Navegando por Assunto "Sedimentos"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da influência do uso e ocupação da terra na concentração de sólidos em suspensão em reservatório hidrelétrico com o uso do sensoriamento remoto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-09) SOUZA, Fabíola Esquerdo de; SOARES, Carlos Benedito Santana da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9153957633685323; ISHIHARA, Júnior Hiroyuki; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3498874642887006; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-7913
The use of remote sensing in reservoir sediment monitoring is important for temporal spac knowledge of sediment deposition in dam structures. In this context, this research was developed in the hydrographic basin that covers the Tucuruí HOU reservoir, in which suspended sediment concentration data from the M1 monitoring station located at 2 km upstream of the dam were acquired, and were integrated into the analyses to understand the relationship between the responses of satellite images and field measurements. Sediment analyses were performed with 14-year time series of MODIS images, composed of 8 days. Surface reflectance estimates were calculated using simplinear regression and coefficient of determination (R2). For the use and occupation of the land of the hydrographic basin, a temporal analysis of Landsat-5, Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS images was performed. Next, the land use and occupation were related to water quality analyses of stations upstream 1 (M1), Amount Repartimento (MR) and Montante Pacurui (MP). The results show that the calibration curve generated the linear regression equation with good fit for MI monitoring station, presenting efficiency in the data estimated by reflectance through this model. The analyses of land use and occupation show that over the years there was a reduction in forest formation and at the same time pasture growth occurred. In relation to water quality, the impacts caused by anthropic actions have negative influences. Thus, it is possible to observe the relevance of the use of remote sensing techniques, geoprocessing and geotechnologies, as instruments that help in the planning of land use and occupation, in the analysis of water quality and management of water resources in reservoir regions, since these technologies enable greater spatial scope of the analyses with lower costs.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação experimental de métodos de armadilhas de sedimentos para determinação do transporte costeiro da praia da Romana, ilha dos Guarás (nordeste do Pará)
(2012) RANIERI, Leilanhe Almeida; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar
The Romana Beach is ruled by waves, with an average height of 1,5 m, winds (average of 4,6 m/s) predominantly from the NE and semidiurnal meso-macrotidal (ranging from 4,3 m - march/2010; 3,4 m - august/2010). The methodology consisted of sediments samples with traps and intensity measurements of longshore currents and local winds during the months of january, march and august 2010. In the wind traps, the accumulated weight of sediments was very low, ranging from 0,02 g to 0,8 g (maximum occurred in August in the eastern sector, as well as the wind speed: 6,7 m/s). Larger quantities of sediment were collected from the eastern to the western sectors, coinciding with the prevailing wind direction (NE), whose maximum speed occurred in august (6.7 m/s in the eastern sector). In the portable traps, the minimum weight occurred in march (eastern sector, ebb tide: 0,74 g/h/m3), and the maximum in january (central sector, rising tide:139 g/h/m3). The intensity of the longitudinal currents ranged from 0,20 m/s (ebb tide) to 1,41 m/s (rising tide). It was concluded that the largest forcing of sediment transport on the beach is the flood tide current, which intensifies the longitudinal currents from the eastern to the west sectors. Secondly, the NE winds which minimize the loss of sediments on the beach, especially in the central and eastern sectors. Then the waves, maintain the direction of E-W transport because to their incidences on the coast with direction NE.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação geoquímica da contaminação por mercúrio dos sedimentos de correntes e solos do distrito mineiro de Zaruma-Portovelo, república do Equador
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-05-31) MALDONADO RAMIREZ, Roque Vicente; RAMOS, José Francisco da Fonseca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8189651755374537
Auriferous occurrences are known in the area of Zaruma-Portovelo, Ecuador, since the pre-Columbian period, but it was only from the end of the 70's that a very intense mining activity started to be developed. Miners in the sector carry out the activities of exploration, exploitation and processing of polymetallic ore using rudimentary techniques, which causes contamination of rivers, soil and atmosphere by mercury and other heavy metals, in addition to cyanide. They still deforest the area, as they use wood in the security structures of the mineral galleries. The deposit in the mining district of Zaruma-Portovelo is of hydrothermal, polymetallic origin, occurring in a complex of andesitic volcanic rocks of the Celíca Formation. The ore is composed of the sulphides pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and bornite, among others, in addition to the gangue minerals quartz and calcite. The metals Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu are released from these minerals. Mercury is of anthropogenic origin, as it is used in the extractive metallurgy of gold, as is cyanide, which is used in a second phase of the gold recovery process. The present work had as objective the identification and geochemical evaluation and the description of the activities of the sources of pollutants, especially mercury, through the collection and analysis of samples of bottom sediments, soils and mining tailings, in addition to making a brief description of the activities from the mine. A sampling campaign was carried out at the end of the dry season, having collected 26 samples of bottom sediments, 23 of soil and 4 of tailings. At 5 points soil samples were taken in profiles with intervals of 2 cm to a depth of 14 cm. A study of the distribution of metals in the different granulometric fractions of the sediments was also carried out. Samples were collected in triplicate at three points to determine the variability of the results. The concentrations of Hg(total) in soils indicate that 83% of the samples are above the background (103ppb) with minimum and maximum values of 109 and 9,546 ppb and an average of 662 ppb, with the highest concentrations occurring in samples close to the emission sources, which are the mills (processing plants). In all profiles, it was found that the highest levels occur in the upper part, gradually decreasing with depth. In the bottom sediments, in addition to Hg(total), the elements Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu were analyzed in the exchangeable fraction, observing anomalous values for all these anomalous values concentrated mainly in the drainages of the Calera and Amarillo rivers, after the junction with the Calera River, which has most of the area's processing plants on its banks. High levels of Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu were observed in the mining tailings samples, confirming that artisanal beneficiation processes, in addition to generating pollution, cause economic losses due to the low recovery of metals. Tests to verify the amounts of mercury used by miners for amalgamation show that 95 to 97% of the mercury is released into the atmosphere in the amalgam burning stage. The rest is released in liquid form in the soils and drainages of the area. This shows the importance of developing an education policy for prospectors, offering new alternatives and technologies to avoid the burning of amalgam in the open air, which would greatly contribute to the reduction of mercury contamination.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização químico-mineralógica de sedimentos associados e hidrogeoquímica de águas subterrâneas, ocorrentes na Formação Codó-MA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1998-12-23) MENDES FILHO, Nestor Everton; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
Previous studies have described for the Codó Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian-Albian) the presence of carbonates and gypsum, interbedding of sandy and muddy sediments, carbonate and bituminous sediments, pyrite concretions, levels with plant remains, ostracoids and gastropods, characterizing a shallow to very shallow water environment, with good movement. The depositional model was initiated by a dominant river system, but progressing to a lagoon system. These restricted circulation phases also provide the accumulation of carbonaceous shale facies. The upper shales were deposited in a transit phase to lacustrine conditions of the Itapecuru Sequence. The present study describes and interprets analytical results of 19 sediment samples, corresponding to different lithotypes, represented by shales, limestones, gypsum and calcite, collected in profiles of the two deposits being explored near Codó (MA). 70 samples of natural waters were also studied (river, rainwater accumulated in the pockets of land of the deposits, excavated wells and tubular wells), collected in four distinct seasonal periods (beginning of the rainy season, rainy season, dry season and end of dry season). ). The results of the sediment analyzes were distributed from the average chemical composition of shales, limestones, gypsum and calcites, based on total rock analysis, in addition to the characterization of surface mineralogy, identification of the main clay minerals in the shale horizons and limestones and surface geochemistry through the behavior of major and trace elements in lithological profiles. Among the main minerals identified, the presence of kaolinite, montmorillonite (smectite), illite, chlorite and quartz in the shales, and in the limestones, kaolinite, montmorillonite (smectite) and illite stand out. Shales are associated with arkoses due to the abundance of freshwater kaolinite, as they are rich in montmorillonite. As for the silica content, it was found to be common (silica content below 58%) and medium (silica content around 58%). Regarding the CO2 contents, the shales are calcitic, with an average of 2.72%. Sr and Ba enrichment in the studied sediments, recorded that these trace elements are indicators of the marine environment, confirming for the Codó Formation, what has already been characterized in previous studies. The low contents of organic carbon in the limestones are traces of calcareous algae, the main skeletal materials, which accompany the carbonate rocks and the results of organic matter (contents below 1%) confirm that the shales studied do not belong to the class of pyrobetuminous shales. The collected waters are physiologically located in areas of the Itapecuru, Codó and Corda aquifers and the analyzes of these waters were evaluated based on physical, physical-chemical, chemical and biochemical parameters, and the discussion of the results made it possible to classify these waters according to the total ionic concentrations , study the quality of water for human consumption, interpret the values of chemical and biochemical parameters, which are indicators of pollution, and characterize them for irrigation and livestock conditions. The classified surface waters are of the sodium bicarbonate and calcium sulfated types, while the groundwater are of the sodium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate and calcium sulfated types. These waters are associated with shales and limestones as shown by the significant concentrations of Ca, Na, Mg, Cl, HCO3, SO4 and average pH values. A small sample recorded significant values of SO4, concluding that these ions originated in gypsum and bassanite, minerals present in the studied area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Chemical composition of phytoplankton from the estuaries of Eastern Amazonia
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2014-12) VILHENA, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Progene; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; BERRÊDO, José Francisco; PAIVA, Rosildo Santos; ALMEIDA, Pryscila Denise
Phytoplankton is important bioindicator of chemical and biological modifications of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the total chemical composition of the phytoplankton of the Pará and Mocajuba estuaries on the eastern coast of the Amazon region in the Brazilian state of Pará. The chemical composition of the surface water, bottom sediments (total sample and bioavailable fraction), and the phytoplankton were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Phytoplankton contained high concentrations of Ca, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ba, and Pb. The phytoplankton of the Mocajuba estuary is rich in Fe (2,967-84,750 µg g-1), while those from the Pará is rich in Al (1,216-15,389 µgg-1), probably reflecting divergent anthropogenic inputs. Both samples indicated a high bioconcentration factor derived from both the water and the bioavailable fraction, reflecting the efficiency of these organisms in the concentration of metals.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Distribuição espacial e avaliação de indicadores de contaminação de sedimentos por metais em um estuário tropical de macromaré, Baía de São Marcos, Norte do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-03-30) CUNHA, Ivson Roberto Viana da; KUTTER, Vinícius Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6652786694334612; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-6800; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The estuaries are areas of great ecological importance for having the role of nursery, feeding and reproduction area for several aquatic species, in addition to housing large metropolitan and industrial. However, they are exposed to various types of contaminants, including metals because of anthropic action. In this context, the estuary of São Marcos Bay (SMB) in northern Brazil, which has an urban area with more than one million inhabitants and the port area with the largest cargo transport in the country (182 million tons in 2021). The present study evaluated the presence of metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the surface sediments of São Marcos Bay adjacent to São Luís Island and the quality of the sediments, their relationship with granulometry, total organic carbon (TOC) and in the classification of geochemical indices. Surface sediments were collected with the aid of a Gibbs dredger, in two sectors of the SMB, one adjacent to the port area and the other to the São Luís metropolitan região. In the laboratory, the samples were submitted to the granulometric analysis process by laser diffraction; determination of metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the total organic carbon content by means of the catalytic combustion method at high temperature. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between metal concentrations, granulometry and TOC. Since Cr and Zn showed high concentrations observed in sector A in areas with a predominance of fine sediments and high TOC content. In sector A the median was 16 μg/g (Cr), 4.6 μg/g (Cu), 6.5 μg/g (Ni), 4.6 μg/g (Pb) and 18 μg/g (Zn). While in sector B: 9 μg/g (Cr), 2.2 μg/g (Cu), 3.7 μg/g (Ni), 3 μg/g (Pb) and 7 μg/g (Zn). The evaluation of the concentration of metals in the BSM sediments showed that, according to the criteria adopted by CONAMA 454/12 and NOAA, the analyzed metals present concentrations below those that could cause some type of adverse effect on the biota, and therefore, affect the balance of the ecosystem. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) shows variations from moderately to heavily polluted for the analyzed metals. However, these classifications are not supported by other methods. For example, the contamination factor and the enrichment factor appreciated that the area has low contamination and a low enrichment for metals. The use of local background values, observing that the use of reference values for the continental crust or for shales (PASS) tends to overestimate the infection indicators.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estratigrafia de dunas costeiras de Salinópolis/PA em associação com variações pluviométricas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-09-24) LEITE, Wladson da Silva; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252; ASP NETO, Nils Edvin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7113886150130994
The present study was carried out at Salinópolis covering the Atalaia and Maçarico beaches (PA/North Brazil) to obtain a morpho-stratigraphic overview of the local coastal dunes and their evolution in Late Holocene, considering also climatic oscillations. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), auger coring, granulometric analysis and dating were used. The GPR-system SIR-2000 with a 400MHz antenna was used to reveal dune stratigraphy, including sedimentary facies and reactivation surfaces. At key-points of profiles sediment cores were obtained to proper interpretation of radargrams and sediment samples collection for grain size analysis and optical dating. At the Maçarico beach two main foredune crests were identified and dated at 69 and 80 years B.P. revealing a progradation rate of around 6 meters/year. The Atalaia beach presented a transgressive scenario, including retrogradation of the Holocene beach over older sediment layers, which include a feature interpreted as of Pleistocene age, although optical dating indicates an age of only 58 years B.P. due to actual sun light exposition. There, a parabolic dune was investigated and had revealed a migration rate of around 4 meters/year, where the reflectors indicate annual episodes of migration, possibly corresponding to the seasonal cycles of dryer periods and stronger winds. The general stratigraphy of the area seems to be a good tool for further studies on climate for the region, due to its good correlation with seasonal climatic patterns and long term register.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrodinâmica, transporte e proveniência sedimentar no baixo rio xingu e sua importância como “Tidal River” amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) MEDEIROS FILHO, Lucio Cardoso de; LAFON, Jean Michel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4507815620234645; ASP NETO, Nils Edvin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7113886150130994
This research is based on the investigation of the processes (geological and hydrodynamic) that govern the recent evolution of a large tributary of the lower Amazon, the Xingu River. The aim was to investigate its aspects of sedimentary evolution and hydrological flows, from already consolidated data on the filling of its ria and how its patterns of transport and sediment trapping, its seasonal and tidal effects have been established, in addition to understanding the role of the Amazon River as a regulator in the dynamics of its tributary. Hydrodynamic measurements of flow, velocity and water level along with bottom sediment and MPS samples were collected at 3 annual seasons (February, June and November). The results provided support for the investigation of the Xingu-Amazonas interaction and the evolution of the bottom morphology of the lower Xingu. The results suggest a filling of the ria both by the Xingu River, forming a prominent headwater delta, and the Amazon River, where tidal variations transport sediments upstream in the Xingu River. On the other hand, large areas in the central part of the ria indicate muddy sedimentation. Elementar geochemistry allowed us to trace part of the history of sediments and source rocks, together with the analysis of immobile elements (Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, Th) and rare earth elements (REE) because they are poorly fractionated during weathering processes. and they are concentrated in the bottom sediments to the detriment of the dissolved fraction of the rivers. The deposits preserved in the lower Xingu River, despite draining cratonic regions in higher areas, confirm that the bottom material is derived from heterogeneous sources with predominantly intermediate igneous compositions and that they underwent important recycling during fluvial transport. The hydrodynamic modeling allowed to indicate the fluvial discharge as the most relevant forcing for the muddy deposition dynamics in the Xingu estuary. From a numerical model, it was possible to extrapolate the flow and transport dynamics beyond the open boundaries, that is, the central portion of the ria, elucidating the interaction mechanism between river and tidal discharge and the associated sedimentary dynamics. The determination of the amplitudes and phases of the tidal components, whether of purely astronomical origin or resulting from shallow waters, as well as the average level and the hourly discharge proved to be fundamental for the understanding of the governing processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto do volume de sólidos sedimentáveis no escoamento hidráulico e no custo de manutenção de canal de drenagem
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-12-13) REBÊLO, Marcos Vinicius da Silva; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
The Impact of sedimentable solids volume on hydraulic flow and drainage channel maintenance Cost. The study area was the Tamandaré drainage basin, located in the central region of the city of Belém/PA. The research was developed in three stages. Initially, the situation of the Tamandaré Channel was analyzed, investigating the main information related to the management of rainwater in the studied basin, obtaining topographic, hydrological and drainage system data. Then, the main factors and contributors to sediment accumulation in the channel were surveyed. Finally, in the Storm Water Management Model 5.0 software, a simulation was performed with the ideal operation of the drainage channel without the occurrence of solids and precipitation to serve as a parameter for further simulation with the occurrence of solids. The subsequent step simulated scenarios with sedimentation of solids in the macrodrainage structure, considering: a) rainfall, lasting 1.5 h, 3 h, 6 h and 12 h and b) 10%, 20% and 30% of the Channel obstructed by sediments, resulting in 15 hydrodynamic simulations. The last stage of the research presented the Hydrodynamic impacts, demonstrating that the capacity of the Tamandaré channel is sufficient to drain the precipitated volumes with 10% of its volume committed to solids. However, with 20% of the solids occupying the channel bed, flooding occurs in the scenarios of 1.5 h, 3 h, and 6 h of rainfall, only in the 12 h simulation there was no flooding because, with this storm scenario, the precipitation was more distributed, favoring channel flow. The scenario of 30% of the channel occupied with solids resulted in flooding in all precipitation scenarios, the highest flood magnitude occurred during rainfall of 1.5 h reaching 3.44 m, generating a water level of up to 1.07 m above ground on the roads close to the Tamandaré channel. The cost analysis showed that with the current spending scenario it would be possible to keep the Channel free of solids, as long as this cleaning took place on a daily basis in the indicated volumes equivalent to 2 tipper buckets 2 times a day, however, no cleaning in some days such as Sundays and holidays made the accumulation of waste a reality in the canal. Thus, it is necessary to complement the cleaning of the channel for the total removal of the sediments in this drainage channel in the densely occupied urban area of the municipality of Belém.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Investigação do registro histórico da composição isotópica do chumbo e da concentração de metais pesados em testemunhos de sedimentos no Lago Água Preta, região metropolitana de Belém-Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-08-02) CARVALHO, Maria Clarindo; MOURA, Candido Augusto Veloso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1035254156384979
Lake Água Preta is the main water reservoir, which together with Lake Bolonha, constitute the surface water sources for public supply in the city of Belém. Both reservoirs are dams fed by small drainages and water pumped from the Guamá River. These springs are vulnerable to the release of domestic and industrial effluents due to the disorderly urban occupation in their surroundings and their proximity to the Aurá sanitary landfill. In this work, the historical record of the isotopic composition of lead and the concentration of heavy metals in sediment cores from the Água Preta lake was investigated. Different analytical and spectroanalytical methods such as gravimetry, titrimetry, ion exchange chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry and mass spectrometry were used to obtain the results. In the chemical separation of lead, specific Sr resin (Sr-Spec) was used in Teflon columns, adapting the methodology of Gale (1996). Through preliminary sampling of bottom sediments along the entire length of the Água Preta lake, the distribution of the isotopic ratios of lead and heavy metals was recognized. The lowest values of the 206Pb/207Pb ratio and the highest levels of heavy metals were identified in the lake ramifications close to the urban occupation zones. In this part of the lake, a 77.5 cm column of sediments, called profile 01, was sampled. The highest values of the 206Pb/207Pb ratio were found near the lake dam, which is constantly influenced by the water pumped from the Guamá River; where profile 02 was witnessed with approximately 110 cm of sediment. The 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio values were basically grouped into four segments in profile 01 and in three segments in profile 02. -1.20431 in profile 02, refer to the regional isotopic signature. The 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio with values varying between 1.19346-1.19602 in profile 02 correspond to the isotopic signature from the influence of suspended sediments in the water of the Guamá River pumped to the lake and whose 206Pb/207Pb ratio is 1. 19225. The isotopic ratios 206Pb/207Pb varying between 1.16223-1.17621 found only in profile 01, correspond to the anthropogenic contribution. The higher averages of heavy metal concentrations in the upper segment of profile 01 justify the interpretation that the lower values for the 206Pb/207Pb ratio are characteristics of anthropogenic contribution. The average levels of heavy metals, found at the top of profile 02, probably reflect the contribution of suspended sediments from the Guamá River to the Água Preta lake, evidenced by the 206Pb/207Pb ratio. The lower values of the average concentrations of the metals found at the base of two profiles reinforce the interpretation that the higher values of the 206Pb/207Pb ratio reflect a regional contribution, prior to anthropogenic action, basically given by the rocks in the area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mercury in fish and sediment of Purus River, Acre State, Amazon
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09) CASTRO, Nathália Santos Serrão de; BRAGA, Camila Margalho; TRINDADE, Paulo Arthur de Abreu; GIARRIZZO, Tommaso; LIMA, Marcelo de Oliveira
Core subject: To quantify the Hg content of sediment and fish collected along the Purus River (Acre State, Amazon) in order to identify if those samples could be a potential route of Hg exposure to the population of Manoel Urbano (a riverside community). Methods: The total mercury (THg) was quantified using the Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption technique. Results: We collected 06 samples of sediment and 264 samples of fish. The Hg in sediments ranged between 0.038 and 0.065 µg.g–1.The results indicate that sediment is in agreement with “uncontaminated” Amazonian rivers. The carnivorous species presented the highest level of Hg on muscle (mean 0.927 µg/g–1), followed by piscivorous (mean 0.873 µg.g–1), planktophagus (mean 0.566 µg.g–1), omnivorous (mean 0.533 µg.g–1) and detritivorous (mean 0.176 µg/g–1). Fourty four percent (44%) of the total species collected presented mean levels of THg on muscle, a percentage greater than the threshold recommended by WHO. Conclusion: Some species may be a route for Hg exposure. The sediment is within the normality. The authors suggest that other factors, such as culture and society, should be considered for future researches in order to promote the population healths.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Metais pesados em sedimentos de fundo de igarapés (Manaus-AM)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-11-02) SILVA, Maria do Socorro Rocha da; RAMOS, José Francisco da Fonseca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8189651755374537
The objective of this study was to know the distribution of heavy metals cadmium, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese and zinc in the bottom sediments and the physicochemical composition of the waters of streams in the Amazon region. Samples were collected from the Quarenta and São Raimundo streams, which receive industrial effluents and domestic sewage, both located in the urban area of Manaus, and the Barro Branco stream (natural) located in the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve, in the rural area, 26 km from Manaus. For the determination of heavy metals in bottom sediments, sequential extractions were used, giving importance to the mobility of metals, in the different ways in which they may be associated. In the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters, the Barro Branco stream showed low acidity with a pH of 3.5 to 5.5, conductivity of 7.7 to 38.5 µS/cm and low levels of dissolved salts, typical of natural streams of dry land. The waters of the Quarenta and São Raimundo streams showed alterations in all the parameters of coming from domestic sewage and industrial effluents. The geochemistry of metals from the natural stream (Barro Branco) showed a different behavior from the streams that have been suffering impacts (São Raimundo and Quarenta). Chromium, iron and manganese predominated in more than 60% in the residual form in the bottom sediments of the igarapés. Zinc and copper are more than 70% available in the bottom sediments of the Quarenta and São Raimundo streams. The high concentrations of copper make it possible to identify it as the main pollutant in the Quarenta stream. The sediments of this stream, when compared to those of the other streams, showed an enrichment of the metals copper, chromium, nickel and zinc, which was attributed to leaching of solid waste enriched with metals from industrial activities and industrial effluent inputs.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e geoquímica dos sedimentos dos manguezais de Marapanim (litoral do Estado do Pará), e suas influências sobre a Rhizophora mangle, carangueijos (ucides cordatus) e cabelo humano
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-23) VILHENA, Maria do Perpetuo Socorro Progene; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
The estuarine region of the Marapanim River, located in the northeast of the State of Pará, Eastern Amazonian, is rich in mangroves closer to coastal zone areas, from where crustaceans are extracted by the local population, for consumption and provisioning of neighboring cities. In general the mangroves sediments have the capacity to absorb heavy metals whether in the organic matter, loamy fraction or sulfide minerals. In order to contribute for the knowledge of the distribution of these metals through several compartments of the mangroves and man as final consumer of its products, grain size analysis, mineralogical determinations and whole chemical and trace element analysis were carried out in sediments, vegetation, crab and human hair in order to evaluate the transference of metals in the chain sediment-vegetation-crabman. Two transects with the collection of sediments, vegetation (leaves of Rhizophora mangle) and crabs (Ucides cordatus) were established. Human hair was collected in inhabitants around the periphery of the city of Marapanim and rivershore of the Marapanim River. Salinity, pH and Eh (mV) directly measured in sediments were in the field. Grain size analyses considered the sand, silt and clay fractions, and the mineral identification were carried out by XRD and SEM/EDS and whole sediment chemistry and trace element and heavy metal analyses were conducted by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, and AAS. The samples of vegetation leaves, crabs and human hair were also analyzed by those methods and the MO by humid way. Mangroves sediments are silt-loamy, constituted by quartz, kaolinite, illite, smectite, Kfeldspars, goethite, pyrite, jarosite and halite. Quartz, kaolinite and goethite, and some illite, come from weathered sediments of Barreiras Formation, as source area of mangrove sediments and smectite, pyrite, K-feldspars and jarosite have been formed inside of the deposited sediments, as authigenic minerals. Salinity and pH increase with depth, the positive values of Eh indicate the oxidation of Fe 2+ and S 2- found in the sulfide minerals and organic matter. A second zone is characterized by acid pH (average 6,5) and negative Eh values which preserves sulfides and organic matter. Mangroves sediments contain high contents of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 that reflect their main minerals, quartz, kaolinite, smectite and pyrite, showing the close relationship to the Barreiras Formation and their soil-derived material. The expressive contents of Na, K, Ca, and Mg found mainly as K-feldspars, illite, smectite and halite reflect the marine contribution to mangrove environment. The bioavailability of the elements in mangroves sediments is low, in general below to 1% of the total concentration of each element, except for As that displays high bioavailability. The leaves of Rhizophora mangle concentrate Mg, Ca and P, besides Zn, Sr, Zr, As, and Hg. These values are inside the normal range found in non impacted environments and reflect their very low concentration in mangrove sediments and indirectly in the Barreiras Formation sediments. Crabs show that the largest concentrations of Fe, Al, Mg, and Si in the hepatopancreas of the females, whereas Ca, K and Na in the muscles of females, Zn concentrates either in the muscles of females or males, however, with higher concentration in the muscles of females. Se and As also concentrate on the hepatopancreas of males and females but, the hepatopancreas of males concentrates more Se and the females, As. The transference of the elements in the sediments to the plants can be seen through the biological absorption coefficient (BAC), and Hg is the one that accumulated in the leaf tissue the best. The BAC plant-crab shows high values for Fe that concentrates either in the hepatopancreas as of males or females; Zn in the muscles of males and Sr in muscles and hepatopancreas of females. The contents of Hg, Se and As in human hair are very low, below the limits recommended by WHO for environments without anthropic influence. The human hair “mineral analyses” indicate that the nutritious elements are in the normal range, in the same way for so called toxic and additional “minerals”(chemical elements). The data obtained in sediments, in leaves and in crabs of the mangroves of Marapanim, show that leaves of Rhizophora mangle and crabs picture the chemical nature and indirectly the mineralogy of the mangrove sediments, and they reveal low values of transference of the chemical composition of the sediments to mangroves leaves to the crabs. The chemical composition of the sediments of the mangroves of Marapanim allows visualizing its affinity with the sediments of the Barreiras Formation, as source area, with a parge marine contribution, and it indicates that the mangroves, in fact don't present any natural geochemical anomaly nor indications of environmental impact. Thus crabs are important in the alimentary diet of the Marapanim region, constituting are appropriate food source because it doesn't present any evidence of contamination by heavy metals.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Nutrientes (K, P, Ca, Na, Mg e Fe) em sedimentos (solos aluviais) e cultivares (feijão e milho) de praias e barrancos de rios de água branca: a bacia do purus no estado do Acre, Brasil
(2009) MARTINS, Milta Mariane da Mata; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da
The present research highlights the macronutrient abundance in the sediments of beaches and cliffs and cultivates in the river Purus and flowing, southwest of Amazon. The concentrations found in leaves and bean seeds and corn leaves reflect the mineralogical and chemical nature of those rich sediments in K2O and Na2O, which are formed by smectite, illite and K-feldspar. The factors of transfer of the elements in the corn leaves and bean (Ca>K>Na) and bean seeds (Na>K>Ca) demonstrate that the nutrient needs of the cultivate were found appropriately in the sediments (soils) of the beaches and cliffs.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os solos-sedimentos da região central do estado do Acre (Feijó- Tarauacá), sua aptidão ao cultivo de abacaxi e a relação com os sedimentos fluviais atuais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-10-18) PEREIRA, Patrícia Freitas; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
Acre state is located in the southwest of Brazilian Amazonia. More than 80% of its territory is covered by rock of “Solimões Formation” which is predominantly constituted of fossiliferous siltic-argilaceus rocks, intercalated with sandstones, and its sources is the lands of “buttress andeans”. In Acre state there are spots of soil of good fertility, mainly in the central area (Feijó-Tarauacá). However, it is well noted that some cultivars has exaggerated development in size, such as banana, water melon and mainly pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá”, that without artificial fertilizer neither manure, occurring only in a few specific places in this central region, that insinuating a great fertilization region, because of the big size and weighting up to 33 pounds. This natural fertilization is also recognized in the beach sediments (point bar) of the rivers that drain the state of Acre. The objective of this study is the soil fertilization in the region Feijó-Tarauacá, the origins and relations with sediments from the source sub-andean, carried and deposited via fluvial system along the time of the development of the “Solimões Formation” and it reworking. In the establishment of this study, there was as election of eighteen points of sampling in the soil, picking-up samples in two levels of profundity (0-10 and 10-20cm), eight of this points of sampling are in cultivated areas of “The Giant of Tarauacá” located in the Cologne Treze de Maio, seven points along the road BR-364 between Feijó and Tarauacá, two points in an area of “primary” forest near to Tarauacá and one point in a cultivated area of “purple pineapple” near to Feijó in the Cologne Três Corações, and one pineapple of “The Giant of Tarauacá” in the Cologne Treze de Maio. In the fluvial system it was samples waters, at the same time suspension and bottom sediments in nine stations along of the micro-basins of Tarauacá and Envira rivers, limited to the region of Tarauacá-Feijó-Envira. The soil analyze consists of a granulometric separation (sands, silts and clays); mineral identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD); chemical analysis (major and trace elements) and nutrients (P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn), as well as, Al available and organic matter. The pineapple sample “The Giant of Tarauacá” was submitted to a analyze of Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Hg. The physical-chemical parameters in situ (pH, temperature, STS, TDS, turbid, transparency) and chemical compound chlorate, sulfate, phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate were measured. The contents of metal dissolved in water and metal adsorbed in suspension sediment were establishment for ICP-MS. The bottom sediments were submitted to analyze of nutrients. The result reports shows that the soils in the region of Feijó-Tarauacá are shallowly developedment of where the horizons are easily con confunsed to sediments of source rocks. The predominance is silt-clays, and the variety allows distinguishing of three groups of soils: 1- silt-clay with sands between 4 - 20%; 2- sand-silt-clay; and 3-silt-clays with sands until 4%. All soils in Cologne Treze de Maio, where the pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá” are cultivated, corresponds to the soil group #1. The mineralogy dominant in the soil-sediments studied is represented by esmectite (33 to 61%) and quartz (21 to 34%) followed by illite, kaolinite, a few of albite and microcline and calcite sometimes. The soils of Cologne Treze de Maio have highest contents of esmectite and quartz. The chemical analyze revels that these soil are mainly constituted of SiO2, Al2O3, and also of Fe2O3, and other like K2O3, CaO, and MgO, compatible with the mineralogy. The high level of SiO2 makes a relation of the countenance of quartz, and when allied to the Al2O3 reflects also the abundance of clays-minerals. The soils of Cologne Treze de Maio have high contents richer in of MnO, CaO and P2O5, The normalization with the Earth upper-crust revels that soil-sediments in the region Frejó-Tarauacá are poor of MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O e P2O5; enriched of TiO2; equivalents of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3; and are also enriched of MnO only in the soils sampled in the Cologne Treze de Maio. When normalized with the post-Achaean Australian Shales (PAAS) the soil-sediments are equivalents of CaO and SiO2, and maintain enriched of MnO in the samples of soil from the Cologne Treze de Maio, that are poor of other elements. When compared with soil of the central region of the Amazonia, the soilsediments of the region Frejó-Tarauacá are enriched of MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, Fe2O3 and MnO and similar with other oxides. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicates soil-sediments of low chemical alteration, a slightly superior than beach sediments from Acre and from the rivers Maranõn-Solimões, but compared to the CIA of esmectites probably related to the high concentrations of this clay-mineral on the matter studied. The analyzes of fertilization demonstrate high concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn, medium and high contents of P and also of organic matter, showing that these soil-sediments has high cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of base above of 75% and low saturation by Al. However the soils of the Cologne Treze de Maio highlight from other because of a fertilization standard higher than other soils studied, even after successive plantations of corn, rice, and giant pineapple. This high standard of fertility suggest that in spite of evidenced fertility spots in the soils in the region of Acre, specially in the soils of Feijó-Tarauacá, in fact in this area, inserted in the largest spots, there are “micro-spots” of soils with more fertility. These micro-spots are of empiric knowledge of few agriculturists that knows how to distinguish one area from other of less degree of fertility, cultivating banana, corn, rice, bean, and the exuberant pineapples “The Giant of Tarauacá”. The origin of fertility of the region Feijó-Tarauacá is intrinsic relational to the geological distinct characteristics in the region, that probably is relate to the oscillations in the process of deposition along the time of establishment of Solimões Formation, mainly with a rich mineralogy in clay-mineral 2:1 like the esmectites, more abundant in the soils of giant pineapple plantation, been the main responsible for the high index of CEC of the soils. The giant pineapple sampled analyzed weighted 4 times more than a commercial pineapple. The pulp pH is 4.1. Its nutritional content shows high contents of chemical elements in all parts of the pineapple analyzed (peel, pulp, center), in the peel concentrates the most elements, found in the following proportional order K> P> Ca> Mg> Mn> Na> Fe > Zn >Cu. When comparing it with the pineapples consumed in Colombia and in Mexico, it shows that only the contents of Na and Mg of “The Giant of Tarauacá” meets the average of other pineapples, other elements are found in a great contents, and the highlight is the values of P that is 22 times highest than one in the pineapple from Colombia, and the Mn element which is 18 times highest than one in the pineapple from Mexico. The average contents of Hg (55 ppb) in the soils analyzed is below of the worldwide meaning, however it is double of the average values found in the beach sediments from the rivers Envira, Tarauacá and Juruá, while the values of Hg (6 to 16 ppb) in the giant pineapple is similar to the one found in the lives and berries of bean cultivated in these beaches. The high contents of Mn available in the soils and in the giant pineapple insinuates that, contributes together with K and P elements, for the exaggerated growth of cultivars planted in the soils of micro-spots. High contents of nutrients of soils analyzed also were observed in the rivers that drain this region. The bottom sediments from the Envira River are more rich in nutrients than one in Tarauacá River, insinuating that soils derived from Solimões Formation drained by the Envira River seems to be more rich in nutrients. The fluvial waters in the season of high-water (winter) enriched itself of organic matter in suspension until 8 times more than in summer, the inverse happen with the total solid solute (TDS), that in the dryness season it is 3 times more (TDS) than in the period of high-water. The contents of metals available in the suspension sediments are in the following decreasing order Fe, Al, Mg, Mn, Na, Ti, Ba, Zn, Sr, Cu, B, Li, Sn, Pb, Rb, etc, (Ca e K not analyzed). The smallest meanings of these elements are found mainly in the Jurupari River, affluent of Envira River, except Se, Sn, Rb, Sb, and Cs. These suspension sediments are relative rich of nutrients explaining the mineralogy of fluvial waters and in conjuncts the fertility in the point bar, thus shows that the sediments of Solimões Formation in fact are the mainly source of fertility of the actual bodies in the point bar and in the flood plain of Acre state, also for the sediments of older terrains, where pineapple “The Giant of Tarauacá” is cultivated, among other cultivars.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Variabilidade morfo-sedimentar das Praias Estuarinas do Amor e dos Artistas (Ilha de Caratateua, Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06) FARIAS, Daniel Ramôa; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5707365981163429
The beaches are dynamic and very sensitive, therefore they are formed by sand and gravel that, influenced by meteorologic, hydrologic, oceanographic and anthropic processes, being these responsible ones for the morpho-sedimentary transformations. The studies on the morpho-sedimentary variability of the beaches allows the identification of the places and the periods of greater/minor erosion and deposition in the beaches, that also serve as coastal protection for adjacent ecosystems, urban activities and as habitat for several species of the biodiversity. The estuarine sandy beaches of the Amor and the Artistas are located in the Caratateua island, situated about 30km of Belém, capital of the of Pará state. The Caratateua island is included in the estuarine region of the Marajoara Gulf, under the influence of the Amazonian Equatorial climate (annual rainfall of 2,700 3,000 mm), and with dry (June to November) and wet (December to May) periods, and transitional period (June and November). The tidal amplitude rise to 3,65m - 4,7 m during the neap tides. The study area is developed on the sediments of the Grupo Barreiras and Pós-Barreiras. The monitoring of the morphology and the sedimentology of the transversal profiles of the Amor and the Artistas beaches have been carried during four field stages during 12 months, due to the regional sazonality (2003/2004 – dry, 2004 – rainy. June and, October February of 2004 - transistion). In the Beach of the Amor, three profiles in each stage were executed and one profile in the the Artistas Beach for stage, totalizing 148 sand samples (37 for stage - 10 for profile in the Beach of Amor and 7 for profile in the Beach of the Artistas). The results showns that the beach of the Amor presented an classification of terrace of low tide with small dunes and extensive zone of intermaré (210m), beyond the occurrence of gutters and low declivity (ß=0,95º). Nevertheless, in the beach of the Artistas, is characterized by an reflective beach environment with ~8m high cliffs, an narrow intertidal zone (60m) and high declivity (ß=5,5º). The Amor beach is classified as an Terrace of Low Tide during the dry period (October/2003-2004) and Transversal Chains of Return and Bars during the rainy period (February/2004) and transition (Juny/2004). The Artistas beach is classified as intermediate beach, with two morphologic periods of training: Terrace of low tide, during the dry period (October/2003-2004), while that in the rainy period (February/2004), the intermediate morphologic period of training was of Bank and Longitudinal Gutter, with an presence of zone of intermaré above and banks and gutters, that are located in the zone of intermaré below/inframaré.