Navegando por Assunto "Sanitation"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A implantação de obras civis e de saneamento na Bacia do Una, em Belém do Pará, e as condicionantes relacionadas às características geológicas e geotécnicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-04-26) SILVA, Kleber Roberto Matos da; ALENCAR JÚNIOR, Júlio Augusto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3663658632717465
This Thesis presents the civil engineering works for implementation of drainage and sanitation facilities in the area of influence of the Una canal, in the city of Belém, in the State of Pará, Brazil, involving the installation of drainage, water and sewer nets as well as road construction. This project, known as Project Una, involves an area of 3.644 ha, corresponding to approximately 21% of the continental area of city, with great part of its surface below flood level, that is, up to 3,60 m above sea level. The stratigrafy of the project area is composed basically of a thick superficial layer of very soft organic clay, that in some cases may reach over 60 m deep, overling intercalation of medium to compact sand layers and medium to hard silty clay layers. Besides the construction difficulties in soils of this nature, this work presents the many problems to resolved, as the resettlement of families of risk areas, that is, families that are living on the bed of channels, hindering the draining of the served waters and pluvial waters; the compensations of shaky residences for the works; the lack of physical space for the setting up of the works; the instability of the slopes of the marginal road of channels; the difficulties of management in the of face the extensive encircle of the area; the relationships with the community, tumultuated in some moments and, mainly, the priority of some areas, in detriment of other, for the execution of the works, in the face of available resources. Based in technical reports, projects and the author's personal experiences the thesis makes a description of the project in its several aspects, as well, makes a critical review of it, under the civil engineering’s point of view, involving planning and executions aspects of the works, with the purpose of building and setting up of the knowledge, that promote the improvement in future development in the similar projects.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de risco ambiental por contaminação metálica e material orgânico em sedimentos da bacia do Rio Aurá, Região Metropolitana de Belém - PA
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2013-03) SIQUEIRA, Gilmar Wanzeller; APRILE, Fábio Marques
The Aurá River basin is situated in the Belém Metropolitan region, between the municipalities of Belém and Ananindeua, where the rate of population growth has increased without any social and environmental control. The region is intensely exploited and the more frequent environmental problems are deforestation, erosion, flooding, water pollution and contamination, especially by heavy metals and organic compounds (OC). Geochemistry behavior (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Cu) and OC levels were determined in the 30 sampling sites between 2008 and 2010 in the bottom sediments of the river. There is an uncontrolled sanitary landfill situated at the north of the Aurá River responsible, in part, by the metallic contamination of the sediments. The environmental stress is classic in the region, and it has resulted from anthropic activities, which has transported unconsolidated material associated to metals to the Aurá. The variables studied were classified on the transport mechanisms and sources (allochthonous and/or autochthonous). The results showed that the main contribution of ions Al and Fe was the sanitary landfill; Mn and Ni was the adjacent soils; Cr was modified (III/VI) by the allobiochemistry, and Cu by bio-induced processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diagnóstico da qualidade da água do rio Parauapebas (Pará - Brasil)
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2012-09) SIQUEIRA, Gilmar Wanzeller; APRILE, Fábio Marques; MIGUÉIS, Antonio Miguel Borregana
The objective of this research was to develop a diagnostic of the water quality of the Parauapebas River (Pará, Brazil), in the dry periods of 2004, 2007 and 2009. In 20 sampling sites in Parauapebas River, around of the Parauapebas City, physical (transparency, water temperature and total solid residues), chemical (dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, acidity, chloride, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, total phosphorus, total iron and total nitrogen), and biological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms) were measured. The results were used for the determination of Water Quality Index (WQI). As support to the interpretation of these parameters, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA), multiple regression and linear regression analyses and, a general survey of physical, biotical and social-economic of the region were performed. WQI for the Parauapebas River, in the monitored area, was 40.01, which classifies it in the category "Regular". The PCA and multiple regression analysis identified four parameters that have been employed in the WQI determination and that influenced significantly the variation of the Index: dissolved oxygen, BOD, total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms, which explained 75% of the variation of the results. The results indicate that the urban expansion, in especial in the directions N-NW and S-SW, has reached the areas surrounding the Riparian Forest, and affected partially the surface water quality of the Parauapebas River.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inter-relações entre variáveis ambientais e doenças de veiculação hídrica no Município de Belém-Pa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-11-09) VARELA, Andrew Wallace Palheta; PESSOA, Francisco Carlos Lira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8031687016215046
The theme related to health and the environment is gaining more and more prominence in the scientific environment, since man is sensitive to the constant changes in the environment that surrounds him. The spatial and temporal variations of climatic elements, as well as the worsening of socio-environmental problems, provide specific environmental conditions and, consequently, can favor the emergence of diseases related to water transmission, such as leptospirosis and dengue, especially in regions with peculiar climatic characteristics and serious problems of environmental and social nature, for example, the city of Belém-PA. Thus, the objective of this work is to correlate environmental variables with the occurrence of waterborne diseases, in the 21st century (2001 to 2019), in the municipality of Belém, state of Pará, as well as to identify possible associations of health problems arising from the basic sanitation conditions of the locality. For this, a survey was carried out of the number of monthly cases of leptospirosis and dengue, through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) and Municipal Health Department (SESMA), as well as the variables precipitation, temperature and relative humidity, through the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and, subsequently, the following methodologies are applied: descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficient (ρ), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multiple Regression Analysis, spatialization by IDW interpolation and the assessment of basic sanitation conditions. The results show a similar monthly behavior of the variables: precipitation, relative humidity and minimum temperature; and dengue and leptospirosis; with a greater number of cases in the rainy season in the region. Furthermore, with the exception of the minimum temperature, there was a correlation between the environmental variables and the diseases studied in this work. It was also observed the precariousness of sanitation conditions experienced by residents of some neighborhoods in Belém, which facilitates the proliferation of transmitting vectors. In this sense, it is inferred that seasonality may indicate a possible contribution to the rates of the mentioned diseases, especially in the rainy season, leading to an increase in the number of cases, however, for the municipality of Belém, this factor is not limited to the variable variable, but to a series of environmental and climatic conditions relating to the period in question. Furthermore, it is estimated that this study will serve as a reference for other research, as well as contribute to the development of solutions that minimize the problem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Metropolização e vulnerabilidade socioespacial: dinâmicas territoriais e luta pela moradia na porção sul de Ananindeua-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-29) SILVA, Gilmara Oliveira da; RODRIGUES, Jovenildo Cardoso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9028575905648156; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-1168
The urbanization process has been present since ancient times, intensifying with the industrialization process in the 18th century and in Brazil from the mid-19th century on. In the Amazônia this process occurred from the 1960s with transformations that deeply impacted its territories. Contemporarily, with the process of metropolization, beyond a phase of urban development, these territories are increasingly affected by the interests of capital, especially with regard to production and housing conditions, where part of the population lives in degrading conditions and in constant socio-spatial vulnerability, as occurs in the municipality of Ananindeua-PA, a city that makes up the metropolitan region of Belém-PA and that is affected by it in all its structural changes. In this sense, we present the following central problem: How the process of metropolization, such as the actions of the State (land title regularization and the implementation project of the Liberdade Highway) in addition to the expansion of the land market in the metropolitan space of Belém has been interfering in the conditions of socio-spatial vulnerability (infrastructure and housing) of the southern portion of Ananindeua territory between the years 2020 and 2022. The main objective of this work is to analyze how the metropolization process, the actions of the State (land title regularization and the implementation project of the Liberdade Highway) and the expansion of the land market in the metropolitan space of Belém have been interfering in the conditions of socio-spatial vulnerability (infrastructure and housing) of the southern portion of Ananindeua's territory between the years 2020 and 2022. In the present work we will use the historical and dialectical materialism method, because it focuses on the materiality of the history of men in society. The research is quantitative and qualitative, where the first makes a quantification of the data on the growth of the population of the municipality, especially of its southern portion, and the second, makes a survey of qualitative data, which obtains the description about the neighborhoods of the southern portion of Ananindeua and its urban growth over conservation units and territories of traditional Amazonian communities. The analysis is inter-scalar that considers the time and space of urban relations. It counts on a systematic observation of the study area and the application of questionnaires, in addition to the cartographic production showing the advance of urbanization in the southern part of Ananindeua. This work is justified from a theoretical and methodological point of view by the need to understand the new territorial dynamics, in the conditions of infrastructure and housing, from the metropolitan expansion present in the southern portion of Ananindeua. From a theoretical and practical point of view, this work has the relevance of contributing to subsidize public actions and the construction of the right to territory. The present work showed us that the housing conditions in the southern part of Ananindeua are the result of the unequal process of metropolization where some parts of the population live with a good infrastructure in detriment of the majority of the population who live without the minimum conditions of basic sanitation. Added to this, the work showed us that the southern population of Ananindeu has the constant territorial conflicts of traditional communities that are there in the face of urban expansion.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio da ONU: redução da mortalidade na infância e saneamento básico urbano no estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06-13) VINAGRE, Marco Valério de Albuquerque; LIMA, José Júlio Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5176390429456548
Sanitation and health are inseparable. Under this premise, is conducted the investigation contained in this study, that looks for to contribute offering to the society a new interdisciplinary point of view in the formulation and accompaniment of the public politics of urban sanitation. The use of urban indicators is improvement factor in the planning and administration of the cities, and matter up to date. There is abundance of them, however this study search the cognitive simplicity, although without reductionism, and there the concern resides with the Interdisciplinarities contained in the approach of this investigation, that culminates with the proposition of econometric model relating social and sanitary data censes. They are studied the relationships among mortality in the childhood, urban population, provision of urban services of water supply, sanitary exhaustion and waste collects. The explanatory relationships are verified among dependent's variable constituted by the product mortality in the childhood x urban population and the variables independent urban populations assisted with water supply, sewerage system and garbage collect. Considered the expressed politics of investments in sanitation in the General Budget of the State of Pará for the year of 2006 as usual, and starting from the developed model, the mortality in the childhood is inferred for the year of 2015, and compared with the Goal 5 of the Objectives of Development of the Millennium of UN, which consists of the reduction of the mortality in the childhood in 2/3 among the years of 1990 and 2015. The estimates of resources for the attaining of that Goal indicate the need to maintain the investments in water supply, collects of garbage and to increase them in sewer sanitarium. As logical consequence of the reasoning and of the analyses contained in the work, it is suggested as allocation criterion in the planning of resources for amplification of the provision of urban services of sanitation the mortality in the childhood.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O paradoxo hídrico da cidade: uma análise sobre o saneamento da Região Metropolitana e a área de proteção dos mananciais dos Lagos Bolonha e Água Preta
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-29) LIMA, Fernando Lourenço Matos; DIAS, Daniella Maria dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1345611606547188
This dissertation aims to analyze, from a legal perspective, the legal norms that determine the forms of use of water resources and the new rules established by the new framework of basic sanitation, to know if the rules are consistent with the use and preservation of Bologna and Água Preta springs that are within a conservation unit that does not allow the direct use of natural resources. The territorial delimitation of the study area in the cities of Belém and Ananindeua was carried out because they are bordering cities that shelter and have direct impacts on the area of the springs. In addition, these are the most populous municipalities in the RMB and hold the largest amount of data on basic sanitation. For this purpose, the monographic method of descriptive and qualitative character was used, using the procedure of bibliographical, documentary research, where, based on the investigation, it will analyze whether it is possible to reconcile the rules for the use of water resources and the changes in the new framework of the sanitation, with a view to preserving the Bolonha and Água Preta springs, which are located in an integrally protected conservation unit. The discussion of the project was divided into three parts. In the first one, an assessment was made of the importance and characteristics of lakes Bolonha and Água Preta for the RMB, decomposing the existing normative paradox. In the second part, the historical and legal characteristics of the UCs were studied in order to compare and verify the adequacy of the APA Metropolitana de Belém and the PEUt in relation to Law No. 9,985/2000, which governs territorially protected spaces. In the third, the possibility of operationalizing the new sanitation framework for the use of the Bolonha and Água Preta springs in the area of an Integral Protection Conservation Unit was interpreted. As a result of the research, it was concluded that there is a normative paradox with disparate laws for the same socio-territorial space that are compatible with the water supply in the region, but are incompatible with the new legal framework for sanitation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Simulação do uso de bombas com velocidade variável em processos de saneamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-02-07) TRINDADE, Rafael Pinheiro; SENA, Manoel José dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2349287816857909
The pursuit of energy efficiency and sustainability in sanitation systems motivated this study, which investigated the use of variable-speed centrifugal pumps (VSCPs) in water supply, sewage systems, and urban drainage processes. The main objective was to develop a computational tool to simulate the behavior of these pumps under different operational conditions, comparing their performance with constant-speed pumps (CSPs). The methodology included mathematical modeling based on hydrodynamic similarity laws and the implementation of a C++ algorithm, validated through comparison with reference data. Twenty one scenarios were analyzed, varying the initial flow rate (Qₘ) from 200 to 800 m³/h and the flow variation amplitude (Aq) from 20 to 60 m³/h, over 24-hour periods. Results demonstrated that VSCPs are significantly more efficient at low flow rates (Qₘ ≤ 400 m³/h), achieving energy savings between 19% and 43%. However, at higher flow rates (Qₘ ≥ 500 m³/h), variable-speed operation became less advantageous, resulting in increased energy consumption (up to 154% in extreme cases). The reduction in power consumption at low-speed regimes, combined with the flexibility to adjust flow rates without throttling losses, justifies the adoption of VSCPs in systems with fluctuating demands. It was concluded that variable-speed technology is feasible for energy optimization in specific contexts, particularly in sanitation applications with moderate demand variations. The developed tool enables the analysis of real-world scenarios, supporting technical decision-making and education in sanitary and environmental engineering.