Navegando por Assunto "Manejo comunitário"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Etnoecologia, pesca e manejo comunitário de quelônios aquáticos na várzea do Baixo rio Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-11-13) BARBOZA, Roberta Sá Leitão; MCGRATH, David Gibbs; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4373475491613670; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862
The aim of the present study was to describe, record and compare community management strategies for aquatic turtles in three communities of the Santarém floodplains, in the north of Brazil. Turtle consumption was also assessed in terms of preferences, rejections, food taboos and their use in popular medicine as a therapeutic resource. The turtle fishing techniques used were described, including seasonal and spatial variations, as were the species captured and the technique selection process, based on local knowledge. The income from fishing and the association between investment and return were assessed. The data were collected between June 2007 and July 2008. Informal conversations, monitoring of fishing activity and participant observation were carried out in the communities. Semistructured interviews, based on the dietary recall method (recall history), were also performed. These interviews recorded annual turtle consumption as well as memories of turtle fishing in the past. The first reports of turtle management in the Amazon region were made at the time of the first contact between Amerindians and Europeans. During the 1970’s, the Brazilian government implemented reforms based on centralized management controlled by the State. Currently, co-management exists in various locations of the Amazon region, such as the communities of Ilha de São Miguel, Costa do Aritapera and Água Preta. Although guided by community demand, the management of these three communities differs due to different levels of experience with management systems. On Ilha de São Miguel, turtle management has been present for almost 40 years, with a certain degree of success and vigor. Management techniques were established in Água Preta 22 years ago in a less rigorous manner. The recent implementation in Costa do Aritapera was not successful. In general, the inclusion of the main users of a natural resource in its management is difficult to execute. The great challenge for turtle management, as well as other wildlife resources in the Amazon region, is legal recognition of their use. Turtle consumption is a tradition rooted in Amazonian culture. However, it has been criminalized and as such, the majority of the population is constrained from doing so. As it is considered an illegal activity, there are no estimates of the quantity of animals exploited. This causes problems to those who want to implement sustainable methods of community management. Studies have shown that fish constitutes the main source of animal protein for the people of the Amazon region, whereas records of turtle consumption are relatively low. Differences were found in terms of the species of turtle consumed. In general, tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) (meat and eggs) was the most commonly consumed species in the three communities, followed by pitiu (Podocnemis sextuberculata) (meat and eggs), which was mainly consumed in Costa do Aritapera. Turtles (Podocnemis expansa) are rarely consumed and there were no records of their eggs being collected. This meat is mainly consumed on Ilha de São Miguel. These differences could be associated with a combination of ecological factors and the management history of each community. No cultural differences were found between the communities in terms of the use of turtles. Podocnemis expansa, which is principally used in popular medicine, is the most rejected species whereas tracajá and pitiu are generally preferred. All three are considered to be “reimoso”. The most captured species was tracajá, followed by pitiu and tartaruga in lesser proportions. Tracajá can be found in different environments and collected at any time of the year in the three communities. Pitiu are mainly captured around Costa do Aritapera in periods of low water season. At this time, they are migrating from flooded forests areas in the direction of rivers and nesting beaches. Tartaruga are caught in the protected lakes of Ilha de São Miguel in times of flood. The fishing techniques employed vary depending on the level of the river. The fishermen recognize seasonal variations and, combined with local knowledge, use this information when selecting the technique to be used to catch turtles. Turtle fishing is usually carried out in a timely manner, during fishing expeditions. The yield of turtle fishing is greater when fish are not included and fishing by hand. Fishing by hand was more fruitful. Selective fishing aimed at capturing larger animals produced greater returns in terms of biomass. The yield based on CPUEN differed between the communities and the fishing periods in the present study, although there were no significant differences when biomass was calculated (CPUEB). The fishermen, in general, are not concerned with maximizing their income, because most fisheries are not for marketing. The yield reflects more the wisdom of a good fishing spot than the effort of displacement.When the patch was good fishermen spent little time while in less productive patches they spent more time. The present study suggests a number of ideas that could be adopted in order to facilitate the success of fauna community management. In the specific case of turtles, it is recommended that protected areas extend beyond the nesting areas and a quota system is introduced to take advantage of eggs that will be lost. There is a possibility of breeding commercialization.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Manejo comunitário de lagos de várzea e o desenvolvimento sustentável da pesca na Amazônia
(1998) MCGRATH, David Gibbs; CASTRO, Fábio de; CÂMARA, Evandro; FUTEMMA, Célia
A várzea amazônica é uma das últimas regiões pesqueiras do mundo ainda pouco explorada (Fig. 1). Contudo, durante os últimos trinta anos a intensificação da pesca tem aumentado a pressão sobre os estoques pesqueiros da várzea (Furtado, 1990; Goulding, 1989; Smith, 1985; Junk, 1984b). Embora a pesca amazônica tenha sofrido grandes mudanças, o desenvolvimento da pesca na região está ainda na sua fase inicial (Bayley & Petrere, 1989). À medida que a pesca se desenvolve, duas estratégias de manejo estão surgindo, uma baseada no modelo convencional de manejo pesqueiro centralizado no Estado, e a outra, no manejo comunitário dos recursos pesqueiros da várzea (McGrath et al. 1993a). Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento da pesca amazônica representa um problema e uma oportunidade. Peixes são recursos altamente produtivos e renováveis. Se os recursos pesqueiros são manejados de forma sustentável, integrando as populações locais que atualmente exploram os recursos, eles podem contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento da várzea. Se o recurso pesqueiro é explorado de forma não sustentável, e sem a participação das populações da várzea, a intensificação da pesca pode levar à degradação dos ecossistemas da várzea e à marginalização da população ribeirinha (McGoodwin 1990, Weber 1994). A proposta deste trabalho é avaliar esses dois modelos de manejo em termos de seus impactos sobre as populações, recursos pesqueiros e ecossistemas de várzea, e avaliar até que ponto o modelo de manejo comunitário poderia servir como base para uma estratégia regional de desenvolvimento dos recursos pesqueiros da várzea. Este trabalho é dividido em três partes. Na primeira, são apresentadas as características mais importantes dos dois modelos. Na segunda parte, é avaliado o potencial de cada modelo para o desenvolvimento da pesca amazônica. Na última seção, são discutidas as principais barreiras para a implementação do modelo de manejo comunitário.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O manejo comunitário de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) como alternativa econômica para os pescadores das reservas Amanã e Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-10-14) AMARAL, Ellen Sílvia Ramos; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279; MITSCHEIN, Thomas Adalbert; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7431424927108512
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Manejo florestal comunitário em unidades de conservação na Amazônia: uma avaliação de impactos na Resex Verde para Sempre - PA e na RDS Rio Negro - AM
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06-02) MARIN, Tany Ingrid Sagredo; CAMPOS, Índio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9134366210754829
The community forest management (CFM) for timber extraction is considered an important instrument to increase income and forestry sustainability among traditional local users who live in protected areas in the Amazon region. However, there is little evidence that this tool has brought social benefits to their users. The present research aims at identifying the social and economic impact of the introduction of two CFM programs: Projeto de Apoio ao Manejo Florestal Sustentável (ProManejo) at Verde para Sempre Extractive RESERVE and Programa Bolsa Florestal (PBF) at Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve. An effectiveness evaluation has been performed, considering the following dimensions: (i) objective, expressing the change of income and its composition between the ex-ante and expost periods; (ii) substantive, which measures changes in livelihood standards, such as housing, infrastructure and access to consumer goods; and (iii) subjective, which describes users’ perception regarding economic variables (income and monetary benefits), social factors (availability of social services) and environmental variables (deforestation decrease). The research can also be classified as a quasi-experiment utilizing three types of research strategies: bibliographic, documental and fieldwork. The latter included the application of a structured questionnaire through personal interviews with householders, which has enabled the researcher to know 53% of program users at Verde para Sempre Extractive RESERVE and 63% at Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve. The evidence shows that both initiatives brought mainly positive effects, particularly through income increase and deforestation decrease. Regarding livelihood standards and the overall program performance, the study indicates better results at Rio Negro, due to PBF’s participative approach and the continuity of program, which has no end date.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Peixes ornamentais: conhecimento tradicional e regulamentações sobre o manejo da atividade pesqueira no território indígena remanso - Chorrobocón, Guainía - Colômbia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-29) LOPEZ, Juan David Guzman; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279
This research offers an analysis of the community management process develop by indigenous fishermen in the ornamental fishery activity and their relation with the institutions responsible of the control of this sector, highlighting: the factors that has facilitated and hindered the participation of the fishermen in the management initiative; the natural resources use systems and their incidence in the family economy; the relation that exists between local arrangements and the formals norms among ornamental use resource, likewise, the relations generated between the agents involved into the management of this activity. This study is characterized by been descriptive analytic from a qualitative approximation by a participatory research, been implemented by the use of rural participatory diagnostic tools and semi-structured interviews; the information was ordered and analyzed by the use of analysis categories and the implementation of two information triangulation types (intra and inter) to maximize the efforts validity made in the field, and to reduce the information subjectivity and maximize the research stringency. The results founded shows that, from the different extractive activities developed by the community, the mining garimpo and the ornamental fishery have been the most constants; however, the illegality conditions of the first has led to the decline, meanwhile the fishery consolidates as the principal resource of income for the habitants; among the factors that have influence in the fishermen participation level along the management process, were found: the institutional intervention, the resource depletion, the inequality in the commercial relations, the internal conflicts, the external pressure, the property regime and the mining depletion. The implementation of the management system adopted by the fishermen is constituted by the syncretism between the local norms supported in the traditional knowledge and the government regulation, in response to the necessity to maintain a stable resource of income than the detriment made by the transgression in the traditional norms around the territory management. In reference to the government scope, the institutional plans does not contains constant programs among this sector, their work is limited to short term plans, besides constants reforms difficult the accomplishment of their responsibilities and the recognition of their functions by the local populations. The main conclusions are: the extractive economics dynamics introduced new acculturation elements that deteriorated the traditional scheme of the social organization and produce new natural resource use possibilities that have led the population into the search of a social ascent from the economic scope; despite the association been based in democratic principles, his performance depends in the clans rivalries that predominates in the community; the fishermen depends from the institutional intervention for the consolidation of their management system, that’s why, the institutional discontinuity have created the weakening of the organization process; the regulation effective application and the local arrangements between fishermen are limited, by one side, the lack of resource, personal and political will restricts its work, by the other side, the external demand and the economic benefits necessity determine the effectiveness of the arrangements implemented; besides, still does not exist a clear instance of coordination that allows to harmonized the institutional programs for the management of this activity
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Políticas públicas e manejo comunitário de recursos naturais na Amazônia
(2003-12) BENATTI, José Heder; MCGRATH, David Gibbs; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de
Este texto pretende descrever os principais resultados da pesquisa realizada no âmbito dos Projetos de Pesquisa Dirigida do Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia - SPC&T, Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil - PPG7,1 entre fevereiro de 2000 a junho de 2003. O trabalho contou com o apoio do Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, como instituição executora. A pesquisa buscou contribuir para o estabelecimento de diretrizes e políticas públicas ambientais, relativas às práticas de manejo comunitário dos recursos naturais, nas áreas de várzea e terra firme. Através do estudo de iniciativas de manejo em andamento, promissoras ou não, foi possível fornecer subsídios para o reconhecimento destas experiências no âmbito das políticas públicas. Desta forma, espera-se estar contribuindo para o estabelecimento de uma relação menos conflituosa entre as necessidades de desenvolvimento local e a conservação ambiental da região. O conceito de manejo comunitário de recursos naturais apareceu com maior intensidade a partir da década de 80, quando cientistas naturais e sociais insistiam em demonstrar a relação entre degradação ambiental e questões de justiça social, empobrecimento rural e direitos indígenas. Este conceito traz consigo as práticas de gestão participativa disseminadas na Amazônia no final do século passado, quando vários grupos de produtores familiares rurais se envolveram em iniciativas de manejo comunitário, em resposta às diversas pressões sobre os recursos naturais comuns de que dependiam. Estas iniciativas têm sido caracterizadas pelo importante papel desempenhado por mediadores (Igrejas, ONGs e financiadores), pela diversidade de arranjos institucionais envolvidos (Cunha, 2002) e pelas diferentes estratégias de usos em função das características dos recursos manejados (Oliveira, 2002). Os programas de manejo comunitário que vêm sendo implementados na Amazônia nas últimas décadas partem da premissa de que as comunidades locais envolvidas apresentam maior interesse na sustentabilidade de seus recursos do que o governo ou instituições distantes destas comunidades. Além disto, possuem maior conhecimento dos processos ecológicos e das práticas tradicionais de manejo de recursos naturais. Nos últimos dez anos, a política de gestão ambiental do Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente (IBAMA) tem passado por uma transformação profunda. Durante esse período, o IBAMA introduziu uma série de medidas para descentralizar a gestão dos recursos naturais e aumentar o grau de participação de grupos de usuários locais. Através desse processo de descentralização, o órgão ambiental federal está institucionalizando as iniciativas de manejo comunitário, o qual vem sendo implantado na região através de dois projetos: o Provárzea2 e o Promanejo,3 na busca de promover a co-gestão dos recursos naturais na região amazônica. O desenvolvimento desse novo sistema de gestão enfrenta uma série de dificuldades. De um lado, a organização comunitária continua bastante frágil, sendo que não há uma sistematização adequada dos fatores que influenciam no desempenho desta organização, o que, por sua vez, dificulta a elaboração de políticas que favoreçam o processo de fortalecimento social. Do outro lado, a implantação de um sistema de co-gestão implica em mudanças profundas na legislação de gestão ambiental e na criação de novas instituições para implementar essas políticas. Foram analisadas algumas iniciativas de manejo comunitário, sendo a maioria implementada com base no processo de co-gestão. Essa análise objetivou identificar os fatores que facilitam ou dificultam a participação efetiva das populações tradicionais na gestão dos recursos naturais, e estudou a relação entre os agentes do governo e os usuários locais dos recursos. O estudo demonstrou que ocorreram mudanças nas políticas e nas instituições de gestão de recursos naturais, aumentando a participação dos usuários na gestão local. Também foram identificados fatores importantes no desempenho dos sistemas de manejo comunitário e elementos específicos das políticas de gestão que devem ser reavaliados. Para exemplificar essas mudanças iremos descrever, resumidamente, os prinicipais casos analisados na pesquisa.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A vida flutuante na várzea: readaptação como elemento fundamental para a conservação de recursos aquáticos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-05-06) ROMAGNOLI, Fernanda Carneiro; CASTRO, Fabio Fonseca de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5700042332015787; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862
The world's social environmental crisis requires other forms of society's relationship with nature. More integrated models of Economy and Society to nature have become a challenge. Facing this necessity, look for people who maintain a close relationship with nature even in the context of modernity, may indicate possible ways. The overall goal of this study was to understand how the perception and the relationship between Agua Preta community (Santarém, Para) with aquatic fauna can contribute to management and conservation plans. The specific goals were: 1) to understand the historic construction of the relationship between the Agua Preta community people and the aquatic fauna; (2) to comprehend the starting up of conflicts involving community and the aquatic fauna; (3) to investigate how conflicts involving the aquatic fauna affects the management possibilities; 4) to demonstrate and understand plural values existing on the relation between riverine people and aquatic fauna ; 5) to verify how the plural values existing on the relationship between riverine people and aquatic fauna affects the possible ways of use and management of natural resources; 6) to establish the correlation between the perception and relationship of the Agua Preta comunity residents and the aquatic fauna with local comprehension of development. The methodology was based on the local resident’s perception, through direct observation, open and semi-structured interviews and documental analysis. The results showed that the collective identity of Agua Preta community is a mobile identity that can combine historical social values with the transformations of the scenario where they are living. This kind of identity has implications on the established relation with the aquatic fauna, on the perceptions and on his attributed values, enhancing the values plurality. This plurality is associated to the resilience capacity of the group, but is also associated to the vulnerability increasing, because of the increase empowerment of different interests. On this way, a historically resilient management system would have more and more reduced his capacity of response. In spite of this, the reconstruction of community adaptive capital based on the social memory and the social learning can help this community to recover and reinforce his adaptive way of management and governance of his resources. The conclusion is that the way of living of Agua Preta community can show the way to different forms of development beyond the modernity.