Navegando por Assunto "Perda de reforçadores"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de histórias experimentais e de justificativas sociais sobre o comportamento de seguir e não seguir regras em crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-24) SOUSA, Lorena de Medeiros; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
The present study had the objective of investigating the effects of social justifications on the occurrence of rule following and not following behavior in children, when an experimental history of reinforcement for correspondent rule following and for not following rules. Twenty children ranging from seven and nine years of age were exposed to a matching to sample procedure, which task consisted in touching one of two comparison stimuli in the presence of a contextual stimulus. The participants were equally distributed into four experimental conditions, each one constituted of four phases. In Conditions I and II, Phases 1, 2 and 4 began with the presentation of instructions that were correspondent to the programmed contingencies of reinforcement. Behavior of rule following produced tokens exchangeable for toys and not following them produced no tokens. Phase 3 began with the presentation of a correspondent instruction that contained a justification on why not to follow the instruction. The two conditions differed on the type of justification given in Phase 3. In Condition I the justification was to help children in need and in Condition II the justification involved approval from the experimenter. In Condition III and IV, Phases 1, 2 and 4 began with the presentation of instructions that were discrepant to the programmed contingencies of reinforcement. Behavior of rule following produced token loss and not following them avoided token loss. Phase 3 began with the presentation of a correspondent instruction that contained a justification on why to follow the instruction that led to token loss. The two conditions differed on the type of justification given in Phase 3. In Condition III the justification was to help children in need and in Condition IV the justification involved approval from the experimenter. The results showed that the behavior of 17 out of 20 participants came under control of the experimental history of reinforcement of following and not following the instructions and of the immediate consequences produced by instruction following and not following behavior (win or avoid token loss). The behavior of two participants (Condition II) came under control of the social justification (experimenter´s approval) presented for the emission of an alternative behavior to the one that produced tokens and another participant´s behavior (Condition III) came under control of the social justification (helping others) to follow the correspondent instruction, which produced token loss. These results support both the statement that rules are followed due to a history that rule-following was reinforced and not following was punished, as well as the statement that rules are followed, in part, due to justifications to its following or not following.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de promessas de reforço de maior e menor magnitude sobre o seguir instruções em crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-27) CASTRO, Juliany Lopes de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
The study aimed to investigate the effects of justifications to follow instructions on the behavior of following instructions that produced loss of reinforcers. Twenty children aged between seven and nine were exposed to a procedure of choice modeled, and assigned to four experimental conditions that differed in the type of justification used and the phase at which it was presented. The task was to touch one of two comparison stimuli in the presence of a contextual stimulus. Were used as reinforcers tokens exchangeable for toys. In Conditions 1 and 2 were the justifications promises of reinforcement magnitude larger (buy favorite toys, if the statement was then) and in Conditions 3 and 4, were promises of reinforcement magnitude smaller (less preferred buy toys, if the statement was not followed). In Phases 1, 3 and 5, all conditions were given instructions corresponding to the contingencies of reinforcement and behavior programmed to follow them was consequenciado to earn token. In Phases 2 and 4, all conditions, no changes occurred in the contingencies of reinforcement signaled programmed, and maintenance of behavior to follow instructions was consequenciado with loss token. The results showed that all participants of the four conditions followed the instructions given in the corresponding Phases 1, 3 and 5. They also showed that 17 of the 20 participants failed to follow instructions when this behavior started producing token loss in Phases 2 and 4. The results of these 17 participants indicate that control by immediate consequences prevailed over control by presenting justifications for maintaining the following instructions. Three participants followed instructions that produced loss of token in Phases 2 and 4. These results, however, suggest that exposure to justifications containing reinforcing promises higher and lower magnitude if the next instruction is abandoned or maintained, respectively, may also contribute to keep the follow instructions even if this behavior pass to produce loss reinforcers.