As interações terra-mar na zona costeira paraense: subsídios à gestão integrada

Abstract

The coastal zone is intrinsically connected through multiple, complex natural, socioeconomic, and institutional interactions on both land and sea. To promote the sustainable use of maritime space, Land-Sea Interactions (ITM) must be integrated into the design and implementation of coastal management. These interactions have significantly shaped patterns of human activity in both domains, forming a complex dynamic in which anthropogenic activities impact the natural environment. Coastal and maritime uses involve numerous ITMs that rely on infrastructure and services across land and sea and provide essential goods and services. Direct human activities drive the most immediate changes in the coastal domain. This thesis analyzes ITMs in the coastal zone of Pará. Its objectives are: to investigate land-sea uses and activities, with an emphasis on potential anthropogenic impacts on Pará’s coast; and to integrate these uses and activities into the territorial management of the municipality of Belém. The research followed methodological guidelines focused on ITMs management processes, using a stepwise, layered approach: an inventory phase, in-depth analysis, and a final phase that informed planning and proposed management measures. The ITMs identified include tourist, urban, and port areas; wastewater discharges; mining; bathing waters; fishing; transportation and navigation routes; tourism and water sports; conservation areas; livestock; and the oil and gas sector. The discussions highlight the complexity of ITMs and their links to natural, socioeconomic, and management elements, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding and an integrated territorial approach to coastal planning. The methodological guidelines proved flexible, scalable, and suitable for layered approaches, and were successfully adapted to state and municipal contexts. However, it is crucial to manage the discourse around these interactions thoughtfully, as land and maritime planning systems often lack a common framework, and coastal dynamics are not handled in an integrated manner. Despite methodological flexibility, challenges remain: limited understanding of ITM analysis in management, differences in scale and type across land and maritime planning, and fragmented institutional cooperation. Application of interaction analysis in Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Marine Spatial Planning is not yet fully operational and often conflicts with current planning procedures. The challenge remains to plan and manage coastal and marine activities harmoniously, preserving the functional integrity of ITMs for truly integrated coastal zone management.