Rochas encaixantes, alteração hidrotermal e caracterização dos fluídos relacionados à formação do corpo sequeirinho do depósito Cu-Au do Sossego, Região de Carajás

Abstract

The Sossego Cu-Au deposit is located at about 25 km NW of Canaã dos Carajás city (PA), southern of the Carajás transcurrent system, at the contact zone between the Archean granitic-gneisses of the basement and the Grão Pará Group rocks. This deposit is made up of five ore bodies, being Sequeirinho and Sossego the most important. The present work focused primarily on the Sequeirinho ore body, but observations have been occasionally extended of the Sossego ore body. Its main purpose was to study the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the alteration and mineralization of the Sossego deposit. Several rock types have been recognized in the deposit area: granitoids, both granular (GRA) and porphyritic (MVA), mafic volcanic (Grão Pará Group) and intrusive (GBA) rocks, biotite-rich rocks (BIX), magnetitites (MAG), ore (BSE) and dikes. These rocks are variably deformed and altered, some being essentially products of the hydrothermal alteration, namely the magnetitites and ores. The petrographic study allowed to infer that the granitic (albite + quartz +actinolite + chlorite + epidote) and mafic intrusive (scapolite + Cl-K-Fe- hastingsite ±actinolite + albite + chlorite + epidote + magnetite) had as protoliths mainly quartzdiorites and gabbros/ diorites, respectively. The BIX are mylonitized granitoids that interact with high saline fluids and are characterized by a fine banding in which light bands, composed basically of quartz and/or marialitic scapolite), alternate with black bands composed dominantly of Clbiotite, Cl-K-Fe- hastingsite and tourmaline. The MAG have magnetite contents higher than 50% and variable amounts of apatite, epidote, albite, titanite and chalcopyrite, whereas the BSE consist of chalcopyrite±siegenite + magnetite + apatite + scapolite. Felsic (quartzdiorite and riolitic/riodacitic in composition) and diabase/gabbro dikes cut the above mentioned rocks Albitization, sericitization, silicification, chloritization, epidotization, actinolitization and scapolitization, are the most important types of hydrothermal alteration, although biotitization and Fe-metasomatism also occur. The carbonation represents the final stage of the alteration. Microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions (FI) trapped in quartz, scapolite, apatite and calcite crystals from different rocks of the Sequeirinho ore body reveal aqueous fluids that may be represented, in a simplifying way, by the H2O–NaCl–CaCl2, H2O–NaCl–CaCl2–FeCl2 e H2O–NaCl–FeCl2 chemical systems. The FI show variable salinity (0.2 to 57% wt. % eq. NaCl) and homogenization temperatures that range from 100 to 480ºC. Saturated FI, corresponding to the H2O–NaCl–CaCl2, have their salinity estimated in terms of the main solutes at 15-26% NaCl and 15-23% CaCl2. FI trapped In calcite crystals show salinity between 2 and 15 wt. % eq. NaCl and the 100 to < 275ºC range as the most frequent homogenization temperature interval. The evolution of the Sossego hydrothermal system involved two primary fluids (a) H2O–NaCl–CaCl2 and (b) H2O–NaCl– FeCl2. As these fluids gradually mixed, they generated a third fluid (c) H2O–NaCl–CaCl2–FeCl2 which is interpreted to be responsible for the mineralization and associated alteration. All fluids show evidences of dilution most likely by superficial water. Fluid a is related to albitization, amphibolitization and scapolitization, whereas fluid b was the one that should have carried large amounts Fe to be later deposited as magnetitites. Fluid c is interpreted to be responsible for actinolitization, epidotization and chloritization as well as by the main stage of the mineralization. High saline fluids (>30 wt. % equiv. NaCl) are assigned to interaction with preexisting evaporite and/or exahalite layers that have been dissolved out by metamorphic processes. Magmatic aqueous fluids have also contributed to the Sossego hydrothermal system as well as meteoric waters whose influx caused strong dilution and cooling of the fluids. Comparatively to other Carajás Cu-Au deposits, the aqueous fluids related to the Sossego hydrothermal system show more similarities with those of the Archean Igarapé Salobo and Igarapé Bahia deposits, despite having a distinct typology. Most likely, these similarities arise from the fact that all three deposits are associated with metavolcanosedimentary sequences of the Itacaiunas Supergroup which resulted in part from exhalative activity and might have locally included evaporite beds. As halite was dissolved out, the resulting high saline fluids infiltrated into and were stored in the rock pores from which they might have subsequently migrated in response to thermal and/or tectonic disturbances.