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Projeto Calha Norte: política de defesa nacional e segurança hemisférica na governança contemporânea
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-03-18) NASCIMENTO, Durbens Martins; CARVALHO, David Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5110389700162104
This thesis highlights the analysis of the institutional and geo-strategic path of the "Projeto Calha Norte" (Northern Border Project - NBP) influenced by the traditional models of the National Security Doctrine (NSD) of the sixties and seventies. The goal of the National Security Doctrine (a strategy widely applied in Brazil during the military regime) was to guarantee the State presence in the Northern Border Line (North Arc) to support the National Defense as well as to assist the local population. This study aims at understanding the historical, strategic, geopolitical, financial, and environmental implications of this "doctrine", since its origin until the nineties, emphasizing the Fernando H. Cardoso government " FHC" - (1994-2002). Presenting the idea that the defense policy implemented by that Brazilian President was in accordance with the lines of the internal changes in the Brazilian governance, and that he wanted to adequate it to the regional and global changes, characterized by the replacement of the bipolar order by the multipolar/unipolar one, a change in the national political institutions profile and, most important, in the hemispherical integration of the country in a uncertainty period and the appeal to the strengthening of collective security. Such changes took place within the capitalist modernization framework, where PCN (northern border project) was conceived as a particular form of state intervention and expansion, condoning the legitimate use of physical force in order to fulfill its constitutional prerogatives within the limits of a brown area meaning the absence of state bureaucracy and laws effectively in use in an area of low demographic density. The inefficiency of these state dimensions defines the peculiarities of the illegality circuits, i.e., the locus of illegal activities such as narcotics traffic and smuggling. Therefore, the rationale present in the state action consists in the articulation of elements capable of stimulating the materialization of a homogenization process of the social space in the political frontier in a context of integration and cooperation with the Pan-Amazon countries. Based on demographic, economic, financial, and environmental indicators, as well as strongly based on data about the Northern Border Line, this research concludes that state intervention on the border is necessary, where the state tries to fulfill its obligations to ordinate and discipline relations and social processes based on constitutional references; it affirms that the financial emptiness was less due to the governmental program to adjust public accounts and foreign debt payment than to the political decision to re-direct investments to the project. It also proves that there is an effective movement towards the effective inclusion of sustainability of the new NDP (National Defense Policy), and finally favors the need to integrate the PCN to the SIVAM information system, which sheds new lights on national defense issues in the Information Era and is necessary for the surveillance of the region.