Sistemática molecular e diversificação dos gêneros Nonnula e Monasa (Aves: Bucconidae)

Abstract

Neotropical forests comprise one of the wealthiest biogeographical regions regarding biodiversity. The origin of Neotropical diversity and its spatial distribution has been approached from a biogeographic perspective, assuming that this high diversity was the result of historical factors associated with the landscape change in this region. There were proposed several biogeographic hypotheses based mainly on vicarious events in an attempt to explain the geographical patterns in which biological diversity is organized in the Neotropical region. Among them, we highlight: the soaring of the Andes, Pleistocene's forest refuges, rivers such as barriers and Miocene's marine incursions. Within this context, it was used two genera of the Bucconidae Family: Monasa and Nonnula to try to interpret these Neotropical patterns of diversification. This thesis aimed to reconstruct the phylogeographic relationships between the taxon that compose the Nonnula and Monasa genus, from nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers; to date the cladogenetic events to infer which historical processes were responsible for the diversification and to try to estimate the effect of each one of these processes between the different taxon that experienced them. There were sequenced 100 samples distributed in 6 species of the Nonnulo genus and 166 samples for the 4 recognized species for the Monasa genus. Our data indicate incongruence between the current taxonomic treatment and the evolutionary history of Nonnula. Our analysis recovered 19 reciprocal monophyletic lines within Nonnula, revealing the existence of at least six biological species in the N. rubecula complex. Also, our analysis recovered 10 reciprocal monophyletic lines in N. ruficapilla that presented paraphyletic with N. amaurocephala. The distributions of these lines generally coincide with known endemism neotropical areas (EA). In the Monasa genus, there were delimited 12 lines well supported statistically, and that the traditional taxonomy does not represent the diversity of lineages of this group. All species showed phylogeographic structuring, exceptionally Monasa atra. There were determined two strains in M. flavirostris, two strains in M. nigrifrons and seven strains in M. morphoeus. The main Amazonian rivers delimit these lineages. M. flavirostris was the first lineage to be diversified, followed by M. morphoeus which is the brother taxon of M. atra and M. nigrifrons. The phylogenetic diversity of these two genera is underestimated by the current taxonomy, providing an example of how widespread enigmatic endemism can be a good example for studying phylogeographic patterns in the Neotropical region, especially in Amazon.