Filogeografia de Bucco tamatia (Aves: Bucconidae): uma linhagem associada a florestas alagadas na Amazônia

Abstract

We present a multilocus phylogeographic analysis of the polytypic species Bucco tamatia, based on sequences from two mitochondrial markers (Cytb and ND2) and four nuclear genes (BF7, MUSK, G3PDH and CHD), obtained from 46 individuals widely distributed throughout the Amazon Basin. Our aim was to reconstruct the temporal and spatial contexts of diversification of this Amazonian endemic lineage, associated with flooded environments. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods, and divergence times were estimated through coalescent-based molecular dating. Our data revealed a marked incongruence between the current taxonomic treatment and the evolutionary history of B. tamatia, supporting the recognition of at least three biological species and five evolutionary/phylogenetic species within the complex. The results also revealed a previously unknown connection between Amazonian areas of endemism situated in the extreme east and west of the basin. These findings highlight a complex evolutionary history and distinct patterns of genetic differentiation between flooded and upland forest populations, following an initial divergence associated with these environments. In contrast to several bird lineages associated with flooded habitats in Amazonia, B. tamatia exhibits a higher degree of phylogeographic structure. Moreover, rivers appear to be the main drivers of diversification in this lineage, a pattern more typical of upland forest species. Our data provide further evidence for the recognition of distinct areas of endemism in Amazonian flooded forests, supporting a scenario of historical disconnections between drainages that are now unified by the Amazon River.