Navegando por Assunto "Regras"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise do efeito de histórias experimentais e de consequências relatadas na regra sobre o comportamento de seguir regras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-12-17) CARVALHO, Nayra Cristine Alves de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
The present study aimed to compare the effects of the presentation of a rule that specifies small and immediate reinforce, with a rule that specifies large and delayed reinforce, manipulating the order of presentation of these rules, their presentation form (isolated or concurrently), the form of distribution of points obtained in the study and the time interval to exchange these points for money. 32 undergraduate participated in the research, divided equally into two experiments that differed only by the form of distribution of points earned and the time interval to exchange these points for money. Each experiment consisted of four conditions. It was used a matching-to-sample procedure; the task consisted in pointing to each one of the comparison stimuli in a given sequence. In both experiments, the Conditions 1 and 3 consisted of four experimental sessions. In Sessions 1 and 3, rules were presented separately and at the Sessions 2 and 4 concurrently. The Conditions 2 and 4 were composed of three sessions. In Sessions 1 and 3, rules were presented concurrently and in Session 2 separately. The order of presentation of the rules was manipulated in each condition. In Condition 1 the order of presentation was - RI / RIRA / RI / RIRA, in Condition 2 - RIRA / RI / RIRA, in Condition 3 - RA / RARI / RA / RARI and in Condition 4 - RARI / RA / RARI. In Experiment I, the delay was limited to distribution points during the session, following the rule RI produced points during the sessions and following the rule RA produced points only at the end of the session, the exchange points for money was at the end of research. In Experiment II, following RI and RA produced points during the sessions, but the exchange points for money for following RI would occur at the end of the research and for following RA, the exchange would occur a week later. In Experiment I , 15 of the 16 participants and in Experiment II 13 of the 16 participants followed the rule RA, independent of a prior history of reinforcement for following the rule RI and independently of the rule RI producing points immediately, exchanged for money at the end of research. The results of both experiments indicate that the control by the rule that described consequences of greater magnitude, but delayed (RA), prevailed over the control by the rule that described consequences of smaller magnitude, but immediate (IR), even when the exchange points obtained in the sessions for money was postponed for a week. These results suggest that the probability of occur following rules may depend, in part, on the type of consequence related in the rule, namely, of the formal properties of the rule, and not exclusively for reinforcement history for rulefollowing Behavior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos das propriedades formais de regras em forma de pedido sobre o comportamento de escolha
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-21) LOPES, Danielly da Silva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
The present study investigates the effects of the manipulation of justification about following rules. More specifically, tried to investigate the effects of a request to the occurrence of following the rules which describes that the emission of behavior should produce reinforcement immediately (rule nº 1) and the occurrence of following the rule which describes that the emission of behavior should produce reinforcement at the end of the research. thirty six undergraduate participated in the research, divided equally into six conditions. It was used a matching-to-sample procedure; the task consisted in pointing to each one of the comparison stimuli in a given sequence. The participant earned points, in continuous reinforcements to not follow the sequences of answers described in rules I and F. However, if after the last attempt (40th attempt) of the second phase of each condition the participant followed the rule, at least in seventy of eighty attempts of the study, he could earned a hundred points at the end of the research. The results suggest that manipulation of justifications to the following of rules, in other words, manipulation of found properties of rules, may determine the behavior of following the rules.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de promessas de reforço de maior e menor magnitude sobre o seguir instruções em crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-27) CASTRO, Juliany Lopes de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
The study aimed to investigate the effects of justifications to follow instructions on the behavior of following instructions that produced loss of reinforcers. Twenty children aged between seven and nine were exposed to a procedure of choice modeled, and assigned to four experimental conditions that differed in the type of justification used and the phase at which it was presented. The task was to touch one of two comparison stimuli in the presence of a contextual stimulus. Were used as reinforcers tokens exchangeable for toys. In Conditions 1 and 2 were the justifications promises of reinforcement magnitude larger (buy favorite toys, if the statement was then) and in Conditions 3 and 4, were promises of reinforcement magnitude smaller (less preferred buy toys, if the statement was not followed). In Phases 1, 3 and 5, all conditions were given instructions corresponding to the contingencies of reinforcement and behavior programmed to follow them was consequenciado to earn token. In Phases 2 and 4, all conditions, no changes occurred in the contingencies of reinforcement signaled programmed, and maintenance of behavior to follow instructions was consequenciado with loss token. The results showed that all participants of the four conditions followed the instructions given in the corresponding Phases 1, 3 and 5. They also showed that 17 of the 20 participants failed to follow instructions when this behavior started producing token loss in Phases 2 and 4. The results of these 17 participants indicate that control by immediate consequences prevailed over control by presenting justifications for maintaining the following instructions. Three participants followed instructions that produced loss of token in Phases 2 and 4. These results, however, suggest that exposure to justifications containing reinforcing promises higher and lower magnitude if the next instruction is abandoned or maintained, respectively, may also contribute to keep the follow instructions even if this behavior pass to produce loss reinforcers.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de uma história de reforço contínuo e das propriedades formais de regras sobre o seguimento de regras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-11-24) COSTA, Adelina Santana Nery da; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
The present study aimed to assess the effects of a) a history of an alternative behavior to that specified by the rule, established by differential reinforcement and maintained in CRF before the presentation of the rule; b) schedule of reinforcement programmed to strengthen the non-following rules (it means the alternative behavior) after presentation of rule and c) the formal properties of rules (it means the future social consequences, implicitly reported in the rules) on the discrepant rule following contingencies. Twenty-four college students were exposed to a procedure for choosing in agreement with the model. The task was to point out the comparison stimuli in sequence. Students were distributed in four conditions. In each condition, in Phase 1, the correct sequence (it means alternative to the behavior specified by the rule) was established by differential reinforcement in continuous schedule of reinforcement and maintained in this scheme. In Phases 2 and 3, the contingencies were kept unchanged, while the rules were manipulated. In Phases 2 and 3, the contingencies were kept unchanged while the rules were manipulated. In Phase 1 of the Conditions 1 and 3, questions were asked about the contingencies. In Conditions 2 and 4, no questions were asked. In Conditions 1 and 2, Phase 2 was initiated with a suggestion and Phase 3 with a order. In Conditions 3 and 4, was the reverse. In Phase 2 100% of participants were lost to follow-up of the discrepant rule of contingencies in form of suggestion and 60% of participants were lost to follow-up of the discrepant rule of contingencies in form of order. The results support the suggestion that the characteristic effect of a certain variable (for example, the story of the continuous reinforcement of the alternative behavior specified by the rule) to make the following discrepant rule sensitive to contingencies and may depend on its combination with other variables. They also suggest that the formal properties of the rules should now be considered as a variable that can interfere with the following rules.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A metáfora da Ciência como jogo em Kuhn
(Universidade Federal do Piauí, 2019) DIAS, Elizabeth de Assis
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Seleção do comportamento por justificativas constituintes de regras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-12) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
Considering that the distinction between the effects of stimuli that are constituent of rules and of reinforcement contingencies in the determination of behavior is not clear, this study attempts to clarify such a distinction by the presentation of the Theory of Control by Justifi cations and by Immediate Consequences (TJC Theory). This theory, grounded in experimental results, comprises the following concepts, as defi ned in previous studies: formal properties of verbal stimuli; rules; behavior; social environment; verbal social environment; nonverbal social environment; immediate consequences; justifi cations; justifi cation Types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; approval or disapproval by justifi cation and by immediate consequences; rules with and without reported justifi cations; future events that may or may not be contacted; and control histories of the listener by (a) immediate differential consequences, (b) differential justifi cations, and (c) the interaction between justifi cations and immediate differential consequences for following rules and for not following rules. The theory postulates the establishment of limits between what should be attributed to functions of stimuli as constituent of rules and what should be attributed to functions of stimuli as constituent of reinforcement contingencies. TJC Theory also postulates that justifi cation can select behavior.