinite predominate. In consequence of this, a decrese in the Fe2O3 contents and an increase in SiO2 and Al2O3 have been observed in those profiles. The trace elements distribution presents, as in igarapé concentration of Zr and dilution of the remaining ones. Based on TiO2-mass balance, it could be noticed that the transformation of the crust in the profiles of Mosqueiro and Outeiro took place through leaching of Fe2O3, whereas SiO2 and Al2O3 underwent enrichment in the profile of Outeiro and Leaching in the one of Mosqueiro. On the basis of structures, mineralogical composition and geochemical data of the profiles, it has been possible to characterize an accentuated process of Fe loss in the iron-aluminous and in the silicoferruginous crust as well as Ai removal in the aluminous ones what led to soil generation. In the profiles derived from the iron-aluminous and the silicoferruginous crust, it has been observed substitution of hematite by Al-goethite, an intermediated segment - where there is predominance of gibbsite in the iron-aluminous profiles -- and presence of kaolinite at the top of both profiles. In every profiles, it has been reported quartz acumulation. The enrichment in quartz and the S1O2 being the latter likely come from externai sources -via vegetable-material decay - caused the neoformation of kaolinite from gibbsite in the profiles of N5, igarapé Bahia, and Camoaí. In the profiles of Mosqueiro and Outeiro the kaolinite presence in the soil is a consequence of its relative enrichment in the relation to the crust from which it has been derived. As a consequence of the mineralogical transformation, Fe has been leached from the profiles of N5, Igarapé Bahia, Mosqueiro, and Outeiro and Al from those of the Camoaí, as well as V, Cr, Mo, Ga, Sc, Cu, Pb and REErs. On the other hand, a strong enrichment in Zr and, in part, in 8 and Mn has been reported in every stud ied profiles. The transformations that caused the break down of the balance of the crusts, their desmantlement and comminution, forming relicts and a new clayey mineral phase, are consequence of organic matter influence which turns the environments conditions more acid and less oxidizing, in a process similar to that of weathering-profiles formation in humid tropical environments. The mineral and chemical difference observed between the profiles are consequence of compositional variation of the crusts which, in part, also reflect the degree of maturity of theirs. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the soils in the investigated profiles allow us to correlate them to the Belterra Clay and, in consequence of this, to admit that Belterra Clay had an autochthonous origin in relation to the underlying lateritic crusts.
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Geologia, mineralogia e geoquímica dos fosfatos de Sapucaia (Bonito - PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-10-20) LEITE, Alessandro Sabá; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The mineral deposit of Sapucaia, located in Bonito county, northeast of Pará state, is part of a set of occurrences of lateritic aluminum phosphates located predominantly along the coastal area of Pará and Maranhão states. These deposits were subjetc for study since the beginning of the last century, when the first descriptions of "phosphorous bauxites" were mentioned in the NW region in Maranhão. In the last decades, with the increase demand for fertilized products for agricultural world market, various mineral exploration projects were started or expanded their resources in Brazilian territory, among them there is the economic viability of deposits of aluminous phosphates, as Sapucaia, which will be the first project of economic mineral production and marketing of thermophosphates of Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the geology, mineral composition and geochemistry of lateritic aluminum phosphates profile of the Sapucaia hill. The macro-region inclued lands mostly dominated by Precambrian to Paleozoic rocks land, locally defined by Pirabas Formation, Barreiras Formation, latosoils and recent sediments. The morphology of the deposit is characterized by a discrete elongated hillock that offers smooth and continuous slopes at its edges, which become rare natural exposures of the laterite profile horizons. So, the methodology used to characterize the deposit was based on the program of geological research performed by “Fosfatar Mining”, hitherto owns their mineral rights, has provide two trenches and samples of 8 drill cores. Sampling was limited to the extent of lithological lateritic profile, with the selection of 44 samples at intervals of 1m, and underwent a course of preparation and laboratory analysis. According with the other occurrences of the Gurupi region, the phosphates of Sapucaia contains an individualized horizon, called simply aluminum phosphates or aluminophosphatic crust, which varies texturally to massive horizon, cavernous, porous microporous, which to the top transitions to phosphate ferroalumino crust, “leopard skin”, cavernous, composed of nodules of hematite and / or goethite cemented by aluminum phosphates, with similar characteristics to the underlying phosphate horizon. The aluminophosphatic crust to the base of the profile transition to a thick horizon kaolinitic clay with sand layers, which rests on weathered heterolithic fine-grained sediments, sericite clay aspect, sometimes interspersed with sandy horizons, and have no apparent correlation with other rocks outcrop in the region. Approximately 40% of the surface of the hill is covered by colluvium composed of mineralized fragments of the crust and sandy sediment from Barreira Formation. In the crust, the aluminum phosphates are predominantly represented by the subgroup of crandallite: i) Crandallite-goyazite (average 57.3%); ii) woodhouseite-svanbergite (average 15.8%); and iii) wardite-millisite (average 5.1%). Associated with phosphates are: hematite, goethite, quartz, kaolinite, muscovite and anatase, with volumes that vary according to the corresponding laterite horizon. As the heavy minerals in the accessory level are zircon, staurolite, tourmaline, anatase, andalusite and sillimanite. The horizon of phosphates and iron phosphate crusts shows be clearly rich in P2O5, and Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O, SrO, SO3, Th, Ta and LREE such as La and Ce relative to the horizon saprolite. The contents of SiO2 are pretty high, but much lower than those identified in lower clay horizon. In profile as a whole, there is an inverse correlation between SiO2 and Al2O3, between Al2O3 and Fe2O3, and positive between SiO2 and Fe2O3, which confirms the nature of the lateritic profile. Different from what is expected by bauxitic laterites, the content of P2O5, CaO, Na2O, SrO and SO3 have a elevated concentration, considered typical of phosphate deposits of aluminum rich in crandallite-goyazite and woodhouseite-svanbergite. The succession of horizons, the mineralogical composition and geochemical patterns allow correlating the deposit with other aluminum phosphates presents in the region, more specifically Jandiá (Pará) and Trauíra (Maranhão), as well as others located beyond the Brazilian territory, thus indicating that the aluminum phosphates of Sapucaia are the genesis of a lateritic mature and a complete profile, products whose source rock may be related to mineralized rocks in phosphorus, such as those observed in Pimenteiras Formation, partially outcropping on the edge of the Parnaíba Basin. Possibly, the current ore body was integrated of Pirabas paleocost sea, since drill holes on the side of the body, made clear the relationship of lateral contact between these units.
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Geologia, mineralogia, geoquímica e gênese dos fosfatos de Jandiá, Cansa Perna, Itacupim no Pará e Pirocaua e Trauira no Maranhão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1980-05-13) COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; SÁ, José Haroldo da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9442263243312377
The phosphate occurrences of Northeastern Pará and Northwestern Maranhão were formed by strong lateritic weathering of phosphorus-rich Precambrian rocks. The rock formation affected by those processes were phyllites and schists of the Gurupi Group in Cansa Perna and Pirocaua, a complex of felsic to mafic and ultramafic rocks metamorphosed in the greenschist facies in Itacupim and Trauira and probably phosphoritic "sandstone" in Jandiá. The lithologic sequente observed (A=horizon: ferric oxide-hydroxide and ferric and aluminium phosphate; B=horizon: aluminium phosphate; C=horizon: kaolinite) is generally comparable with that of bauxite deposits, especial.ly those of the Amazon region which were also developed, like the phosphate deposits, during the Tertiary. The mineralogy of the phosphates consists of crandalite-goyazite, wavellite, augelite, mineral-A and wardite-millisite (these are particularly abundant in the "B" horizon); dufrenite, mitridatite, beraunite, mineral-B, lazulite and ferric oxide-hidroxide (in the "A" horizon), apatite (in the bedrock of Itacupim). Dravite, gibbsite and other oxides were also found. These secondary mineral associations are common to all deposits and show only slight variations related to the bedrock. The geochemistry of these deposits is unusual and differs from that of normal bauxites. In particular high concentrations of. Sr, Rb, Ba, Ce, La, Nd, Zr and Nb are observed in the "B" horizon, some of these elements are found in the crandalite goyazite series in which the Sr0-content can be as high as 7%. The geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of these deposits are similar to the secondary phosphate occurrences of Florida, Utah, and Tennessee CUSPA and also to these of Senegal.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A geoquímica da camada laterítica da Serra do Quatipuru
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1980-09-03) SÁ, Osvaldo Batista; SCHWAB, Roland Gottlieb
A study was carried out on the modes of distribution of the trace elements Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Cr in a layer of laterite soil overlying a parent rock composed of serpentinised ultrabasics and partly of talc-chlotite (schists). The layer of soil is influenced by weathered coming from the upper levels of the Serras leading to a possible upsetting of the equilibrium of the profile. The investigation of various profiles indicates that it can be proved that the type of mode of distribution is constant and only depends on the parent rock. The lateral contribution from the upper level of the Serras only increases or decreases the maximum and minimum values along the profile. It is proven that there exists a strong relationship between Co-Mn and Cr-Fe independent of the horizon and the parent rock. The enrichment factors of weathering are presented, as well as the conclusions which may be drawn on the basis of analyses of these trace elements on soil near the surface with the respect to possible enrichment in underlying horizons and values in the parent rock, enabling identification of the parent rock by preliminary simple geochemistry.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geoquímica multi-elementar de crostas e solos lateríticos da Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-12-16) ARAÚJO, Eric Santos; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
This work intention is to stand out a sistematic study on the chemical elements dispersion in soils and duricrust, developed over, diversified geological environments lithotypes, under humid tropical climate in the Amazon region-. Two target areas were chosen for soil sampling( Serra dos Carajás-N-5 and Serra do Tiracambu TN-6); the former, a gibbsite rich latosoil, is situated in the southwest part of Pára State; the latter, has a predominartee- of kaolinite and iron oxi-hydroxides overling a bauxite layer, situated in the western border of Maranhão State. Two other areas were selected for duricrust studies, Pirocaua iron-phosphate crust, surrounded by latosoil ( NW of Maranhão State) and Serra dos Carajás target N-1 feruginous crust. The methodology assumed was the same for all targets for both soil and duricrust, as follow: a - sampling grid of 200x200m; b - Three parts separation of soil samples (bulk,<200-14 and -80-F200- mesh- )-for duricrusts were only considered bulk samples; - X-ray difratometric analysis were carried out to determine mineralogical composition and atomic absortion for determination of Ni,Co,Cr,Cr,Mn,V,As and Bi and, Au, through fire assay; d X-ray fluorescence analysis were taken for SiO2,Fe2O3,Al2O3,TiO2,Ba,Y,Nb,Zr,Ga and Sc; PGE (Pt,Pd,Rh) and REE analysis were obtained by aplicai emission spectrography after pre concentration and ICP, respectively. Mineralogical and chemical data were processed in order to obtain basic statistical parameters by using compatible PC-IBMIXT through Geoquant System CPRM 3.1 version, as well as some other complementary softwares CONVERT and QPRO) both in the statistical studies and graphic data display, besides CLUSTER R MOD and Q MOD analysis. Target TN-6 X-ray difratometry soil samples analysis showed a mineralogical homogeneous character as predominantly composed by kaolinite,A1-goethite and anatase. This homogeneity is also present in bulk sample chemical composition and in the analized fractions as well,revealing a distribution of three main geochemical association-SiO2-Al2O3-Cu-Mn-Sr; Fe2O3-V-Cu-Ba-Cr-As-Sc-REE and TiO2-Y-Nb-Zr-Ga-Sc-REE as a reflect of kaolinite, iron oxi-hydroxide and anatase,respectively. On the other hand target N-5 latosoils are made out by gibbsite followed by goethite-hematite and in minor content, kaolinite and anatase. Although this target, from the mineralogical point of view, does not present much difference from the TN-6 except for the presence or gibbsite, it outstands the association of TiO2- Al2O3-Ga-Zr-Sc-Sr as well as Fe2O3-Mn-V-Cr-Sc-As. The former association representing gibbsite and anatase, besides being more consisterrt, surrounds the Fe2O3 association wich in turn reflect iron oxi-hydroxides and, indirectly, the contribution of basic rocks in the latosoils origin. Regarding target N-1duricrust, which presents differents textures (stratified,pisolitic and cavernous), the results obtained showed independently, similar concentration for Mn, Sr,Nb and Ga. Small difference characterize the cavernous duricrust in the gibbsite content and the predominantly presence of Au and Pt. In target N-1, as a whole, the most significant geochemical association was defined by Al2O3-TiO2-Cr-V-Sr-Nb-Zr-Ga-Sc-As. Low concentration of trace elements in this association reflects its origin from sedimentary nature Fe-Mn silicate deprived rocks, with low mafic/ultramafic contribution correlation matrix and groupment analysis in the Pirocaua target stablished two great geochemical associations with equal importance for soils and duricrust. The first, Fe2O3-V-Ga-Ni-Cu-Cr-As, indicates iron minerais, chiefly goethite and hematite, while the second, P2O5-Al2O3-(TiO2)-Sr-Y-Zr-REE reflects the crandallite-goyazite group of phosphates. The iron association is more frequent, occuping great extension of the plateau, not discerning soils or duricrust. So does the Au disperssion which presents indistinctly qualified values for 13 samples averaging 0.2 ppm and 1.01 ppm as maximum value. Arsenic concentratiton achieved an average of 188 ppm in duricrusts and 273 ppm in soils to which are associated the presence of tourmaline (dravite) in soil derived from hydrothermal zones noticiable in some outcrops fractures. Regarding PGE,qualified values for PT ( 0.1 to 0.4ppm) are directly associated to high concentration of Cr ( 1235 ppm in duricrust) and high values of P2O5 ( 11.85% soil to 15.05%-duricrust), this geochemical landscape is an evidence a basic composition vulcanosedimentary bedrock, rich in phosphates for the Serra do Pirocaua. The studies carried out were important in characterizing soils and duricrusts under a geological, mineralogical and chemical pooints of view, considering that, in both sample categories a surface sampling reflects, till certain extent and accuracy, trough geochemical association, the bedrock nature from which these covers had derived, as observed in the Pirocaua and N-5 targets the contribution of basic rocks as well as in the TN-6 and N-1 sedimentary rocks influence. This fact shows an importance to.consider.in the geochemical surveys, in characterizing concealed bedrock lithotypes by sampling their autochthonous covers, developed under humid tropical climate regions as the Amazon, taking into account that these rocks are not easily identified due the morphological condition involved and the consequent thicknes of the overburden. This is most outstanding inasmuch that the widrespread distribution frequency of those lithotypes in this region plus the scarcety of outcrops and their relationship to host environments of mineral deposits.
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Mineralogia e geoquímica de gossans e lateritos auríferos na região de Carajás: depósitos de Igarapé Bahia e Águas Claras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-03-20) ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; POLLMANN, Herbert Josef; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The Igarapé Bahia mine and the Águas Claras prospect are examples of supergene gold mineralization in gossans and latentes. They are located in the Carajás mining district, Pará state, Northern Brazil. These areas belong to Vale do Rio Doce Company and all the exploration programs were conducted by DOCEGEO. In this work, mineralogical and geochemical studies were performed in the weathering profiles of both areas focussing on the behaviour and distribution of gold and associated elements. The two areas exhibit similar primary geological context, with gold-bearing sulphide zones associated with shear zones and intense hydrothermal alteration, related to Archaean to Proterozoic metavolcano-sedimentary sequences. The supergene products are divided in two main groups: The gossan system and the lateritic system with evidences of superimposition of the latter on the former. The profiles were studied after different surface and subsurface sampling. The following horizons and zones were described, from base to top: (1) in the gossan system: primary sulphide zone, secondary sulphide zone and a thick oxidation zone; (2) in the latente system: a brecciated lateritic iron crust, a dismantled iron crust or stone-lines and latossols. The lateritic iron crust developed over the pre-existing gossans, resulting in a complete obliteration of the primary textures and structures and promoting a new remobilization of gold and other elements. This structuration can be observed today in the Igarapé Bahia area while at Águas Claras the latente profile over the mineralized bodies was truncated and exposing the gossans. The mineralogical composition of gossans and latentes is mainly represented by hematite, and variable amounts of goethite, Al-goethite, maghemite, gibbsite, kaolinite and quartz. Hematite predominates in the gossans and goethite becomes progressively enriched toward the latentes. In the deepest parts of the gossans the following minerais were identified: malachite, cuprite and native copper, mainly associated with hematite, besides azurite, chrysocolla and quartz; the Aguas Claras area presents a broader paragenesis in the primary sulphide zone, that includes: chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, cobaltite, quartz, magnetite, wolframite and tourmaline. Primary gold occur as diminute particles finelly disseminated in the sulphides and with different compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. In the Águas Claras area it occurs associated with a wide range of Bi-, Ag- and Pb-tellurides, besides native bismut. Tourmaline (dravite) and wolframite (ferberite) also occur as important accessory minerais, both in the primary and secondary environment. In the gossans they occur as centimetric cumulates, acting as important guides for gossans identification. Major element geochemistry of the profiles is mainly characterized by very high iron contents in the gossans, that progressively diminish toward the latossols. On the oder hand, the contents of Si, Al, Ti and LOI increase toward the top of the profiles. Calcium, Mg, Na e K are completely depleted in the gossans and laterites. Geochemical associations of trace elements are variable for the two areas and reflect mainly the chemical and mineralogical variations from the primary zones. In the mineralized bodies (gossans + iron crust) the following geochemical signatures were characterized: Au, Cu and Mo, for the Igarapé Bahia area; and Au, Cu, As, B, W, Sn and Bi, for the Águas Claras area. From the various horizons and zones of the profiles, different gold particles were separated and analised by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive System. Strong variations were described in terms of morphology and chemical compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. Silver, Pt, Pd, Fe e Cu were frequently detected, where Ag contents range from less than 1% to more than 25%. The studied grains were divided in two groups: (1) Primary particles associated with primary sulphides; and (2) Secondary or supergene particies, associated with gossans, latentes and latosols. These were further divided in two groups: (2.1) residuais particles, generally with more than 30 grn of mean diameter and exhibiting a primary core with Ag-depleted rims; and (2.2) authigenic or neoformed particles, which are extremely fine (< 5 1.un) and of very high fineness, frequently associated to the coarser and residual grains. The results obtained allowed us to interpret the supergene evolution of the area in four main phases, each one associated with or related to a major period of gold remobilization: Phase I - Gossan formation: related to the development of gossanic bodies in tropical climatic conditions which ranged from semi-arid to seasonally humid (savannas). In this work this is considered as prior to Lower Tertiary. During this phase, gold was remobilized from lower primary zones through thiosulphates complexes and reprecipited in the upper oxidized zones associated with iron oxy-hydroxides. The reprecipitated gold is fine-grained and of medium fineness. Phase Mature Lateritization: related to the broad lateritic weathering processes that took place in the whole Amazon region during Early Tertiary times. Mature lateritic profiles were formed above the gossans and their wall-rocks, with the development of a brecciated lateritic iron crust that includes gossans fragmenta. The gossan system was obviously oppened during this phase resulting in physical and chemical dispersion of gold. The role of organic matter related to biological activity was very important in the chemical remobilization of gold. Phase 111 - Post-Mature lateritization: related to all weathering processes that took place in the region after the establishment of the lateritic profiles during the trànsition Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene. The main supergene products of this phase are the upper latosols of the Igarapé Bahia area. After the weathering of gold-bearing lateritic crusts, this element is once again remobilized following the same chemical mechanisms of phase II, but under increasing biological activity. This resulted in an intensive physical dispersion, broadening of geochemical haloes and weakening of gold signals. This new lateritic cycle was less intensive as compared to the previous one. It took place in the transition to more and conditions during the Plio-Pleistocene, resulting in an intense denudation of the landscape with erosion, truncation and exposure of the Aguas Claras gossans. Widespread gold-bearing coluvium (in the Águas Claras arca) and Placer deposits are inportant supergene products regionally related to this phase. Ali the weathering processes that took place after the establisment of the landscape in the end of phase III are considered in this work as phase IV. These are related to prevailing humid conditions that become dominant after the end of Pleistocene and during the Holocene, giving rise to new latosols, stone-lines, coluvium and aluviums.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e geoquímica de perfis lateríticos imaturos em Abel Figueiredo - Rondon do Pará, Amazônia Oriental.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-03-29) ABREU, Daiveson Serrão; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Immature lateritic profiles are very common in Amazonia, such as in southern region of the state of Pará. However, these profiles are poorly researched their potential for hosting important mineral deposits, such as Au, Pt, Ni, Mn and mineralizations associated the resistate minerals (Sn, Nb-Ta, Y). In the Paragominas-Rondon do Pará region, these formations sometimes dominate the local landscape, both as autochthonous and as allochthonous deposits. To understand the process of formation of these profiles to contribute to the understanding of the geological evolution during the Cenozoic in the regions of Abel Figueiredo and Rondon do Pará is the objective of this work. Two autochthonous profiles located in the Abel Figueiredo region, southeast of Pará, one of them at km 137 of BR-222 and the other at km 138 of the same highway were selected for a textural, mineralogical and geochemical studies, besides characterizeation of the content heavy minerals and anatase for discussions of the source rock and evolution processes. Fieldwork, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy and multielementary chemical analyzes were carried out. The profiles generally are equivalent in terms of succession of horizons, comprising from bottom to top by: clayey horizon, which is present only in the profile of km 138, is reddish brown in color with white patches and massive aspect; the partially dismantled columnar iron-aluminous crust, of dark reddish brown coloration, columnar structure, parallelized by channels filled by silt clayey material; partially dismantled nodular iron-aluminous crust of dark reddish brown coloration, with ochre tones, nodular structure, microporous to cavernous appearance; subspherolithic horizon of the profile of km 138 is represented by reddish brown subespheroliths, surrounded by a yellowish-brown clayey matrix, while the equivalent of the profile of km 137 is called the spherolithic to nodular horizon represented by spheroliths and nodules surrounded by matrix of brown color; topsoil, is of earthy consistency and homogeneous, correlated to the latosols of Amazonia. This structuring from the crust ferroaluminosa columnar shows increasing degree of biochemical and physical disaggregation marked by the dismantling and crustal fragmentation, by the occurrence of columnar pattern and nodules, and the comminution of the nodular fragments at the top giving rise to the spherolites /subespherolites. This structural pattern expresses a typical granodecrescent process, culminating with the topsoil, predominantly silty-clayey; The mineralogy of the lateritic profiles and topsoils consist of hematite, goethite, kaolinite, quartz, and as accessory anatase and heavy minerals (zircon, rutile, tourmaline, kyanite and staurolite) that describe a classic lateritic succession. Hematite and goethite are the main iron-bearing minerals that capture highly mobile elements (V, Cr, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Sb, Hg and Bi) fixed on crusts and their degradation products (nodules, spheroliths and subespheroliths). Caulinite and al-goethite play less importance in the capture of elements, but they support that the lateritic profile was affected by tropical weathering. Zircon, a mineral of residual behavior as well as the anatase, shows affinity with Ta, Nb, Y and ETR and comes from a single source of granitic filiation. The mineralogy and geochemistry indicate a continuous evolution of the partially dismantled columnar iron-aluminous crust to partially dismantled nodular iron-aluminous crust and this to the subesferolithic horizon or spherolithic to nodular horizon and finally to the topsoil. The distribution of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2 shows that the crusts, nodules and spheroliths are similar chemically. This similarity is also demonstrated by the same pattern of distribution curves of trace elements and REE. Hematite and ferric goethite decompose and form kaolinite, Al-goethite, with parallel residual quartz and residual anatase concentration, which is manifested by the increase of SiO2 and Al2O3 and TiO2 and the subsequent gradual loss of Fe2O3. The mineralogical and chemical similarity between the clay matrix and the topsoil testifies that this matrix generated by the degradation of crust is the likely source of the topsoil. The lateritic profile began its development from the Miocene, when it was exposed to intense tropical forest root activity that biochemically decomposed the preexisting crusts giving rise to the nodules and spheroliths / subespheroliths with generation of clay matrix and simultaneously forming kaolinite and Al-goethite. The topsoil was formed at the top of the hills of the lower surface under the warm and humid Amazon climate during the Pleistocene.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O padrão de distribuição de elementos principais e traços nas lateritas fosfatadas da Chapada de Pirocaua (MA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1982-05-27) SIQUEIRA, Natalino Valente Moreira de; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
The phosphate e laterite of Piracaua (state of Maranhão) was studied with basis on several lines of evidence, namely, structure of the deposit, mineral distribuition, variations in chemical composition and chemistry of ground waters in the region. The distribuition of elements during the formation of the deposit is interpreted and the conditioning factors analysed. The Pirocaua hill occurs on the coast in the northwestern part of Maranhão state, near the mouth of the river Maracaçume. The hill is 105 m high and the phosphate occurs near the top, and it was possible-to study across section of about 50 m. Five horizons were defined, in the order towards the topgparent rockm which was not' reached, but is probably phyllite of the Gurupi group; transition horizon, with partially.a1tered phyllite; kaolinite horizon; phosphate horizon; and iron riohcrust. The phosphate horizon has an average thickness of 5 to 6 m and contains mostly augelite and smaller amounts of crandallite-goyazite; these are also small amounts of variscite, wavellite and senegalite. Our results show that fluctuations of the hydrostatic level were important during the Formation of the phosphate horizon. When the deposit was formed there was also a decrease of the activity of the silicic acid and a parallel increase of acidity towards the top of the cross-section studied. In these conditions, Fe2+ migrated towards the top of the deposit and was precipitated as Fe3+ in the oxidizing zone. Migration of phosphate was in part due to its affinits to play minerals, in which mechanism ground water played asmajor role. The distribuition of several elements (Fe, P, A1, Si, Ti, Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn, Na, K, B, Mo, Ga, Cu, Ni, V e Cr] shows that: The increase in iron contents from the lowermost horizon to the iron-rich top is related to the increase in the contents of hematite and goethite, similarly, high contents of A1 and P are related to the occurence of Al-and Al-Ca-phosphate. Si contents show little variation in the laterite zone and phosphate horizon; as can be expected, its values are much higher in the kaolioite horizon. Ti shows only a smell variation in the erase section and is found mostly in anatose. Ca and Sr are found mostly in the phosphates, particularly ovandallite-goyazite. Mg, Na and K ware ale strongly bleached during the process. B is obviously associated with tourmaline (dravite). While Mn and Mo show only little variation, the highest concentrations of Ga,V and Cr are fund in the phosphate horizon and iron - rich crust. Cu end Ni show a similar distribuition and their behaviour is probably influenced by their chemical similarity to Mg. Mass balance Calculations indicate that of the parent-rock is a phyllite, it is neeessary an extreme enrichement in P and Sr to give the composition of the phosphate horizon. With basis on these observetions we conclude that: 1) the parent-rock must have contents of P and Sr higher than the average for phyllites; or 2) the phosphate has some other source; We support therefore that drill-holes be made in order to collect samples of the metassediments beneath the deposit to determine the concentrations of the two elements in these rocks.