Navegando por Assunto "Ondas sísmicas"

Agora exibindo 1 - 11 de 11

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aproximações não-hiperbólicas do tempo de trânsito utilizando aproximantes de Padé
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-03) NEVES, Rodolfo André Cardoso; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
Traveltime approximation is a fundamental tool of the stack and migration steps in seismic data processing. To increase the accuracy of these approximations, we propose new traveltime approximations based on Padé approximants, to CMP and CRS gathers. Hyperbolic approximations such as normal moveout (NMO) and comom reflection surface (CRS) are taylor series approximations of second order of the reflection traveltime. Padé approximants appear as an alternative to Taylor series, because they converge quickly to the desired function, and they have a major radius of convergence improving approximations acuracy. They can be obtained through the proper Taylor serie of the approximated function. This new approximation is obtained from the [2/2] Padé approximation of the generalized moveout equation; and from [2/2] Padé approximation of the Taylor series expansions of fourth order of the CRS surface. The acuracy of Padé approximation is superior when compared with other convencional approximations: normal moveout, shifted hyperbola and Transversal isotropic medium with vertical symetry axis (VTI). CMP gather Padé approximations depend just only one more parameter than normal moveout approximation and they keep the acuracy for long offsets. CRS gather non hyperbolic approximations, non hyperbolic CRS, fourth order CRS and Padé CRS, have major acuracy than hyperbolic CRS, increasing the convergence of the approximation for offset and CMP domain. The quadratic approximation of fourth order CRS is superior than non hyperbolic CRS approximation, producing less error in least square CRS parameter inversion.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Empilhamento sísmico pela composição de ondas planas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-04-18) CALLAPINO, German Garabito; SÖLLNER, Walter Franz
In this thesis we present a new seismic data stacking method called Plane Wave Composition (PWC). This method, applicable in a bidimensional medium with lateral velocity gradients, is developed on the basis of physical and mathematical concepts on the plane wave decomposition of spherical wave fields. In the initial part of this work, we present a review on the conventional stacking method and on plane wave decomposition of the point-source seismograms. The stacking by plane wave composition is a method which produce a normal incidence (or zero offset) section by the application of the following main processes: A double plane wave decomposition, achieved by a slant stack along the shot array and another slant stack along the receiver array, followed by a plane wave composition achieved by an inverse slant stack. The PWC stacking method is theoretically formulated here on the basis of the scattering theory applied to seismic waves, within the constraint of the Born approximation. Initially, starting with the acoustic wave equation, for a finite source-receiver configuration, a solution for the direct single scatter (Born) model is derived. That result is reduced for the coincident source-receiver (zero offset) configuration. Afterward, the mathematical expression of PWC stacking method is solved replacing the observed data function by the scattered field obtained by the Born approximation. For most clarity, the algorithm to obtain the zero offset seismic section by the PWC stacking method is described by applying it to the data corresponding to a simple model. A successful application is performed using the Marmousi seismic data set, corresponding to a geological complex model. Finally, in the same data set, a noise analysis shows that this method increase the signal-noise ratio in the seismic trace. Thus, it has been showed that the PWC stacking method is an efficient alternative to process seismic data of complex models.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa de parâmetros elásticos em meios anisotrópicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-06-20) GOMES, Ellen de Nazaré Souza; PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4210442535067685
Amplitude, polarization and the slowness vector measurements carry information about the medium where wave propagation occurs. This thesis investigates these data aiming at the recovery of elastic properties in anisotropic media. Reflection coefficients can be estimated from amplitude data and depend nonlinearly on elastic and density contrasts across an interface. When the impedance contrast is weak, the linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are more convenient for inversion of density and elastic parameters using analysis of amplitude versus the angle of incidence (AVO) and amplitude versus the direction of the incidence plane (AVD). Partitioning the linear system defined by Zoepprittz equations allows one to write the solution of these equations in terms of impedance and polarization matrices. Using this solution, linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are derived for weak impedance contrasts and arbitrary symmetry classes of anisotropy. The linear approximations are evaluated for different acquisition geometries and choice of the reference medium. The approximations for the reflection coefficients of the reflected qP and the converted waves are in good agreement with the exact solution for incidence angles up to 30° for media that satisfy the weak impedance assumption. If a single oriented set of fractures is represented by a transversely isotropic effective medium, the linear approximations for qP reflectivity can be used to estimate the fractures orientation. Under these assumptions this problem is reframed as the estimation of the symmetry axis orientation from qP reflectivity data. This work shows the requirement of multiple components and multiple azimuthal data and quantifies the minimum amount of data for stable estimation. Also it is shown that the reflection coefficients of converted waves qS and qT only are sensitive to fractures dip. The inversion of polarization and slowness from multiazimutal VSP data are investigated for the estimation of local anisotropy. We use measurements of the vertical component of the slowness vector and the qP polarization data of direct and reflected waves. The inversion algorithm is validated in synthetic data sets for different choices of the wave front normal, reference medium and acquisition geometries. This analysis shows that only a subset of elastic parameters is recovered. An important application of this approach is its potential to determine the class of anisotropy. The application of this methodology to the Java Sea data set shows that isotropy and transversely isotropic models are inadequate to fit the data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo comparativo entre estereotomografia e da tomografia da onda NIP: aplicação em dados sintéticos e reais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) PRAXEDES FILHO, José Ribamar; CALLAPINO, German Garabito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6064981270181319
The determination of an accurate velocity model is a fundamental requirement for the seismic imaging. New methods, such as prestack stereotomography and poststack NIP wave tomography, are powerful and very suggestive tools for this task. The prestack stereotomography is basically based on the concept of locally coherent events interpreted as primary reflections and that are associated to ray segments that are linked through the same reflection point in depth. In NIP wave tomography a seismic event is represented by a hypothetic NIP wave that is associated to a reflection point in depth. The NIP wave attributes are determined during Common Reflection Surface (CRS) procedure. The objective of this work is to compare both methods of velocity model determination in depth. Then a review of the theoretical foundations of both tomographic methods are made, considering its main differences, and then applied to a synthetic data and a real marine dataset (seismic line 214-2660 of the Jequitinhonha Basin, Brazil). In order to evaluate the velocity models determined by these two approximations, the data were prestack depth migrated using the Kirchhoff algorithm and also generated Common Image Gathers (CIG). The results have shown that both tomographic methods yield representative velocity models. However, it was noticed that the velocity model estimated by stereotomography behaved better in laterally varying media, but only applied in prestack data with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Identificação automática das primeiras quebras em traços sísmicos por meio de uma rede neural direta
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000) MIRANDA, Anna Ilcéa Fischetti; ANDRADE, André José Neves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8388930487104926; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In spite of the technologic development happened at seismic prospection, and the significative amount of data with seismic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) surveys, some process in the seismic interpretation task like the first break picking, remains in a manual version, that still needs an intuitive human intervention. This dissertation purpose, fill in the seismic processing with the intention to look for an efficient method to enable the computational simulation of the human visual system behavior, through decision process automation involved in first break picking in a seismic trace; looking at to preserv the interpreter intuitive knowledgement to more complex tasks, where your knowledgement will be better profitable. Neural networks, the most important implementation of neurocomputing systems, were initially developed by neurobiologists as computer models of the neural system in the brain. They differ from conventional computation techniques in their ability to adaptively discriminate or learn through repeated exposure to examples, their tolerance to data component failure and their robustness in the presence of high noise levels. This computing technology provide some techniques that can reduce the labor intensive aspects of the first break picking, maintaining the quality and reliability of the results. The method here presented is an application of an artificial neural network computational process, known as feedforward multilayer perceptron trained with the error back-propagation algorithm; from the establishment of a convenient neural network architecture and learning set that make possible its application over seismic data. This method is a computational simulation of seismic interpreter decision intuitive process for first break picking in seismic traces. The applicability, efficiency and limitations of this approach will be appraised in synthetic data obtained starting out the ray theoretical method.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração Kirchhoff pré-empilhamento em profundidade usando aproximação paraxial do tempo de trânsito
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-08-28) CUNHA, Antonio Rizimar de Andrade; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
In order to get an accurate image of the subsurface we need efficient techniques for evaluating the wave field. In literature we find several geophysical methods based on the numerical solution of the seismic wave equation. Among the various techniques of seismic imaging, Kirchhoff prestack depth migration remains widely used because of its flexibility in processing data through several geometries of acquisition, and its practicality in solving problems related to imaging. Assuming this view, we seek to create more efficient alternatives for the accurate calculation of the parameters involved in migration processes. We consider the efficient calculation of the traveltimes as a critical factor, focusing on the fundamental amplitude in their respective points in depth using the Paraxial Ray Theory through the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. The paraxial extrapolation of the traveltimes belongs to the class of dynamic ray tracing, where it is possible to determine information in complex geological environment on regions influenced by shadow zones. The application of this technical demands amounts previously arranged in a central reference beam that is obtained from the kinematic ray tracing, furthermore a macro velocity model of the medium is necessary for the traveltimes calculation. For comparison, we consider two different ways to calculate the traveltimes tables: The first was performed by routine RAYT2D from SEISMIC UNIX (SU) package, which is considered a robust method of evaluation; the second is based on Paraxial05 method. The depth migration required the seismic data input and the traveltimes. The images were obtained from an algorithm written in SHELL and a third image is obtained through the difference between the two initial results.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem sísmica e inversão na presença de anisotropia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-11-04) COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; SCHOENBERG, Michael
The assumption of anisotropic elastic models, in the context of exploration seismology, has been increasing since the advent of new aquisition tecniques: VSP, walkway VSP, crosshole tomography and large offset seismic surveys. Effective anisotropic elastic models can account for patterns of inhomogeneities at a scale much lower than the wavelength of the propagating seismic energy. Particularly, effective media can account for the most robust seismic data, i.e., traveltime measurements. This work investigates some aspects of wave propagation, raytracing and traveltime inversion in anisotropic media. The propagation of SH waves in a layered anisotropic medium in the most general case where these waves can occur, i.e., propagation in the mirror symmetry plane of a monoclinic medium, is studied. It is shown that SH reflected field from a stratified half-space is 'blind' to the possible anisotropy below. Fast ray tracing procedures for stratified anisotropic media in 3D are presented. Such ray tracing codes are a first step towards the development of traveltime inversion algorithms for non-flat anisotropic layers in 3D. Traveltime inversion of VSP and walkway VSP is a promissing approach to 3D velocity model building, starting from a well location. These velocity models are necessary for the migration of seismic data in the presence of anisotropy. The analysis of the nonlinear tomographic inversion, for a vertically inhomogeneous transversally isotropic medium with vertical axis of symmetry (TIV), is presented. The limitations of qP traveltime data are pointed as well as the consequences of the lack of full angular ray coverage for tomographic inversion. An algorithm for tomographic inversion is presented and evaluated in synthetic data seis. Application to real data is presented. This approach is attractive for cases where the formations are known a priori to be relatively flat, and where crosswell data itself shows a high degree of left-right symmetry. It also may be of use for preliminary surveys, where the layered estimate can be used as a background model to carry out more detailed analysis, e.g., as an anisotropic velocity model for migration, or as a calibration model for AVO analysis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelamento sísmico analógico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1986-09-19) MONTEIRO, Paulo Afonso da Costa; SCHIEL, Klaus Rainer; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1748862841375705
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Um novo algorítimo para implementação do método de empilhamento SRC 3-D e modelagem sísmica da Bacia do Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-23) LIMA, Charles Cristiano de Assis; CALLAPINO, German Garabito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6064981270181319
The Common Reflection Surface Stack (CRS) is a seismic reflection imaging technique that is independent of velocity model to simulate Zero-Offset (ZO) seismic section or volume. This technique have been used, alternatively, in seismic reflection processing and many works have been demonstrate that the CRS method shows results with better signal to noise rate and lateral resolution in comparison with conventional methods, e. g., NMO/DMO stack. The CRS stack provides some attributes or wavefield parameters that could be used in many applications, e.g., velocity models estimation, AVO and AVA analysis, geometric spread factor estimation, projected Fresnel zone, and others. The CRS technique has a second order hyperbolic traveltimes approximation in central ray vicinity. In the 3-D case, for a normal central ray or ZO, the CRS operator depends on eight parameters, estimating by coherency analysis from seismic data. In this work, the 3-D ZO CRS operator is analyzed for both reflection and diffraction events with respect the traveltimes obtained from straight modeling. I present a new CRS stack algorithm to simulate ZO sections or volume. I still present, in this work, a 3-D seismic modeling of the sedimentary Amazon Basin with SW3D consortium packages. The geologic model was based in true geologic and geophysics data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Processamento de dados sísmicos reais da região amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-17) GOMES, Anderson Batista; LEITE, Lourenildo Williame Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8588738536047617
The treatment of seismic data is divided basically in three parts: preprocessing and processing an imaging. In the present thesis we discuss the stages of preprocessing and two important methods of processing directed to the simulation of zero offset (ZO) sections from multiple coverage data. Conventional (NMO/DMO) processing, and the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) processing have been applied to seismic data from some seismic lines of group 204 of the data set of the Tacutu Graben (Brazil). We used the CWP/SU System to carried out the stages of preprocessing and the stage of conventional (NMO/DMO) processing. The CRS processing was carried out with WIT/CRS System. The stages of preprocessing consisted basically of three parts: organization of the geometry; zeroing and muting of noisy traces; and filtering in the temporal frequency (f filter) and velocity filter (f-k filter). Deconvolution was carried out, however due to results that did not bring any information; the results were not of further use. Besides, the elevation static correction was not applied because the topography is very smooth (elevation variation less than 20 m) in Tacutu plateau. The quality of the results of NMO/DMO processing was strongly biased due to the dependence of the method on a velocity model, that in this case it was accurate enough. We also found difficulties with the velocity analysis (VA) due to great amount of noise present in the data. As a consequence, the normal moveout correction (NMO) and migration did not generate better results. Based on the estimated attributes of the CRS stack method, a smooth macrovelocity model was obtained using reflection tomographic inversion. Using this macro-model, pre- and post- stack depth migration were carried out. Also, the CRS attributes are used in the method residual static correction, and the results demonstrate a better resolution of the stacked section. The sections resulting from stack and migration have been interpreted aiming at the delineation of structures. From the visual details of the panels, we have interpreted thinning, a main faulted anticline and discontinuity, and plays of horsts and grabens, and rollovers were traced. On the other hand, the basement could not easily be traced.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Seismic physical modeling based on the physical similitudes: application in isotropic media
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-12-02) SANTOS, Léo Kirchhof; FIGUEIREDO, José Jadsom Sampaio de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1610827269025210
Throughout the decades seismic physical modeling has been used to help the geophysicists to understand the phenomena related to the elastic wave propagation on isotropic and anisotropic media. Most of the published works related to physical modeling, use physical similitudes between model and field (geological environment) only in the geometric, and sometimes, in the kinematics sense. The dynamic similitude is approximately or, most of the time, not obeyed due to the difficulty to reproduce, in laboratory, the forces and tensions that exist inside the earth when elastic waves propagate. In this work, an analytical expression for dynamic similitude in isotropic media in the sense of dynamic stress (stress due wave propagation) was derived. The resulting expression for dynamic similitude shows that this type of similitude has multiple solutions in context of dynamic stress (non-unicity problem). However, the regularization of this problem can be reached by controlling porosity and clay content. Ultrassonic measurements(elastic) as well as petrophysical measurements (density, porosity and clay content) in synthetic sandstone samples show how difficult it is to reproduce in the laboratory the three physical similarities studied in this work. Other important result of our analysis (from the kinematic similitude), is the achievement of an expression that relates the seismic frequency source with ultrasonic sources which are used in laboratory.