Navegando por Assunto "Mass balance"

Agora exibindo 1 - 4 de 4

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos impactos da dinâmica de sólidos e de nutrientes na qualidade da água de ambiente lêntico utilizado no abastecimento de comunidades amazônicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-08) SARAIVA, André Luis de Lima; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
The springs of Utinga, formed by the Bolonha and Água Preta lakes, are contained in an Área de Proteção Ambiental - APA and are used by the Companhia de Saneamento do Pará - COSANPA, to supply the population of the Região Metropolitana de Belém - RMB. These springs are formed by Guamá River, where water is captured and sent to the Água Preta lake by pumping, which in an artificial channel with gravity flow, feeds the Bolonha lake, and since it is pumped to the Estação de Tratamento de Água - ETA. The main problems of pollution / contamination of water sources appeared to advancing urban disordered, giving rise to the improper release of sewage and solid waste from neighborhoods, slums and housing estates close to the main springs. The objective of this study was to use tools to support monitoring and knowledge of water quality in the Água Preta lake, to prevent and / or correct degradation processes. These tools are multivariate analysis of abiotic parameters and chlorophyll a, nutrient balance and hydrodynamic modeling aiming to observe the dispersion of sediment transport. Samples were collected in surface water at three points strategically chosen to assess the anthropogenic influence in the Água Preta lake and sediments that are suspended matter carried into the lake. The sampling points were georeferenced using GPS (GARMIN Model) and the sampling of surface water were performed with the Van Dorn bottle 2.5 L and transported to the Laboratório de Química Ambiental (LQA), located at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, for further analysis. Samples were collected during the months of March, May, June, August, September and October in 2010, coinciding with periods of higher and lower rainfall. The data of abiotic parameters and chlorophyll a were analyzed by methods of descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. Analyses were also carried out analysis of the mass balance of water and nutrients and adopted the use of hydrodynamic model of the modeling program SisBAHIA (Sistema Base de Hidrodinâmica Ambiental), aimed to mimic the hydrodynamic conditions of the Água Preta lake during a year. Through these simulations were generated maps of surface currents to observe the different patterns of movement, since the use of models have played an important role in planning and development of alternative scenarios that include the proper diagnosis of the water systems in its structure, process and dynamics. The parameters studied showed variations during periods of lower and higher rainfall, higher contribution being found in point 2 in respect of turbidity, color, DO, nitrate, NT, chlorophyll a and suspended solids were found larger contribution in points 2. The other parameters (N -ammonia, BOD and PT) had contribution in points 1 and 3, indicating a source of organic pollution, due to domestic sewage, since there are nearby dumping of sewage. In the mass balance was found that both the PT and NID were influenced by the load of water river Guamá during the lower rainfall. While with high rainfall total phosphorus load was higher due to higher contribution from dewatering of sewage released into the reservoir. The retention time for the PT was 180 days and 536 days was NID. Through this balance could quantify the entry, retention and export of nutrients as well as to evaluate the potential for eutrophication of reservoirs. In the hydrodynamic model showed that the distribution of the module speed was identical for each month of the year, regardless of wind direction, with the riparian vegetation around that water environment this important role in reducing the speed modular surface of the water. However near the output channel of pond water was observed a change of speed 0.32 m /s in the rainy season and 0.28 m / s during the dry period that can be related to the precipitation. Furthermore, the input of water in the tank forms a vortex tending to sedimentation process, a fact observed in the bathymetry. The sedimentation at this point be given especially in periods with lower precipitation, because COSANPA increases the flow of water intake to maintain the level of the reservoir to supply the Região Metropolitana de Belém, providing the greatest contribution of suspended sediment, a fact observed with the parameters of turbidity, color and suspended solids, which have higher concentrations at this point and a decrease as they move away to step 3 (water outlet channel for the connection). These tools are of great importance for maintenance of the spring, since they will allow diagnosing the lake capacity tends of retain and remove nutrients as well as the process of the hydrodynamic circulation allowing check sites that can have a major and minor deposition of materials suspended in water column. Through this study will provide data that subsidizes the competent authorities the future and help in the conservation of other sources used to supply water to cities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O balanço de massa das unidades componentes de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto e a utilização da estatística multivariada como ferramenta de verificação do comportamento físico, químico, bacteriólogico e de metais no esgoto bruto e tratado. Estudo de caso: estação de tratamento de esgoto doméstico – ETE Sideral - Belém - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-10-04) FARIAS, Flavia da Silva; MENDONÇA, Neyson Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7534816053779593
The mass balance of the component units of a wastewater sewage treatment and use of multivariate statistics as a tool for verifying the behavior of raw sewage and treated, was implemented in ETE Sidereal Municipality of Belem do Para in Brazil. This study observed the entire flowchart constituent of the station that is designed to receive a maximum flow of raw sewage of 73 l / s. and now serves a flow of only 1.7 l / so that decreases in 96% of the station was designed, realizing then that today the Sidereal ETE is oversized. In verifying the constituent physical parts of the station there were not in compliance measures that have been suggested in the executive project and were perceived as "in situ". In the mass held for three types of flows: maximum (73 l / s) averaged 43 l / if current 1.7 l / s realized that the decrease in attendance constituent units of the system decreases somewhere around 97.5% the volume to which the components are designed for and found in the Sewage Treatment Station Sidereal. In the characterization of the metals present in the raw sewage treated and it was found that the Principal Component Analysis of the boron (B) (63.5%) and followed by barium (Ba) with (21.9%) justify 84.48% the coefficient of variation that determine how prevalent metal in the influent. In Effluent Boron (B) showed a coefficient of variation of 73.7% which justifies as the main component in the influent of WWTP. In the characterization of metals in the sludge was observed that with a percentage of 98.8% the Barium (Ba) is the main element found. The results obtained with principal component analysis to characterize the physic-chemical and bacteriological analyzes of raw sewage and treated ETE observed that the variable "total COD" is positively related to component BOD and negatively correlated with the Total Alkalinity . Regarding physic-chemical and bacteriological, high levels of BOD, Fecal coliform, TSS and VSS, from the releases of effluents, making present the highest concentrations of organic load remaining.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização física, balanço de massa e avaliação de critérios de projeto da unidade de decantação da estação de tratamento de efluentes de refinaria de alumina
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-07-04) OLIVEIRA, Elaine Cristina dos Santos Cunha de; ALVES, Rui Guilherme Cavaleiro de Macêdo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1902384822911246
The research aimed to evaluate the physical aspects of the liquid phase and the solid phase, as well as to evaluate the performance of the decanters of an ETEI, located in Barcarena, through the mass balance and comparison of the TAH and the solids application rate (TAS). with project references and standards. Two of the four lines of ETEI decanters under study were monitored, on two consecutive days samples were collected from the liquid phase at the inlet and outlet, and from the solid phase, the ETEI sludge. The analyzes were carried out at the Laboratory of the Federal University of Pará (LAESA), together with the solids analyses, flow data was consulted using online monitoring instruments, as well as project data in technical files and a survey of normative and bibliographical references. With the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the concentration of total solids is higher in Decanter 82E when compared to Decanter 82C. The result of the solids analysis also made it possible to evaluate the higher percentage in the portion of fixed suspended solids, that is, indicating a higher inorganic load characteristic. Regarding the mass balance, a generation of solids inside the decanters is observed due to the fact inherent to the process which refers to the presence of caustic soda in the raw effluent, aligned with the neutralization reaction that occurs in the medium through the use of sulfuric acid, forming sodium sulfate as a by-product of the treatment process, therefore this increase in solids is expressed in terms of dissolved solids. Regarding the assessment of the TAH observed in the monitored data, it was higher than the minimum indicated by Metcalf & Eddy (1991), but it remained in line with the design reference, compatible with the behavior of flows at low load. And in this same comparative logic, the TAS evaluation remained in both decanter 82C and 82E at a rate lower than the minimum indicated by Metcalf & Eddy (1991)
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da conservação mínima para as folhas da mandioqueira (manihot esculenta) e da obtenção de concentrados protéicos por três vias químicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-10-17) MORAES, Jaqueline de Fátima Cabral; PENA, Rosinelson da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3452623210043423
Cassava is a raw material with remarkable role in the national agricultural scenario, which generates employment and income in all regions of the country. The use of this agricultural product is integral, due to its great versatility. The root is used for food, animal feed and for the flour, starch and energy industries; the aerial part (leaves and stems) can be used for human food (flour from the leaf) and animal feed. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the potential products derived from the leaves of mandioqueira root, in order to versify its use as well as to promote the valuation of this fraction in the raw material. The first chapter of the thesis presents a literature review, which portrays the subjects that are raised in the following chapters. Chapters from II to VI present the experimental data obtained in this research. In the second chapter, it was evaluated the use of leaves as a minimally processed product for transport, as well as its storage under controlled conditions of temperature and atmosphere. In the third chapter, it was studied the chemical composition, physicochemical properties and proteins fractionation of the leaves from the raw material (Manihot esculenta), based on the Osborne procedure, where different solvents were applied to fractionate the proteins through changes in solubility that these protein leaves present. From this, it was performed in chapters IV, V and VI, the extraction of proteins, applying three different chemical pathways to obtain concentrate. These conditions allowed the development of the second and third manuscripts. For the extraction process, there were used: factorial design (BoxBehnken), response surface methodology, and the desirability function, which were applied to define the optimal conditions for the proteins of mandioqueira, in all routes (extraction by organic solvent, extraction under acid conditions and extraction under alkaline conditions). The lyophilized protein concentrates obtained in the three pathways were characterized. The total phenolic contents, total flavanols, chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids were determined; the colorimetric parameters were performed. Crude protein content, protein extraction yield and protein concentrate yield were quantified. Technological properties of this concentrate were determined through water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity. The evaluation of these responses allowed the definition of the optimum process condition for each route of extraction, by the desirability function. Consequently, a monitoring of the extraction process was made, which was considered a process in permanent regime, presenting four stages: two inlet (fresh leaf and extraction solution) and two outlet (fibrous residue and lyophilized protein concentrate); whose control was possible by recording the mass (g), dry matter (g/100 g), crude protein (g dry basis) and moisture (%). The three lyophilized protein concentrates derived from the conditions of desirability were evaluated hygroscopically, by means of moisture sorption isotherms at 25 ºC. The studies carried out with mandioqueira are promising, because from them, it was possible to deepen forms of production and transformation of this raw material; factors that can influence directly or indirectly and positively in the social dimensions, environmental, cultural and economic of the region, and consequently promote the valorization of a regional raw material, either by trying to popularize other forms of use or by deepening knowledge about it.