Navegando por Assunto "Plasmodium"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Adesão ao tratamento da malária: um estudo em comunidades do entorno da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí - Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) ROCHA, Maria de Nazaré Almeida; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Malaria, infectious disease, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, transmitted to humans by the bite of female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Currently puts at risk 40% of the world population. In Brazil occurs mainly in the Amazon region where they are concentrated 99.7% of cases. In communities located around the lake of Tucuruí the occurrence of malaria is high and the residents do not have efficient services that provide appropriate prophylaxis and therapy. This research has the purpose of examining the occurrence of conduct of accession to drug treatment and prevention of malaria in people living in the surrounding communities of the Tucuruí hydroelectric power, state of Para, through comparison of three conditions for intervention: Timing ( n = 10), Monitoring (n = 9) and Monitoring with information (n = 10). To quantitatively assess the effects of intervention in the conduct adopted three conditions were compared by non-parametric statistical methods: the Chi-square test and Binomial test. It was previously set the significance level alpha = 0.05 to reject the null hypothesis. The adherence to treatment and the conditions Routine Monitoring was marginal, however, in the condition Monitoring with information was found that after the intervention 80% of the participants joined significantly (p <0.05) to treatment, demonstrating, effectiveness of intervention. As to the knowledge of malaria, in the condition Monitoring with information when compared with other conditions, after intervention, was obtained p-value = 0.0466 (significant) indicating that the intervention promoted increase in the level of knowledge of participants on malaria. The analysis of change in the behavioral repertoire was held in thirteen items. Results have been achieved more success in then condition Monitoring with information on nine items was observed significant change of attitude of the participants, highlighting the fact that these nine items the p-value <0.05 was certificate as evidence of statistical significance of this conclusion. The comparison between the conditions Monitoring and Monitoring with information presented significant difference in eight items. There was a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in the following items: Use mosquito net, notify the officer of health, keep the trees pruned or cut, not bathing in the river in times of danger, Wear clothes suitable for enter the forest, Use appropriate clothing for fishing, not staying at night and Use repellents as andiroba or similar. In summary, the intervention was successful to contribute to effective treatment of malaria and increase the level of knowledge about the disease.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and degree of risk for the presence and maintenance of malaria in a low-transmission area in the Brazilian Amazon
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-10) MONTEIRO, Thais Hetierre Abreu; CHAVES, Tânia do Socorro Souza; MATOS, Haroldo José de; SOFFFIATTI, Nelson Fernando de Lisboa; GUIMARÃES, Luis Henrique Rocha; VENTURA, Ana Maria Revorêdo da Silva; MACHADO, Ricardo Luiz Dantas; GUIMARÃES, Ricardo José de Paula Souza e
INTRODUCTION:This study aimed to evaluate basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators, reported cases of malaria, and risk of contracting malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, State of Pará. METHODS: Data on basic sanitation and socioeconomic dimensions were taken from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)] 2010 census. Epidemiological malaria information was taken from the Epidemiological Malaria Surveillance Information System [ Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Malária (SIVEP/Malaria)], between 2003 and 2013 of the Ministry of Health and from the SIVEP/Malaria forms of the municipality's Endemic Diseases Unit for 2,013 cases. RESULTS: Our data do not confirm the correlation among indicators of basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and water supply with malaria cases. Of the 1,557 cases evaluated, most were caused by Plasmodium vivax , with rare cases of Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infections. There were 756 notifications in 2003. The number of reported cases was sharply reduced between 2006 and 2012, but a 142-case outbreak occurred in 2013. Ananindeua municipality's Annual Parasite Index indicated low risk in 2003 and no risk in other years, and the 2,013 cases were predominantly male individuals aged ≥40 years.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo sobre a distribuição da malária no Pará e sua correlação com fatores ambientais e socioeconômicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) FERNANDES, Willian Ricardo da Silva; ALBERNAZ, Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1220240487835422
The malaria is a parasitic disease caused by Protozoa of genus Plasmodium that completes its complex cycle of development alternating between human hosts and mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. In the world-wide context, it constitutes a serious problem of public health that mainly affects the developing countries of tropical and subtropical climate. In Brazil, one gives credit that 99.5% of the registered cases of malaria meet in the Legal Amazonian. Much of the success of this complaint in this region must it biological and environmental factors that favor levels high of vectors, beyond social factors that compromise the efforts to control the disease. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the profile epidemiologist of the malaria in Pará, during a historical series (1999 - 2003), analyzing the influence of environmental and socioeconomic variable on the prevalence of the cases. For such the annual parasitic indices (IPA) of each city had been calculated and, through a SIG, these data they had been georreferencied and studied of temporal and spatial form. Data on the deforestation in the State had been analyzed, through a regression for permutation, to try to explain the temporal variation of the malaria. For the spatial study (multiple regression) the influence of the variable: temperature, rainfall, altitude, education, longevity and income; was tested on the prevalence of the malaria. In the secular study the malaria presented a decreasing trend in the State, however, only 31 cities had presented the same trend, did not have increasing trend, the 112 remaining cities had presented steady trend. Moreover, many cities had alternated increase and reduction of the cases throughout the series, having indicated a good action of control, but a weak performance of the monitoring. In this context the deforestation seems to influence the secular series of the malaria, was gotten resulted significant in two (2001 and 2002) of the three studied years. In the space study the adopted final model, although a low clarifying power (R²=0.31), presented three significant variable: number of dry months, income and education. However, the result of the two first ones is not presented of a direct form, being reflected of other activities. Although the scale adopted and of problems in the aggregation of the data (they are only available for city), this work presents resulted excellent that can assist the managers of the health (or endemic diseases) to direct action of control for the pointed areas as critical, acting in the factors of bigger significance, thus getting better exploitation of available the human resources and material.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Identificação molecular de espécies do complexo Anopheles albitarsis (Diptera, Culicidae, Anophelinae), coletadas em dois municípios da Amazônia brasileira, com análise de suscetibilidade natural a plasmódios humanos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-12-03) SILVA, Ana de Nazaré Martins da; ISHIKAWA, Edna Aoba Yassui; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3074963539505872; PÓVOA, Marinete Marins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2256328599939923
Members of Anopheles cryptic species complexes may exhibit behavioral differences among them, the susceptibility to malaria infection, and resistance to insecticides, thus, the specific identification has epidemiological relevance, which is not always possible by morphological criteria. Alternative methods have been employed such as those that analyze highly conserved regions of ribosomal DNA, which varies among species, known as internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Anopheles albitarsis complex is currently composed of six species: An. albitarsis s.s., An. oryzalimnetes, An. albitarsis F, An. marajoara, An. deaneorum and An. janconnae. At least the last three are incriminated as malaria parasite vectors in the Brazilian Amazon. The aim of this study was to perform molecular identification of An. albitarsis complex species, for analysis of ITS2 rDNA sequences, in order to assess their importance in malaria transmission in the cities of Macapá, Amapa and Peixe-Boi, Para, including investigating the first time the occurrence of An. Albitarsis F in two epidemiologically distinct areas: the first with a history of high risk of malaria transmission and the second not (Peixe-Boi). All-night human landing catches of mosquitoes were carried out in the peridomestic environment, from January 2009 and April 2010. The females collected were morphologically identified and only An. albitarsis s.l. was dissected: head and thorax were separated for analysis of natural infection by ELISA; ovaries for parity analysis and the carcass, legs and wings for molecular identification. In Macapá were collected 584 mosquitoes: 366 An. albitarsis s.l. (62.7%), 167 An. darlingi (28.6%), 33 An. triannulatus s.l. (5.6%), 15 An. braziliensis (2.6%) and 3 An. nuneztovari (0.5%). It was possible to visualize the specific band An. marajoara in 320 specimens of An. albitarsis s.l. tested. Of the remainder, 33 were negative and 13 amplified a fragment of ~ 490pb, not allowing to reach the specific diagnosis. The An. marajoara specimens showed biological and behavioral characteristics that confirm their epidemiological importance in malaria transmission in Macapa, such as being the most prevalent species, with a higher proportion of parous females (73.0%), and therefore with the greatest chances of infected with Plasmodium, occur in both seasons (dry and wet), presenting biting activity in all hours worked, moreover, was found infected by P.vivax and P. falciparum (natural infection rate of 3.1%). In Peixe-Boi, were captured 43 anophelines: An. triannulatus s.l. (20 specimens, 46.5%), An. albitarsis s.l. (13, 30.2%) An. darlingi (8, 18.6%), and An. nuneztovari (2, 4.7%). All An. albitarsis s.l. collected were identified by ITS2 as An. oryzalimnetes. None was found infected by Plasmodium, and the vast majority was parous females (84.6%). Systematic entomological surveys are needed to analyse the importance of An. oryzalimnetes in malaria transmission in the city. The An. albitarsis F was not found in the two areas studied. Our results contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Malaria vaccine: roadblocks and possible solutions
(1998-03) SOARES, Irene da Silva; RODRIGUES, Mauricio Martins
Malaria remains the most prevalent and devastating parasitic disease worldwide. Vaccination is considered to be an approach that will complement other strategies for prevention and control of the disease in the future. In the last 10 years, intense studies aimed at the development of a malaria vaccine have provided important knowledge of the nature of the host immunological mechanisms of protection and their respective target antigens. It became well established that protective immune responses can be generated against the distinct stages of Plasmodium. However, in general, protective immune responses are directed at stage-specific antigens. The elucidation of the primary structure of these antigens made possible the generation of synthetic and recombinant proteins that are being extensively used in experimental immunizations against the infection. Today, several epitopes of limited polymorphism have been described and protective immunity can be generated by immunization with them. These epitopes are being tested as primary candidates for a subunit vaccine against malaria. Here we critically review the major roadblocks for the development of a malaria vaccine and provide some insight on how these problems are being solved.