Navegando por Assunto "Melhoramento genético"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Características fenotípicas e manejo genético de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) leiteiros: ranqueamento de reprodutores
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-10) MARQUES, Larissa Coelho; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0104908318773676
The buffalo is an animal that can compete with differentiated products on internal and world markets, which presents own features and great performance when processing by-products and derivatives. Despite this, buffalo agribusiness resents of enhancers animals proved and / or tested to meet a demand that is vital for better genetic pattern. This study aimed to evaluate phenotypic characteristics of production milk and reproduction efficient of buffalo and perform genetic analyzes determining parameters and genetic index aimed at selection of buffalo to prepare a ranking of genetically superior breeding, increasing production chain of buffaloes in the Amazon region. We used 2,459 phenotypic records of Murrah, Mediterranean and half-blood buffaloes of EMBRAPA - CPATU herd from period between 1953 to 2013. The characteristics evaluated were: total milk production (TMP), fat percentage (F), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and service period (SP). The descriptive analysis began with the editing of the data worked in the environments of Excel spreadsheet and SAS package. The overall results were: TMP = 1741.00 ± 496.48 kg, F = 7.07 ± 0.86%, AFC = 49.39 ± 7.37 months, CI = 13.16 ± 0.79 months and SP = 91.52 ± 24,22 days. In the analysis of variance for TMP the most significant effects were the birth order and the degree of blood from female, and to F was degree of female blood and AFC was calving season and birth order and CI and SP were station childbirth and the calf sex. The phenotypic correlations between TMP and F was 0.034, between TMP and AFC 0.118, between TMP and CI 0.070, between TMP and SP 0.070, between F and AFC -0.113, between F and CI -0.025, -0.025 between F and SP, among AFC and CI 0.445, 0.445 between AFC and SP and between CI and SP 1.00. Genetic analysis began with the editing of the data discussed in the environments of Excel spreadsheet and the SAS package and genetic analyzes were performed by WOMBAT software. For estimation of genetic parameters we used the animal model with two-trait analysis. The TMP was regressed depending on length of lactation and the regression coefficient was used for correction of lactation in 305 days (PL305). Fixed effects were contemporary group and linear and quadratic effects of birth female age as (co) variable. AFC and SP model was the same as described above with the exclusion of the term of the maternal permanent environmental effect. The heritability estimates for Murrah were: 0.49 for TMP; 0.59 for F; 0.75 for AFC; 0.006 for CI and 0.06 for SP; for the Mediterranean race were 0.31 for TMP; 0.08 for F; 0.78 for AFC; 0.90 for CI and 0.90 for SP. Genetic correlations between TMP and other features in the Murrah were 0.065 TMP and F; TMP and AFC 0.097, -0.450 TMP and CI and 0.079 TMP and SP for the Mediterranean were: -0.267 TMP and F; 0,629 TMP and AFC; 0.559 TMP and CI and 0.624 CI TMP and SP. The ranking of bulls / breeding was based on predictions of probable transmission ability (PTA's), using the SAS package which allows editing a bulls catalog of buffalo species of EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental in that period. Based on the results the variability of the studied herd is likely to be crafted with the genetic management for both production characteristics as to the reproductive efficiency.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Características físicas e químicas de frutos de pupunheira no Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09) CARVALHO, Ana Vânia; BECKMAN, Jacqueline Chaves; MACIEL, Renan de Almeida; FARIAS NETO, João Tomé de
The aim of this study was to assess the physical and physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits of 21 reproductive peach palms to help guide future research on genetic improvements of the species, especially regarding the fruit pulp. Fruits from each genetic material were characterized by fruit and seed size, moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fiber and total carotenoids. Average values for all studied variables were significantly different among all individuals. Protein values ranged from 4.20 to 6.79%, especially for B04-P20 that showed the highest value. Lipid levels varied markedly, with values ranging between 8.25 and 40.83%, and matrix B02-P30 presenting the greatest levels of lipids. Total carotenoids ranged from 8.02 to 124.90 mg/g, with matrices B02-P30 (124.90µg/g) and B05-P45 (123.04µg/g) presenting the highest values. The high total carotenoid values observed indicates that peach palms could make a significant contribution to antioxidants in the diet. Overall, the physical and physical-chemical assessment revealed significant differences among the studied reproductive individuals for the characters studied, indicating that this species offers considerable promise for future research on genetic improvements.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização genética de avestruzes (Struthio camelus) usando marcadores RAPD
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-04-02) FERREIRA, Silvaney Fonseca; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0104908318773676
The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of ostrich populations (Struthio camelus) through RAPD markers (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). 121 samples of individuals were used from Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins and Minas Gerais States. The genomic DNA was extracted from total blood. Fifteen primers were selected among the 60. The products of the PCR were visualized in agarose gel 1.5% and, a binary matrix was generated considering the presence (1) of a amplified fragment and its absence (0). The ideal number of polymorphic bands was estimated through the bootstrap analysis using the GQMOL software. The genetic similarity was estimated through the Jaccard coefficient using the NTSYS-PC (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) software, version 2.02. The origin of the genetic diversity was quantified by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) using the Arlequin 2,0 software. The 15 primers generated a total of 109 polymorphic bands and the bootstrap analysis showed that at least 100 bands is the ideal number for sampling the genetic diversity, as determined by the high value of correlation (r=0,99), the low value of the squared deviation sum (1,25), and the low stress (0,05). The results suggest that the studied populations are from the same origin. Management measures must be adopted in these breeding, even using other molecular markers in the way to amplify the genetic variability and the conservation of this important genetic resource. RAPD.The bootstrap analysis showed that from 100 bands the work already becomes more trustworthy, a time that the magnitude of the correlation was well next to the maximum value (r=0,99), as also the addition of squares of shunting lines (SQd) reached low value 1,25 and the value of it estresse (e) was of 0,05. In the analysis between pairs of groups, it was verified that the greater and minor similarity are in lathe, respectively, of 0,86 and 0,00. In that it says respect to the distribution of frequency of the similarities gotten between the 5,644 pairs formed in the genetic matrix, it can be verified that 32,69 % of the pairs had been enclosed in the classrooms with similarities varying of 0,01 the 0,10. One notices that the biggest percentage (85,59%) of the pairs was distributed in the three first classrooms of the extremities and that the minority of them (14,41%) presented similarities varying of 0,21 the 1,00. The test of Mantel showed correlation of 0,81 and the dendrograma generated 67 groups delimited for the Sm that was of 0,49. The biggest 0,86 similarity was of and the minor of 0,06. The relative data to the analysis of molecular variance had shown that the percentage of genetic variation between origins was low and significant (24,03%, p < 0,0001), evidencing that great part of the variation meets inside of the populations (75,97 %). markers RAPD they had been efficient in the characterization of the genetic similarity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Collecting and evaluation of germplasm of spiked pepper from Brazilian Amazon
(2010-06) GAIA, José Maria Demetrio; MOTA, Milton Guilherme da Costa; CONCEIÇÃO, Carmen Célia Costa da; MAIA, José Guilherme Soares
Spiked pepper (Piper aduncum L.) is an aromatic plant species with high essential oil production. It is a species that occurs abundantly in the Brazilian Amazon. Its essential oil has exploitable biological properties in the human health and agriculture. Aiming to study its germplasm toward future use in genetic breeding programs, collecting was carried out (inflorescences, cuttings, leaves and thin branches) in ten provenances from the Brazilian Amazon. Twelve morphoagronomic traits were determined to take the data: number of leaves by branch, length of leaf, width of the leaf, circumference of the older branch, height of the plant, number of orthotropic branches, number of plageotropic branches, length of the internodes, number of spikes per branches, yielding of oil, content and production of dillapiole, as well as data on the environment and populations of spiked pepper. The inflorescences and cuttings were encoded and sent for the Federal Rural University from Pará State (UFRA), Brazil, for propagation. The leaves and thin branches were sent for the Emílio Goeldi Museum, from Pará State (MPEG) for extraction of essential oil (hydrodistillation). Estimators of amplitude of variation, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were utilized to study the phenotypical variability. The morphoagronomic traits of largest variability were number of orthotropic branches, number of spikes per branch, circumference of the older branch and the content and production of dillapiole. This species has adapted to many different environments of vegetation, soil, climate, relief and drainage becomming easy the domestication and cropping. There is morphoagronomic variability pleasing the selection and genetic breeding.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversidade genética molecular de progênies de dendezeiro
(2012-03) FERREIRA, Crystianne Bentes Barbosa; LOPES, Maria Teresa Gomes; LOPES, Ricardo; CUNHA, Raimundo Nonato Vieira da; MOREIRA, Djair Alves; BARROS, Willian Silva; MATIELLO, Rodrigo Rodrigues
The objective of this work was to assess the genetic diversity between and within progenies of dura type oil palm from Deli. Genetic characterization was performed with microsatellite markers on 24 oil palm progenies used in commercial seed production, of which 22 originated from self-fertilization and two from cross-fertilization between full siblings. Molecular analysis of variance was carried out among and within progenies, and a dendrogram was constructed. Low genetic variability was observed within progenies, with an average of 1.32 alleles per locus and total variance of 0.3241. Most of the variation was found between progenies. The lower genetic variability within progenies can be explored in crossings with endogamic progenies from other origins, which would facilitate heterosis in order to develop new varieties.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para características produtivas em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) RODRIGUES, Alessandra Epifanio; ARAÚJO, Cláudio Vieira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5049897507837031; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0104908318773676
The objective of this work was to estimate of genetics parameters of dairy buffaloes productive characteristics, such as: milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), length of lactation (LL) and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYDCI) of buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon. The research was carried through at “Dr. Felisberto Camargo” farm, propriety of EMBRAPA/CPATU, where productive records had analyzed in the period of 1967 until 2005. It had been analyzed a total of 1.182 records of buffaloes females of Murrah breed and its crosses. The observed averages and the standard desviation MY, FY, LL and MYDCI were 1.663, 84 ± 343,60, 116,84 ± 29,71, 269,89 ± 56,36 and 3,88 ± 1,15, respectively. Genetic parameters had estimate by Restricted Maximum Likelihood method in which study the dairy yield of milk and fat were considered permanent effects in the period of birth, genetic group and birth order, besides the dairy yield. The estimate of heritability (h²) to MY, FY, LL and MYDCI were 0.25, 0.18, 0.08 and 0.09 respectively and with coefficients of repeatability (r) for MY, FY e LL of 0.33, 0.29 and 0.10, respectively. The genetic correlations among the characteristics were 0.93 (MY-FY), 0.76 (MY-LL), 0.99 (MY-MYDCI), 0.89 (FY-LL), 0.87 (FY-MYDCI) and -0.27 (LL-MYDCI). There is expresses percentage of animals on the herd studied with higher genetic with relation to medium population for characteristics. In the studied herd, should be considered the additive genetic variability to promote genetic improvement by observing that a majority percentage of the animals are genetically superior to referred characteristics.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para características produtivas em búfalos na Amazônia Oriental
(2010-06) RODRIGUES, Alessandra Epifanio; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; ARAÚJO, Cláudio Vieira de; CAMARGO JÚNIOR, Raimundo Nonato Colares; DIAS, Lilian de Nazaré Santos
Data from 1,182 records of Murrah females buffaloes and their crossbreds, calving from 1967 to 2005, were used to estimate genetic parameters by maximum restricted likelihood method. An animal model used to estimate variance components, included the fixed effects of herds, year and season of calving, order of parity, and length of lactation as covariables; and random effects of animal, permanent, and temporary environment. The estimate of heritability to milk yield, fat yield, length of lactation, and milk yield per day of calving interval were 0.25, 0.18, 0.08, and 0.09 respectively. Estimate of repeatability for milk yield, fat yield, and length of lactation were 0.33, 0.29, and 0.10, respectively. The genetic correlations between milk yield and fat yield, milk yield and length of lactation, milk yield and milk yield per day of calving interval, fat yield and length of lactation, fat yield and milk yield per day of calving interval, and length of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 0.93, 0.76, 0.99, 0.89, 0.87, and -0.27, respectively. These results showed that genetic gains may be obtained by selecting to milk and fat yields.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da interação genótipo-ambiente em rebanhos da raça Nelore na Amazônia Legal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-07-22) MATOS, Amanda de Sousa; MARQUES, José Ribamar Felipe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0104908318773676; MARCONDES, Cíntia Righetti; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9955818501759983
Data from adjusted weights at 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 450 (P450) days of age, scrotal circumference at 450 days of age (PE450) and age at first calving (IPP), for 211,744 records from Nelore herds located in the Legal Amazon region, were used in the analysis. The effect of genotype-environment interaction was studied through heritability estimates and correlations between ranks, comparing the Legal Amazon animals with the general basis of animals – PMGRN Nelore Brazil. Bi-trait analyses considered P120 as anchor-trait, with P210, P450 and PE450 as another one. Model considered contemporary group of P120, P210, P450 and age-of-dam classes as fixed effects and direct maternal, additive and residual as random effects. Analyses of P120 with P450 and PE450 not included maternal effect in the model. Covariance additive-maternal was fixed at zero, as protocol in PMGRN – Nelore Brazil analysis. IPP has been analyzed separately in single-trait analysis and considering GCIPP as fixed and additive and residual effects as random. Comparisons between ranks, through the procedure PROC CORR option spearman of SAS were obtained. Estimates of heritability for P120, P210, P450, PE450 and IPP on the data of the Legal Amazon were: 0.20 to 0.49; 0.21; 0.48; 0.45; and 0.21, respectively, and in general data of PMGRN – Nelore Brazil were: 0.23; 0.25; 0.34; 0.43 and 0.11, respectively. Correlations between rank for P120, P210, P450, PE450 and IPP were equal to 0.77; 0.79; 0.82; 0.78 and 0.38, respectively. The analysis of genotype-environment interaction have demonstrated greater effects on maternal, IPP and P450, while correlations between classifications showed strong evidence in almost all traits studied.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Genetic diversity and structure of Oenocarpus mapora germplasm conserved at eastern Amazon
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-12) MOURA, Elisa Ferreira; OLIVEIRA, Maria do Socorro Padilha de; SILVA, Diehgo Tuloza da; PONTES, Lígia Cristine Gonçalves
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure in the germoplasm of Oenocarpus mapora conserved at Eastern Amazon. Thus, 88 individuals were genotyped with five microsatellite loci. These individuals belong to 24 accessions that were sampled in eight sample places of three Brazilian Amazon states conserved at the Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) of Embrapa Eastern Amazon. All loci were polymorphic and they generated 85 alleles with an average of 17 alleles per loci. Total genetic diversity (HE) was 0.48. Sample places were considered genetically distinct, with ?p = 0.354. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified that the genetic portion among areas was of 36.14% and within 63.86%. The Nei distances varied from 0.091 between Abaetetuba and Santo Antônio do Tauá, both in the state of Pará (PA), to 4.18, between Parintins, AM and Rio Branco, AC. By means of Bayesian analysis, it was identified nine clusters that compose the accessions of the germplasm bank, with different distributions among individuals. The study showed high fixation rates per sample area, which indicates that there may have been significant inbreeding or crossing among parental individuals. It suggests that future samples should be made of different plants in natural populations. Even though, it was verified that there is considerable genetic variation in the germplasm of O. mapora.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Interação genótipo x ambiente para a produção de leite na espécie bubalina utilizando inferência Bayesiana por meio de Amostradores de Gibbs
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-12-21) CARDOSO, Adriana Maciel de Castro; ARAÚJO, Cláudio Vieira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5049897507837031
With the objective to verify the existence of the interaction genotype X enviroment, under the form of heterogenity of variances for the milk production in buffaloes and its impact in the genetic evaluation of the animals, using the Bayesiana inference by means of Gibbs Sampler, form used 5,484 registers of referring milk production to the productions of 2.994 females predominantly Murrah, calves of 150 sires, mateds with 1130 matrices, whose birth had occurred between the years of 1974 and 2004. The records had been proceeding from the Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Bubalinos (PROMEBUL) with the addition of records proceeding from the flock of the EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental - EAO, located in Belém, Pará, State. Class of herd-year of birth had been established and in accordance with the standard deviation of milk production of each class had been classified in class of high and low phenotypic standard deviation. Later the data had been analyzed disrespecting and considering the standard deviations class. The used model used the referring fixed effect to the herd-year class, month of parity and covariable age of the female to the birth and length of the lactation, beyond the random effect of animal, permanent environment and temporary environment effects. For the fixed effect uniform was assumed distribution to priori and for the components of (co)variances, had been assumed distributions priori inverse qui-square and inverted Wishart. The observed averages and shunting line-standard for milk production in the class of high, low standard deviation and in general analysis, had been equal 1870,21±758,78, 1900,50±587,76 and 1885,48±677,98, respectively. The posterior averages for the components of variances had been bigger in the classroom of high standard deviation. The genetic correlation for milk production between standard deviation classes was equal the 0,58. The correlations of Spearman between the breeding values for the milk production obtained in general analysis with the values in the class of high and low standard deviation were 0,94 and 0,93 , respectively, for all the sires. For one it shows of the 10 better sires, the same correlations had been equal 0,94 and 0,47, respectively. Such results disclose presences of heterogenity of variances between herds and this heterogenity of variances is resultant of environmental factors, that can take to a wrong classification of the breeding value to best sires for the production milk.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Studies toward the identification of transcription factors in cassava storage root
(2003-12) SOUZA, Claudia Regina Batista de; ALMEIDA, Elionor Rita Pereira de; CARVALHO, Luiz Joaquim Castelo Branco; GANDER, Eugen Silvano
Transcription factors play important roles in several physiological processes. In recent years many transcription factors have been isolated from plants and they are emerging as powerful tools in the manipulation of plant traits. In this work we initiated studies in order to isolate transcription factors from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), an important tropical and subtropical crop. Our results show three kinds of proteins expressed differentially in cassava storage root and immunologically related to the opaque-2 transcription factor from maize. Southwestern experiments showed two proteins capable of interacting in vitro with the DNA sequence of the be2S1 gene from the Brazil nut tree.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Uso de modelo de regressão aleatória na análise de produção de leite em bubalinos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-11-29) PEREIRA, Daniela Cristina Portal; ARAÚJO, Cláudio Vieira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5049897507837031
Data comprising 1,719 milk yield controls of 357 females predominantly Murrah breed, daughters of 110 sires, whose birth had occurred between the years of 1974 and 2004, obtained from the Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Bubalinos (PROMEBUL) with the addition of records proceeding from the herd of the EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental - EAO, located in Belém, Pará, State, were used to compare random regression models, for estimating variance components and predicting breeding values of the sires... The data of milk yield were analyzed by different random regression models using the Legendre’s orthogonal polynomials functions of second, third and fourth order . The random regression models included the effects herd-year, month of parity date of the control, regression coefficients for age of females (in order to describe the fixed part of the lactation curve) and random regression coefficients related to the direct genetic effects and the permanent environment. The comparisons among the models were based in the Akaike Criteria Infromation. The random regression model which used the third order Legendre’s polynomials and four class of the environmental effect was the model which better described the additive genetic variation of the milk yield The heritability estimates obtained varied from 0.08 to 0.40.. The genetic correlations between milk yield in ages more near, were close to unit, but in ages less close, the correlations were low. The Pearson and Spearman’s correlations between the predicted breeding values of sires in all situations were close to the unit.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Utilização de células de trofoblasto de embriões partenogenéticos na descrição de haplótipos de BoLA-DRB3-DQA-DQB
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) SÁ, André Luiz Alves de; MIRANDA, Moysés dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3354029928888919
The prospect of increasing the productivity of cattle by means of genetic improvement is increasingly investigated. Among the most studied and and promising genomic regions is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), since it includes key genes of the immune response of the animals, being able to select makers in this region for increased disease resistance and therefore greater production. The diversity of the cattle MHC, known as BoLA (Bovine Leukocyte Antigens), has been primarily studied using variants of serological specificities or sequencing some of its genes. Most cattle are heterozygous at BoLA and only in special occasions (homozygous animals or animals for which pedigree information is available) can the haplotypes be characterized. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel approach to describe BoLA haplotypes from heterozygous cows, using trophoblast cells from parthenogenetic bovine embryos derived from slaughterhouse ovaries. Two methods for validating this approach were used: a panel of 445 SNPs spanning BoLA region was informative on the effect of meiotic recombination on the region zigosity; and the comparison of BoLA-DRB3 alleles between the dam and its parthenogenetic embryo derived trophoblast cells (PEDTC) proved to be a reliable and practical method for investigating BoLA homozigosity. Using both methods, the approach presented here was validated, since BoLA homozygous PEDTC were derived from heterozygous cows, allowing the description of BoLA haplotypes. Detailed analysis of the BoLA Class IIa region identified 18 different BoLA-DRB3-DQA-DQB haplotypes, including 16 novel haplotypes. Furthermore, two DQA and one DQB alleles included in these haplotypes were novel. This method was more efficient than to look for homozygous cows or infer haplotype composition based on pedigree information, in addition to avoid ambiguities on the results. New researches aiming for the improvement of this method can increase its efficiency and make it more easily applicable for a variety of genetic studies, using different species and for other purposes.