Navegando por Assunto "Thermocatalytic cracking"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.), óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) e sabões do óleo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-06-30) SILVA, Marcilene Silva da; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
The present work aims to investigate the Thermocatalytic Cracking Process of the Buriti Oil ( L.), Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) and burit oil soap, considering the transformation of vegetable oils and soaps using the thermocatalytic cracking in biofuels, using Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate), CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate), CaO (Calcium Oxide) and Acidic Zeolites (HZSM-5) as catalysts and temperatures of 420, 450 and 480 ° C. The fruit of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L) was collected and extracted from the pulp oil, and then this oil was characterized in relation to the Acidity Index, Saponification Number, Viscosity, Density, Refractive Index and CHN analysis. In preliminary tests it was used the refined and neutralized palm oil, so they were not characterized. Buriti soap was prepared in the laboratory with potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and stored for thermal pyrolysis. The catalysts were also characterized in relation to Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 29Si and 27Al, XRay Diffraction, thermal analysis, chemical analysis and TPD of ammonia. In the process of thermocatalytic cracking the liquid products produced were analyzed regarding the parameters: yield, acidity index, infrared spectrum, NMR and CHN analysis and then were characterized in relation to density and kinematic viscosity. However, regarding the level of acidity of the liquid products, only basic catalysts produced cracked with acceptable values for use as fuel. From the results it was verified the efficiency of catalysts in which the sodium carbonate catalyst gave products with low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de fritura residual
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-20) SANTOS, Wenderson Gomes dos; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
This paper studied the cracking process termocatalítico the frying oil in bench and pilot scales, varying the percentage of sodium carbonate catalyst 5 and 10% m / m of raw material used and temperature of 440 º C. The objective was to obtain hydrocarbon mixtures rich in diesel fraction. The frying oil was neutralized and dried characterized in relation to the Acid Value, Saponification, Viscosity, Density and Refractive Index. After cracking, the liquid product obtained was purified by decanting the aqueous phase and simple filtration bench scale. This product was fractionated by fractional distillation and condensate were collected in a separating funnel according to the distillation range of gasoline (40ºC-175ºC), kerosene (175ºC-235ºC), light diesel (235°C-305°C) and heavy diesel (305°C-400°C). Were characterized both physical as chemical composition of the liquid products and their fractions. We also carried out the evolution of the cracking process in pilot scale, with the behavior of physical characteristics and chemical composition of the product formed during the cracking process. The results showed that the catalyst sodium carbonate supplied products of low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel. The variation in the percentage of catalyst significantly influences the physical and chemical composition of both the product and its fractions. It was found also that the cracking termocatalítico the frying oil promotes the formation of hydrocarbons in rich fraction of diesel (19.16% and 41.18% light diesel heavy diesel to the test with 10% Na2CO3 and 13, 53% light and heavy diesel 52.73% for the test with 5% Na2CO3 ). The time intervals generate the final cracking fuel with low acid content and physicochemical properties according to the specified standard mineral diesel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo do processo de craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) com lama vermelha calcinada e alumina ativada em reatores de bancada e batelada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-05-29) LOURENÇO, Rafael Martins; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In the present work was to study the thermal catalytic cracking process palm oil for biofuel production. In the development of this study were performed in crackings Bench and Semipilot. Initially, basic catalysts in cracking tests were performed (Red Mud; Red Mud Calcined at 550 ° C; Red Mud Calcined at 800C; Red Mud Calcined at 1000 ° C; Activated Alumina (AA) with NaOH 20% solution and Activated Alumina (AA) NaOH solution 30%) and acid (not activated alumina) in bench scale using as raw palm oil. Before the mentioned catalysts are used in thermal catalytics crackings, they were subjected to the following tests: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and BET in order to characterize them. The results of the bench scale showed that the cracked products Gross (PCB's) achieved in thermal catalytics oil crackings using as a catalyst 15% Red Mud Calcined at 800 ° C and 15% AA by NaOH 20% solution, had a significant reduction in their Acidity Index (IA's) compared to the IA's of heat and thermal catalytics crackings used with other catalysts. In Semipilot Scale the thermal catalytics crackings were developed with the best results obtained, Bench Scale, between the Red Mud’s Calcined or not in different concentrations (15% of Red Mud Calcined 800 ° C) and between the Activated Aluminas or not at various concentrations (AA with 15% NaOH solution at 20%) compared to IA's, in addition to the thermal cracking which was also reproduced on the scale. Some of the products obtained in Semipilot Scale was submitted to distillation in Bench Scale to obtain fractions corresponding to the tracks: gasoline, kerosene, light diesel and heavy diesel. The RMN analysis of 13C, held on the heat crackings and diesel thermal catalytic with 15% Red Mud Calcined at 800 °C proves that they are basically formed from long chain fatty acids. Moreover, the GC-MS performed in the cut of gasoline range (40 °C- 175 °C) showed that the three gasolines analyzed showed the formation of paraffinic hydrocarbons, olefinic and naphthenic.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem e simulação do fracionamento de óleos vegetais e do produto líquido orgânico do processo de craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de palma em colunas multiestágios em contracorrente
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-03) COSTA, Elinéia Castro; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, a method was developed employing the commercial process simulator Aspen Hysys using a countercurrent multistage column to the fractioning/deacidification of vegetable oils applying processes such as liquid-liquid extraction, using ethanol as solvent, and supercritical fractioning, with CO2 as solvent. Palm and olive oil were used in the case study. Experimental equilibrium data of multicomponent systems published in the literature were correlated with both NRTL model and RK-Aspen models, the binary interaction parameters obtained from these correlations were used in the simulations. The same procedure was applied to the fractioning/deacidification process of the organic liquid products (OLP) from the thermal-catalytic cracking of palm oil, using supercritical CO2 as solvent. The correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the systems showed that the NRTL model was able to suitably fit the experimental data for all the studied systems with RMSD between 0.15 to 1.72%. For all the S/F ratios analyzed, simulation results demonstrated, on the 10 stage column, that only when a mixture water+ethanol (12.41%) was used as solvent, the maximum acceptable level of neutral oil loss for industrial physical refining (5%wt) was attained. Correlation of experimental equilibrium data at high pressures indicated that the RK-Aspen model was able to properly fit the equilibrium data for all studied systems, with RMSD from 3.0E-05% to 0.58% for the liquid phase and between 2.0E-06% to 0,02% for vapor phase, for each composition of free fatty acid in the feed. The absolute mean deviations between the supercritical fractioning process simulated with 10 stages using the olive oil model mixture and the experimental results of supercritical fractioning of olive oil in a pilot scale column at 313K, S/F=20, with varying pressure and different fatty acid composition in the feed, were 2.25% for the yield of raffinate stream and 0.15% for the fatty acid concentration in the raffinate stream. The simulations of supercritical fractioning of OLP, with 10-staged columns, showed that the CO2 was able to deacidificate the produced fractions. For both proposed process diagrams with the column 1 using S/F=17 or 19, column 2 for all the studied S/F ratios, presented top streams (extract) containing compositions characteristic of kerosene from petroleum, with lower olefin and oxygenated content compared to the experimental fraction distillated within the same temperature range of petroleum kerosene published in the literature.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biocombustíveis em diferentes escalas via craqueamento térmico catalítico de resíduos de caixa de gordura com catalisador Na2CO3
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-07-03) CORRÊA, Onésimo Amorim; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This paper presents the residual fat taken from retaining grease traps as a potential feedstock for the production of alternative and renewable fuels. The residual oil was used as filler in experiments catalytic thermal cracking countertop units, Semi-pilot and pilot. Different levels of sodium carbonate (5%, 10% and 15%) were used as a catalyst in the catalytic thermal craqueamneto experiments. Organic liquids (PLO's) obtained in the cracking experiments were distilled in distillation units in bench and pilot scale. Distillation processes resulted in the development of hydrocarbon fractions in kerosene bands, light and heavy diesel. The PLO's with the green light and heavy diesel fractions were characterized according to the specifications established by the standard of ANP 65 for diesel S10. The green kerosene fractions were characterized according to the specifications established by the standard of ANP 37 for petroleum-based kerosene. The results showed that the PLO's had low values for the acid value, moreover, it was confirmed that the use of different percentages of catalyst ash in the three scales of production contributed to obtaining promising results in terms of yield and physico -chemical and compositional, indicating the efficiency of this basic catalyst. The results also showed that the fractions of green kerosene, heavy and light green diesel had low levels of free fatty acids, significant income and physical and chemical characteristics in line with their respective standards. The experiments using the percentage of 10% sodium carbonate as catalyst showed the highest incomes, lower levels of acidity and the best results of physicochemical and compositional characterization of all the tests in this study. The PLO produced using the level of 10% of sodium carbonate showed a total of 78.98% of hydrocarbons in the composition, while the green kerosene obtained after distillation of the same PLO showed 92.64% total hydrocarbons in its composition, these results were confirmed by analysis as FT-IR, RMN and GC-MS.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biocombustíveis via craqueamento térmico-catalítico de resíduos sólidos de caixas de gordura com carbonato de sódio e lama vermelha ativada termicamente
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04) ALMEIDA, Hélio da Silva; MENDONÇA, Neyson Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7534816053779593; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This work has the main objective to study the production of biofuels from Thermal-Catalytic Cracking process pilot scale using residual fat removed from the grease traps of the university restaurant of Universidade Federal do Pará (RU-UFPA). The residual fat was collected and treated by sifting, dewatering and separating and introduced into the cracking pilot unit. Were used as catalysts soda ash and red mud thermally activated at 1000 ° C, reject material from the production of alumina Hydro-Alunorte company, which also is an environmental liability. After cracking the organic liquid product obtained was distilled and characterized in the laboratory and pilot scales, obtaining the biofuel Biokerosene band, biogasoline, light and heavy diesel. Additionally, it was investigated the consumption of drinking water of that restaurant and the generation of wastewater, determining the per-capita water consumption, the coefficient of sewage return, the pollution load and the population equivalent. The PLO higher yield of around 82% was obtained with 15% sodium carbonate catalyst. The acid value of the PLO (14.97 mg KOH / g) showed a figure considered low and very satisfactory when compared with the values obtained in the literature. The chromatographic results of the experiment with 10% sodium carbonate showed high content PLO hydrocarbons (78.98%), green kerosene (92.64% of oil) and light diesel (90.21% hydrocarbons). The results denote viability in the production of biofuels from the treated residual fat of the fat boxes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção, fracionamento e desacidificação de biocombustíveis obtidos via craqueamento térmico catalítico de óleos vegetais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04) MANCIO, Andréia de Andrade; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, we investigated the following steps: (1) production step of biofuels via catalytic thermal cracking; (2) fractionation step of the biofuels and (3) treating step of the biofuels by applying the liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption as alternatives deacidification of biofuels. The results of biofuel production step show that conversion varied from 86 to 97%. The yield in OLP increased from 41 to 76%, and the physicochemical properties such as TAN, decreased with increasing percentage of catalyst. The GC-MS results show that increasing the percentage catalyst promotes an increase in the content of hydrocarbons and reduction of oxygenates in the OLP. The olefins are the main classes of hydrocarbons present in the OLP. The OLP fractionation showed that the major distilled fraction is heavy diesel fraction followed by light diesel, reaching a maximum yield of 36.37 and 30.51%, respectively. In relation to the deacidification step by liquid-liquid extraction, the results show that increasing the concentration of water in the solvent causes a decrease in the partition ratio of acid. The methyl alcohol was the only solvent showed an increase in their FFA removal capacity with increasing temperature. Regarding the deacidification of distilled fractions by adsorption, the results indicate that the red mud chemically activated with 0.25, 1 and 2M HCl show a high potential for application in adsorptive processes of FFA, since qt these adsorbents was greater than 2000 mg/g.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Simulação do processo de desacidificação do produto líquido orgânico do craqueamento termo catalítico de óleo de palma
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-07-02) SANTOS, André Luiz Bonelar dos; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
The suggested approach to lead this work aims at the simulation comparative analysis between two process routes, both able to be applied in the deacidification process and both responsible to adequate the Organic Liquid Product (OLP) acid obtained by the process of Thermocatalytic cracking of oil palm for separation of the fractions in derivatives step, in order to define which process performs the higher operational efficiency. To elaborate the process flow diagram it was used the process simulator ASPEN HYSYS Version 8.4, part of the package Aspen ONE from Aspen Technology. The analyzed cases were the liquid-liquid extraction and the fractional distillation. For the acidification process by liquid-liquid extraction the flow diagram was designed through three extraction stages in series, followed by two separator vessels and two distillation columns, one of them containing 10 theoretical plates for recovery of the hydrocarbons contained in the refined stream, and the other containing 05 theoretical plates to suit the acidity contained in the stream with high hydrocarbonets level to the limit set in the ANP standard. For the acidification process via fractional distillation it was designed a process flow diagram which consists of a column with 25 theoretical plates. In the simulation it was evaluated the impacts on yield and energy consumption of the process variations caused by the acidity of the feed stream, water content of the ethanol used as the solvent, number of plates of the column and energy recovery initiatives lost along the flow . In the simulated conditions, both processes have proven to be effective in the acidification process of the PLO, being obtained from the liquid-liquid extraction 80% and the fractional distillation 91% of the total acidity removal, however, the fractional distillation proved to be more effective for presenting an operating cost lower than the 34.1% obtained by liquid-liquid extraction.