Navegando por Assunto "Natureza - Influência do homem"
Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmicas socioambientais no Rio Apeú em Castanhal, Pará-Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-07-30) SILVA, Laís Almeida da; PEDROSO, Augusto José Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7493360101275598; BAHIA, Mirleide Chaar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6052323981745384The forms of human-nature interaction reflect beneficial or harmful effects on the complexity of the systems of natural and urban environments, expressing local and global effects. The environmental problem is the result of the crisis of civilization and, in order to solve this problem, it is necessary to first recognize this vision, referring to the construction of a new development paradigm that, in turn, intervenes positively in social subjects and in the dynamics of the economy. Understanding, in this way, that the complex environmental issues must be articulated to all sectors, given that it is not possible to deal with nature in isolation, with the performance of interdisciplinarity, it may be possible to generate sufficient knowledge to build a rationality productive and sustainable. In this sense, the present research had as its central objective "Analyze the socioenvironmental dynamics in the Apeú River, in Castanhal - Pará". The research was developed on the stretch of the Apeú River, in the Amazon region, which is located in the Apeú village, located in the municipality of Castanhal, Pará - Brazil. It has a quantitative and qualitative methodological approach, with two approaches: social aspects and associated environmental aspects and referring to the dynamics that occurred in the river. For the collection of empirical data on social aspects, semistructured interviews were used and, on environmental aspects, water quality analysis was used. Thus, as a result, it was possible to perceive that the condition in which the analyzed region is found, through analysis of the presence of bacteria that indicate quality, physical-chemical conditions, statements by residents and photographic records, practical inadequate, which result in contamination indicators and, as the river is a dynamic environment, this results in results that indicate that the situation of this river is of socio-environmental concern. Even so, it has the potential to attract residents and tourists to practices and as a leisure space, for social interactions and economic growth in the Amazon region, demonstrating the responsibility and the need for the Government to intervene with Public Policies aimed at maintaining the quality of this river and playful sociability practices for the quality of life of the local population.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito da perda de cobertura florestal sobre a diversidade de peixes de riachos em uma zona de transição Cerrado-Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-28) FREITAS, Pâmela Virgolino; JIQUIRIÇÁ, Paulo Ricardo Ilha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3392388693636935; SILVA, Karina Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2271768102150398Currently, the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the Amazon represents a profound change in the world’s vegetation cover. This expansion causes decrease of forest cover, affecting the environmental integrity of streams, as well as the richness of associated communities. We aimed to evaluate the effects of loss of forest cover on the physical integrity of streams, and on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages in a Cerrado-Amazon transitional zone. We sampled nine streams in the Alto Xingu river basin. The streams possess microbasins covered by different percentages of transitional Cerrado-Amazon forest and croplands. We did not detect the effect of loss of forest cover on the physical integrity of streams, and neither on fish taxonomic diversity. However, we found a negative effect on the functional diversity. The physical integrity of streams was not associated with taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages. The conversion of forest areas to croplands, on the riparian zone, affects negatively the functional richness of fish assemblages, acting as an environmental filter, leading to the disappearance of species that could have performed important ecosystem functions. Furthermore, the establishment of restoring and conservation strategies of areas affected by deforestation must be a priority on all streams drainage systems, especially on the riparian zone scale, to minimize impacts on species. To understand which factors can better structure fish assemblages in streams, it is necessary to do research, that can give basis to formulate strategies for the preservation of those organisms.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos do manejo do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) sobre a avifauna em florestas de várzea estuarina na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-05-30) NUNES, Raphael de Vasconcelos; LEES, Alexander Charles; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8887958109144699; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627Human actions and use of natural resources, by removing plant species, food resources or altering the environment’s structure, may have indirect effects on animal communities. The expansion of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) production has been altering floodplain forests through its management actions, resulting in environmental degradation and even substitution of forest for plantation areas, thus causing floristic empoverishment. In this paper we investigate the effects of this species management on the structure of bird community in an insular system of the Amazon River delta. Our hypothesis was that we would find less bird species diversity on managed areas (low and high intensity management) compared to non-managed forest fragments due to the environmental degradation caused by this practice. To assess the diversity and abundance of bird species we conducted point counts with auditory recordings and observations in three sites per treatment. We found a decrease tendency in bird species richness in intensively managed areas; but didn’t detect any changes on bird abundance and diversity in areas managed for açaí fruit production. We found alterations on bird community composition, being this more homogenous in managed areas. The effects of açaí management upon the fauna are still hard to detect but may arise in the future and our results point to the homogenization and species loss in areas subjected to intense management, causing birdlife empoverishment.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Influência de diferentes práticas de uso da terra sobre a fauna de riachos amazônicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-27) SOUSA, Híngara Leão; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099Disturbances caused by land use practices lead to several negative effects on stream biodiversity. This dissertation was developed to contribute with information about the land use effects on Amazonian stream biodiversity. The dissertation was subdivided in three chapters. First, it was performed a review of articles that evaluated the land use effects on stream fauna in the Amazon in the last 25 years to show the scenario of scientific research for these ecosystems in the region. In the Chapter 2 the aim was to assess the effects of three land use practices (managed and convenctional logging, and pasture) on stream fish, considering the impacts on the community structure and niche characteristics of species. In the Chapter 3 the aim was to evaluate the ecological uniqueness of fish assemblages in these areas, in order to identify the land uses and species that more contribute to beta diversity in the region. As general results of the first Chapter, 42 articles evaluating the land use effects on stream fauna communities in the Amazon were found in the literature, mainly in areas of timber extraction. Recently, there has been an increase in studies, and only the last four years accounted for 74% of articles. However, we identified a lack of information about the land use history in the studied areas, a lack of studies using only the crustacean as a bioindicator taxon and a few multi-taxon studies. Chapter 2 showed that conventional logging and pasture had negative impacts on fish communities, and no effect was observed in managed logging areas. Additionally, pasture was mainly responsible for the separation of niche species, supporting species with higher marginality and smaller niche breadth. Finally, in the Chapter 3 was found higher contribution of pasture area to beta diversity, mainly due to the great variation in the disturbance levels associated to this land use practice. Besides that, both habitat specialist and generalists contributed to beta diversity in the area. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation have shown that different kinds of land use may result in particular effects on stream communities. Our findings also suggest that different approaches using information on stream biodiversity are useful in environmental impact assessment in these ecosystems.