Navegando por Assunto "Psicologia evolucionista"

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Ambiente de desenvolvimento e início da vida reprodutiva em mulheres Brasileiras
(2011) LORDELO, Eulina da Rocha; MOURA, Maria Lucia Seidl de; VIEIRA, Mauro Luís; BUSSAB, Vera Sílvia Raad; OLIVA, Angela Donato; TOKUMARU, Rosana Suemi; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza
Several models inspired by the life history theory have assessed the patterns of human reproduction in developed countries with promising but inconclusive results. Considering the diversity of life conditions in Brazil, we investigated the relationship between the time of main events in female reproductive life, environmental conditions and psychosocial variables related to child-rearing. We interviewed 606 women in six different states in Brazil. Results corroborate the life history theory, showing associations among the investigated factors, especially between life conditions during childhood and the beginning of sexual life and reproduction, but not to sexual maturity. We suggest that landmarks in reproductive life, although related, can be under the influence of several phenomena. Diversity of life conditions in Brazil offers alternative contexts to hypotheses testing.
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Compreendendo as diferenças de gênero a partir de interações livres no contexto escolar
(2010-04) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; FIGUEIRA, Renata Almeida; BENTES, Tatiana Frazão; MONTEIRO, Eline Freire; SANTOS, Marina Cunha
Evolutionary Psychology considers that gender differences in play are a result of cultural influences upon pre-dispositions selected in the species. The compatibility of these differences with theoretical prevision was investigated. Seventy three six/seven years old students of private schools were recorded in four 30 minutes sessions. Playful behavior frequency and playmate choice were counted. Later, 21 children were asked about favourite plays and how they classified those plays accordingly to gender patterns. Both sexes participated in similar activities but their interactions were mostly restricted to members of the same sex. It was also observed that there were topographic differences in the way they played, accordingly to sex. The interviews, as shown in the literature, allowed to identify that the speech and the behavior observed were different, with a higher cultural influence upon the speech.
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Convergências e/ou divergências no sistema de crenças e práticas parentais: comparação entre duas amostras amazônicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-12-11) BELTRÃO, Manuela Cavaleiro de Macêdo; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
The purpose of this research was to identify convergecies and divergencies in ethnotheories, socialization goals and parenting practices in two Amazonian ecological contexts, trying to analyze the relationship between biological and ecoculturals factors. Ninety nine mothers participated of the research: Fifty from Belém ( CEU – Urban context) and forty nine from Santa Barbara ( CENU – non urban context) . The mothers aged over 18 years with at least one child aged between 0 and 6 years. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires were applied for the data analysis were applied statistical criteria and theoretical support of Evolutionary Psychology. The data indicated that the communities studied in relation to sociodemographic data differ systematically from one another, depending on the levels of technological development and organizations of social context. The social world of children from CEU and CENU represent developmental contexts that offer different opportunities. The literature indicates that the established social exchanges between children and caregivers can reflect on the child's development in relation to the cognitive, emotional and social. The results indicate that mothers of CEU despite being more autonomous than those of CENU were relational too, showing that perhaps the changes that affect the context, occurring faster in urbanized environments. Moreover, the data seem to indicate that the contexts are transition from the interdependent model to an autonomousrelational model. However, it is noted that the ideas that mothers have about the importance of certain actions do not always reflect their practices. In relation to primary care mothers seem to appreciate and perform equally. Mothers of CENU value more than mothers of CEU the body contact. The results directed to body stimulation were very interesting, because the items that were more important and charged by CEU mothers were the same that were less important and charged by CENU mothers. With respect to object stimulation CEU mothers give more importance to the practices than carrying out the practices and vice versa happens in CENU. The mothers of CEU attributed greater importance to face face system. Our data suggest that mothers of both contexts are using distal and proximal parenting strategies at the same time, or want their children to become self-sufficient, but also want them to be respectful and obedient. Moreover, our findings confirm that four systems describe the interactional experiences of children and express the cultural emphasis of particular styles and combinations. There were no significant differences in beliefs and practices between CEU and CENU mothers, which led us to consider that parental beliefs, therefore adapt to context, varied less conspicuously in the selected cities than in other cities examined in other studies. Another issue found that was very interesting was about the CEU mothers’ educational level and the valorization of relational goals, because according literature, the educational level of mothers becomes an important variable in relation to socialization goals. CENU has shown a tendency to relational practices and relational goals. This context provides a way of life closer to the interdependence model, in which mothers tend to value the norms and rules determined by the family or group to which they belong. The hypothesis that practices and goals of CEU would be more independent could not be confirmed, so we realized that this context features both independent and interdependent models. It was assumed that CENU and CEU contexts are undergoing changes, since mothers may believe one thing and actually doing otherwise.
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Critérios utilizados na seleção de parceiras amorosas em relacionamentos de curto e longo prazo entre mulheres de orientação homossexual em idade reprodutiva
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-04-11) CORRÊA, Hellen Vivianni Veloso; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
Different criteria used for partner choice among men and women have been identified. This difference probably stems from the different degrees of parental investment of each gender. Women seem to be predisposed to select partners with characteristics of emotional and material investment, as well as good indications of health. Men, on the other hand, may use the same criteria as women, however, they give more importance to physical appearance and youth. In short and long term relationships the literature indicates that there is a difference in the choices among women. In the first case they have demonstrated to prefer characteristics related to physical health compared to the second type of relationship, in which the emphasis has been focused on partners who are good at providing resources and who have high level of emotional investment. There are few studies that investigated the criteria that homosexual women use in their partner choice. Data from studies investigating the origin of homosexuality suggested the possibility of biological influences. In evolutionary terms, homosexuality could have evolved in part as a byproduct of pleasure evolution, typical from sexual activities. If this hypothesis is correct, the potential for developing a homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual orientation can be enhanced by characteristic environments of particular individuals. This assumption may suggest that the psychological mechanisms for mate choice are similar among women of different sexual orientations. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the preferences in partner choice of 100 women in reproductive period, from 18 to 40 years, who classified themselves as “exclusive homosexual” or “homosexual, and sometimes heterosexual.” For data collection we used two instruments, one for the selection of participants and another for data collection. The instrument of data collection was divided in: 1) Demographic Data, 2) Data from partners, 3) Criteria valued in choosing a partner, 4) Criteria valued in choosing a short and long term partner, 5) Variables related to sexual performance. Participants were contacted by the method a) “snow ball”, b) in bars attended by gay groups and c) in GLBT associations. We specifically investigated the variables involved in choosing short and long term partners and compared the results with data collected by Cruz (2009) with heterosexual women in reproductive period. The results indicated that there is greater preference for physical attributes in short-term relationships among both homosexual and heterosexual women. Attributes related to bonding were more demanded in long-term relationship; possibly because 75.6% of these women have an income and do not depend on their partners to survive, reducing the need for partners who invest in material resources. Homosexual women seem to have the same standards of partner choice as heterosexual ones do.
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Diferenças de gênero em crianças: uma comparação entre diferentes metodologias
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-04-11) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
There is an extended literature about sexual dimorphism in child behavior, including studies regarding atypical gender patterns or gender non-conformity. This study proposal was elaborated upon discussions about the relation between gender and homosexual behavior. However, it was noted the need to broaden the knowledge over child gender differences through different methodologies in the investigation of gender typical behavior and the influence of these differences upon children social relations. There were made three studies. In the first one, the methodologies of observation and interview were compared, in which it was verified that most playful behaviors occurred among children of the same sex and that some were more common for a specific gender. It was also observed that the contend of interviews were culturally influenced. In the second study two structured instruments were applied to measure gender, being found that there are some plays preferred by each sex and that the child usually identify itself and prefer to play with children of the same sex. In the third study the non-verbal behavior of mixed dyads was analyzed using three different protocols. The results indicated differences between sexes regarding behaviors but the communication effort and the rapport was similar. In general, it was found that there are many similarities in the general behavior between sexes, however in deeper analysis it is possible to identify specific patterns of each gender, especially regarding play styles and non-verbal behavior. Finally, the methods used have advantages and disadvantages that must be considered when choosing and combining methodologies for future researches.
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Fatores envolvidos na natureza e administração de redes sociais de estudantes universitários
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-09-11) SILVA JUNIOR, Mauro Dias; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
This research aimed to investigate human’s interpersonal relationships. Specifically, we tried to replicate partially Stiller & Dunbar’s (2007) work, using the same instrument with another sample, though. The main objective was verify whether the social networks were according to Social Brain Hypothesis, on which human beings are capable of keeping and administrating an optimal number of interpersonal relationships, around 150 average. We found a mean of 52,53 social contacts, lower than the predict value, spending about 25% of their time with them. There were significant correlations among social network size, frequency of contact, time spent in contact, emotional closeness, and genetic relatedness, in the general social network, in relatives’ networks, and friends’ networks. Despite of long distant communications availability, respondents preferred make face-to-face contact with their social network members. We discussed the results from the perspective of four non mutual exclusive hypotheses. In the other hand, secondary hypothesis were confirmed about social network composition, and about interactions of social network size, frequency of contact, time spent in contact, and emotional closeness. We suggest additional studies to investigate other variables that may increase the comprehension of social networks, and the differences found.
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Função sexual e níveis de testosterona em mulheres hetero e homossexuais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-02-07) SILVA, Caio Santos Alves da; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza
The evolutionary psychology has demonstrated that sex has functions beyond the reproduction having evolved for promoting the emotional proximity of the couple and increasing the degree of satisfaction with the partner. However, most studies have focused on explaining the sexuality of heterosexual couples, thus leaving a gap with regard about sexuality of homosexual women. Nowadays there are signs about differences in the quality of sex life of women heterosexual and homosexual, as well as it has been observed that homosexuals groups do not constitute a homogeneous entity, with differences in lifestyle, preferences, and hormone levels. This study aimed to investigate the quality of sexual life and differences in free testosterone levels in three groups of women: hetero, homosexuals femme and homosexuals butch using the instrument Female Sexual Function Index due to its ability to measure the domains of sexual function. Participated in this study 55 heterosexual women, 39 femme and 17 butch. As regards sexual practices, 64.7% of participants in the butch group would like to have five or more sexual intercourses per week, versus 46.2% in femme group and 34% in the hetero group, demonstrating that homosexual women have more sexual desire. Heterosexual women showed lower frequency of preliminary activities such “be masturbated by the partner”, where 35% practice more than once a month, while 59% of the femme groups and 41% of butch groups practice more than once a week. Similar results were found in “receiving oral sex from the partner”, where 41% of hetero reported practicing more than once a month, while 51% of femme and 35% of butch's practicing more than once a week. The FSFI score showed a significant difference between heterosexual women (28.44) and the femme (31.31) and butch groups (30.82). The analysis of the salivary testosterone showed that butch group has the highest concentration, reaching 99,2 pg/ml, followed by femme group, with 56.09 pg/ml and lastly the hetero with 43.3 pg/ml. Comparing the average testosterone there was a significant difference between the femme and butch groups (p <0.01) and between hetero and butch (p = 0.001). Among the hetero and femme groups there was no difference. Correlations were found between testosterone levels and domains of the FSFI. In the group heterosexual there was a correlation with the domain of satisfaction (r = 0.732, p = 0.01). No correlation was found in the femme group, in the butch group occurred a negative and strong correlation with the domain of lubrication (r = - 0.621, p = 0.41). The results show that homosexual women are less likely to have sexual dysfunction than heterossexual. Homosexual women invest more in behaviors generators of excitement and orgasms as kissing, fondling, genital stimulation and receptive oral sex compared to Hetero Couples. It is likely that investment in foreplay stimulation occurs because of a greater desire in homosexuals women to have emotional closeness to their partner, which may be different in a heterosexual relationship where the man possibly practice the relation prioritizing their own sexual satisfaction.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Qualidade da relação conjugal: uma avaliação dos casais residentes no Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-26) REBELLO, Keila do Socorro da Silva; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
We investigated perceptions of couples on their own marital relationships. According to Evolutionary Psychology, an evolutionary framework which supports this study, those perceptions are part of monitoring mechanisms of relationship satisfaction. Specifically, we aimed to investigate how couples hosted in the metropolitan region of Belém evaluate the quality of their current marital relationships, through the comparison between responses of each husband and wife. We used the MARQ questionnaire to assess their marital satisfaction, thus we found length of relationship was 12,62 years on average. Most couples were from middle class, 86% of them reported satisfaction in their relationships. Among the 12 scales of MARQ, scales of jealous, partnership, and love were more important for relationship satisfaction than others. When we analyzed participants’ responses divided by sex, both husbands and wives evaluated sexual jealous, reconcilement and problems with partner as the most important factor for their satisfaction with relationship. Between those who have satisfaction in their relationships, we were able to find homogamy in their age, income range, and level of education. Results found support Evolutionary Psychology hypothesis about the omnipresence of love and jealous as mechanisms of pair bonding since our ancestors and nowadays. Among Northern Brazilians couples, it seems the jealous mechanisms are underlying their mating behavior. The small differences on evaluation of relationships between sexes did not impacted significantly on the satisfaction of wives and husbands in their relationships.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Relação entre gênero e orientação sexual a partir da perspectiva evolucionista
(2010-06) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; HENRIQUES, Alda Loureiro
This study addresses the relationship between gender and sexual orientation from the interacionist perspective of Evolutionary Psychology and the analysis of various aspects of human sexuality. This article aimed to discuss existing literature about gender and sexual orientation, based on four questions of Ethology. It's proposed that sexual orientation has multiple origins, and that one of those is related to typical patterns of gender and gender identity. This would lead to identification with same-sex or opposite-sex individuals, and hence, to the attraction for the group different from the one to which identification was established. This approach integrates biological pre-dispositions to the analysis of cultural influences, understanding, as complementary, theoretical views that are usually stated as contradictory.